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concerned", Spencer justified it on the grounds that "once the children have grown to a certain age and have become accustomed to camp life with its degrading environment and endless roaming about in the bush, it is almost useless to try and reclaim them". So he thought it essential to take them away, for "then they will gradually lose the longing for a nomad life and will in fact become incapable of securing their living in the bush". He was particularly keen to make sure that "
524:
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567:(1971), defending his father from Spencer's criticism. He shows that Spencer and Gillen were limited by their lack of language competence when extracting information from Indigenous peoples, whereas his father was a fluent speaker and writer of the local languages. Spencer and Gillen famously described the Aranda as "naked savages... chanting songs of which they do not know the meaning" in
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539:'s committee he went to England to obtain an art adviser for the Felton Bequest. He took an interest in Australian artists. He had been made CMG in 1904 and in 1916 he was created a KCMG in 1919 he resigned his professorship and in 1920 became vice-president of the trustees of the public library of Victoria. Spencer was awarded the
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where the children would be denied any contact with their parents, be prevented from speaking their languages and made incapable of living in the bush. While recognising that "this will undoubtedly be a difficult matter to accomplish and will involve some amount of hardship so far as the parents are
452:
died in May 1899, Spencer became honorary director of the national museum. He was to do an enormous amount of work in the following years, and to present to the museum many valuable collections of sacred and ceremonial
Aboriginal objects collected during his journeys. He was elected a fellow of the
432:, tells us that while Spencer was "a kindly humanitarian in practice, in theory he saw Aboriginal people simply as dehumanised 'survivals' from an early stage of social development" and that while records are invaluable, he nonetheless made "unacceptable value judgements" on indigenous Australians.
484:, which appeared in 1904, dedicated to David Syme, who had given £1000 towards the cost of the expedition. Patrick ("Pado") Byrne, telegraph master at Charlotte Waters, corresponded with Spencer for many years and collected biological specimens. Spencer named a small marsupial known locally as the
371:
Spencer arrived in
Australia in March of that year and set about organising his new school (the chair had just been founded), successfully receiving a building grant of £8000 to develop new lecture rooms and laboratories. He showed much capability as a lecturer and organiser, and also took a full
412:. The expedition covered some 2000 miles in about three months and on his return Spencer busied himself with editing the report, to which he also largely contributed. It was published in 1896. In November 1896 Spencer was again at Alice Springs beginning the work with Gillen which resulted in
662:(1931). Spencer went to London in 1927 to see these books through the press. Ten years before he had said that he realised he was not getting younger and must regard his field work as finished. In February 1929, however, in his sixty-ninth year, he travelled in a cargo boat to
626:" children had no contact with camp life. Hermannsburg was to be taken away from the Lutherans and "serve as a reserve for the remnants of the southern central tribes where they can, under proper and competent control, be trained to habits of industry". However, when the
499:
at
Melbourne university and much administrative work fell on Spencer's shoulders. Outside of these duties, he took an interest in the sporting activities of the undergraduates. He was President of the Melbourne University Sports Union and later was the President of the
987:
424:. He continued this work with Gillen during the vacations of the two following years. A large amount of material relating to tribal customs was accumulated, and the book appeared with the names of both Gillen and Spencer on the title page.
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610:. The debate centred on whether Aboriginal people were primitive, on a lower level of evolution than Europeans (Frazer and Spencer's view) or a decadent people who had previously been on a higher level of culture (Strehlow's view).
650:, the government geologist of South Australia, and the other in 1926. These visits enabled Spencer to revise his earlier researches and consider on the spot various opposing theories that had been brought forward. His
381:
241:
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694:, Chile/Argentina. The events leading to his death are recorded in Spencer's own journal entries, and that of his research assistant Jean Hamilton. He was buried in
590:(1899), which had been accepted by anthropologists as a true picture of the Aranda people. This led to a major controversy among British anthropologists, involving
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part in the general activities of the university. His interests were not confined to his university duties; he took a leading part in the proceedings of the
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in 1913 to see whether these negative reports were true, he was impressed with what he saw and decided that the
Strehlows and the mission should remain.
617:. In his 1913 report as Special Commissioner and Chief Protector, Spencer proposed taking all Aboriginal children away from their parents and setting up
1638:
658:, published a year later and slightly more popular in form, completes the list of his books. A list of his other published writings will be found in
654:(1927), revisits and reaffirms his earlier conclusions; Gillen's name as joint author appeared on the title-page though he had died 15 years before.
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1544:"Capturing Histories at Thantyi-wanparda: Comparing Early and Late Twentieth Century Ethnographies in Arabana Territory, South Australia"
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The Aranda's Pepa: An introduction to Carl
Strehlow's Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907-1920)
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Spencer, Baldwin; Marett, R. R. (Robert
Ranulph); Penniman, T. K. (Thomas Kenneth); Frazer, James George; Balfour, Henry (1979).
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Spencer married Mary
Elizabeth ('Lillie') Bowman in January 1887. The couple had two daughters, and a son who died in infancy.
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In 1904, Spencer became president of the professorial board, an office he was to hold for seven years. There was then no paid
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Spencer's Last
Journey. Being a Journal of an Expedition to Tierra Del Fuego by the Late Sir Baldwin Spencer. With a Memoir
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A controversy arose in anthropological circles, after
Spencer wrote "angry and to some degree defamatory letters" to
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Journal of the
Anthropological Society of South Australia (Special Edition: Culture Contact in Indigenous Australia)
559:. Spencer's more pessimistic view saw decline, while Strehlow saw creativity and a future for them. Strehlow's son,
339:'s collection of anthropological artefacts from the South Kensington Museum to Oxford University, which had built a
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480:, where Gillen had previously spent some years. Their experiences and studies formed the basis of the next book,
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project was established with the aim of aggregating and digitising the original Spencer and Gillen collection.
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320:, where he first developed an interest in evolutionary biology. In 1884, he obtained a BA in biology from the
309:, Lancashire, England to Martha (née Circuit) and Rueben Spencer. He was educated at Old Trafford school and
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1507:, Edited and annotated by Jason Gibson; transcribed by Heather Milton, Museums Victoria, pp. 1–149
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Strehlow, Carl; Leonhardi, Moritz; Städtisches Völkermuseum (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) (1907–1920).
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586:(published in parts, between 1907 and 1920), challenged some of the findings of Spencer and Gillen's
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from 1919 to 1925. In 1911 at the request of the Commonwealth government he led an expedition in the
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324:, with first-class honours. Through his time at Oxford, Spencer attended lectures by anthropologist
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1425:"Baldwin Spencer Building, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0921, Heritage Overlay HO350"
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922:"Spencer, Walter Baldwin - Faculty of Science at the University of Melbourne Biographical entry"
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in lizards, had aroused much interest, and having applied for the professorship of biology at
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held in Melbourne. He also did work for the national museum. In 1916 at the request of the
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sent to make inquiries into conditions there, and in the following year he published his
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Among the Fuegians: Sir Baldwin Spencer's Last Journey, Jean Hamilton, 1930 prose travel
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Having already contributed various papers to scientific journals, one of which, on the
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Spencer is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of Australian lizards:
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Spencer's last journey : being the journal of an expedition to Tierra del Fuego
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1335:, Bulletin of the Northern Territory, no. 7, Dept. of External Affairs, p. 20a
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1308:, Bulletin of the Northern Territory, no. 7, Dept. of External Affairs, p. 23
1132:"Walter Baldwin Spencer's Diary from the Spencer and Gillen Expedition, 1901-1902"
1113:"Walter Baldwin Spencer's Diary from the Spencer and Gillen Expedition, 1901-1902"
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Petch, Alison (March 2009). "Walter Baldwin Spencer and the Pitt Rivers Museum".
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Walter Baldwin Spencer's Diary from the Spencer and Gillen Expedition, 1901-1902
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As a graduate, Spencer worked as a teaching assistant to his former professor
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Spencer had been appointed a trustee of the public library in 1895. When Sir
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In 1900 and in 1901 he spent 12 months in the field with Gillen going from
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956:"So much that is new" : Baldwin Spencer, 1860-1929 : a biography
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Spencer paid two more visits to the centre of Australia, one in 1923 with
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1134:. Edited and annotated by Jason Gibson; transcribed by Heather Milton.
1115:. Edited and annotated by Jason Gibson; transcribed by Heather Milton.
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282:
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was built in 1888 and named for Spencer in 1920. it was listed on the
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Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
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958:. University of Melbourne at the University Press. pp. 28–29.
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and also accepted the position of special commissioner and chief
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In 1894 a new field was opened up for Spencer when he joined the
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1042:
https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/spencer-sir-walter-baldwin-8606
1401:"Spencer & Gillen - A journey through Aboriginal Australia"
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Preliminary report on the Aboriginals of the Northern Territory
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Preliminary report on the Aboriginals of the Northern Territory
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and then went in a little schooner to Ushuaia at the south of
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In 1914 Spencer was honorary secretary for the meeting of the
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with whom he was to be so much associated in the study of the
36:
613:
From 1912 to 1922, Spencer attempted to shut down Strehlow's
1444:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
1522:
From the frontier : outback letters to Baldwin Spencer
527:
The Baldwin Spencer Building at the University of Melbourne
1501:
Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1901–1902), Gibson, Jason (ed.),
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Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1901–1902). Gibson, Jason (ed.).
1111:
Baldwin Spencer, Walter (1901–1902). Gibson, Jason (ed.).
1440:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
769:. Originally published: London, Macmillan and Co.,1899.
468:. They were assisted with their work by the artist and
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in June 1886 was elected to that chair in January 1887.
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until his death in 1929. He was elected a Fellow of the
763:
Spencer, Walter Baldwin; Gillen, Francis James (2014).
464:
to Powell Creek and then eastward to Borraloola on the
382:
Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science
249:(23 June 1860 – 14 July 1929), commonly referred to as
1542:(December 2018). Roberts, Amy; Wesley, Daryl (eds.).
1329:; Australia. Department of External Affairs (1913),
1302:; Australia. Department of External Affairs (1913),
1285:
Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien
920:
Centre, Australian Science and Technology Heritage.
584:
Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien
555:(now often referred to as Arrernte) from missionary
518:
Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia
1247:. London: Macmillan and Co., limited. p. xiv.
732:issued a postage stamp bearing Spencer's portrait.
221:
201:
193:
174:
159:
143:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1177:. Royal Society of New South Wales. Archived from
1153:. Ringwood, Australia: Viking Books. p. 382.
533:British Association for the Advancement of Science
400:in May 1894 to explore Australia. In July he met
435:Spencer was recruited as science writer for the
328:, which began a lifelong interest in the field.
1520:; Petch, Alison; Brissenden collection (2000),
782:Spencer, Walter Baldwin; Gillen, F. J. (1904).
1037:D. J. Mulvaney, 'Spencer, Sir Walter Baldwin"
752:Category:Taxa named by Walter Baldwin Spencer
8:
1431:. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
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1689:British emigrants to the Colony of Victoria
30:For other people named Walter Spencer, see
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1063:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
872:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
488:in recognition of Byrne's contribution as
416:, published in 1899 and partly opposed by
384:, and did valuable work for those bodies.
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140:
1477:. The Proprietors: 100. 23 November 1904.
1362:(1st AMS ed.). New York: AMS Press.
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864:"Spencer, Sir Walter Baldwin (1860–1929)"
652:The Arunta: a Study of a Stone Age People
551:Spencer held very different views on the
343:to house it. He obtained a fellowship at
313:, where he received training in drawing.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1492:Works by or about Walter Baldwin Spencer
1244:The northern tribes of central Australia
1241:Spencer, Baldwin; Gillen, F. J. (1904).
784:The Northern Tribes of Central Australia
690:on 14 July 1929 during an expedition to
582:about Strehlow's work. Strehlow's book,
569:The Northern Tribes of Central Australia
482:The Northern Tribes of Central Australia
318:Owens College (University of Manchester)
27:British-Australian biologist (1860–1929)
1649:English emigrants to colonial Australia
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628:Administrator of the Northern Territory
335:, where he aided in the transferral of
1465:The Northern Tribes of Central America
821:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Edited by
766:The Native Tribes of Central Australia
588:The Native Tribes of Central Australia
1467:by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Spencer"
1351:
1349:
988:"Spencer, Walter Baldwin - biography"
516:. The story of this will be found in
265:. He is known for his fieldwork with
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305:Spencer was born on 23 June 1860 in
65:adding citations to reliable sources
277:, and academic collaborations with
1644:Fellows of Lincoln College, Oxford
1060:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1039:Australian Dictionary of Biography
869:Australian Dictionary of Biography
478:Charlotte Waters telegraph station
430:Australian Dictionary of Biography
414:Native Tribes of Central Australia
378:Field Naturalists Club of Victoria
281:. Spencer introduced the study of
25:
1442:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
1639:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
1565:
1207:. ANU Press. p. esp. 106–.
1203:Kenny, Anna (20 December 2013).
1151:100 Years of Australian Football
815:Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1931).
799:Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1924).
472:known to Europeans as Jim Kite,
316:In 1879, Spencer began study at
273:, contributions to the study of
41:
1055:"Watterston, David (1845–1931)"
428:, writing about Spencer in the
394:W.A. Horn scientific expedition
52:needs additional citations for
32:Walter Spencer (disambiguation)
1065:Australian National University
874:Australian National University
297:in 1900 and knighted in 1916.
1:
1017:Journal of Museum Ethnography
1679:Fellows of the Royal Society
1518:Mulvaney, D. J. (Derek John)
1452:. ("Spencer, W.B.", p. 250).
952:Mulvaney, D. J. (Derek John)
803:. London: Macmillan and Co.
801:Wanderings in Wild Australia
786:. London: Macmillan and Co.
656:Wanderings in Wild Australia
563:, mentions this in his book
1429:Victorian Heritage Database
723:Victorian Heritage Register
708:Australian Research Council
388:Expeditions and museum work
253:, was a British-Australian
1705:
1654:Australian anthropologists
1119:. p. 11, footnote 26.
926:www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au
749:
565:Songs of Central Australia
547:Clashes with Carl Strehlow
238:Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer
29:
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696:Magallanes (Punta Arenas)
502:Victorian Football League
374:Royal Society of Victoria
231:
214:
150:
1512:Byrne, Patrick Michael;
715:Baldwin Spencer Building
311:Manchester School of Art
301:Early life and education
76:"Walter Baldwin Spencer"
1674:British anthropologists
1327:Spencer, Walter Baldwin
1300:Spencer, Walter Baldwin
1288:. Joseph Baer & Co.
719:University of Melbourne
514:Protector of Aborigines
345:Lincoln College, Oxford
287:University of Melbourne
1684:VFL/AFL administrators
1659:Social anthropologists
1572:Walter Baldwin Spencer
1138:. p. 13, note 31.
771:University of Adelaide
660:Spencer's Last Journey
528:
333:Henry Nottidge Moseley
289:and held the title of
255:evolutionary biologist
1664:Australian biologists
1634:People from Stretford
1524:, Allen & Unwin,
648:Dr Leonard Keith Ward
600:Robert Ranulph Marett
526:
1589:Richard Thomas Baker
1574:at Wikimedia Commons
1405:spencerandgillen.net
1181:on 27 September 2013
777:on 9 September 2015.
615:Hermannsburg Mission
608:Bronisław Malinowski
606:, Spencer and later
422:Moritz von Leonhardi
402:Francis James Gillen
326:Edward Burnett Tylor
322:University of Oxford
61:improve this article
1471:The Oxford Magazine
1214:10.22459/ap.12.2013
1149:Ross, John (1996).
825:and T. K. Penniman.
738:Pseudemoia spenceri
466:Gulf of Carpentaria
337:General Pitt-Rivers
251:Sir Baldwin Spencer
145:Sir Baldwin Spencer
18:Sir Baldwin Spencer
686:Spencer died from
529:
506:Northern Territory
490:Dasyuroides byrnei
410:Aboriginal peoples
291:Emeritus Professor
267:Aboriginal peoples
1612:
1611:
1603:Succeeded by
1570:Media related to
1531:978-1-86508-317-9
1450:978-1-4214-0135-5
1224:978-1-921536-77-9
1074:978-0-522-84459-7
883:978-0-522-84459-7
725:on 24 June 1992.
634:, came down from
356:Move to Melbourne
271:Central Australia
235:
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216:Scientific career
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16:(Redirected from
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186:Hoste Island
180:(1929-07-14)
178:14 July 1929
169:, Lancashire
163:23 June 1860
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1629:1929 deaths
1624:1860 births
1463:"Review of
1339:11 November
1312:11 November
604:A.C. Haddon
592:Andrew Lang
576:Andrew Lang
474:Erlikilyika
470:interpreter
396:which left
275:ethnography
263:ethnologist
194:Nationality
1618:Categories
1185:23 October
1096:25 October
905:25 October
830:References
750:See also:
664:Magallanes
624:half-caste
462:Oodnadatta
457:, London.
380:, and the
362:Pineal eye
87:newspapers
1083:1833-7538
892:1833-7538
809:13575672M
728:In 1976,
698:, Chile.
543:in 1923.
366:Melbourne
347:in 1886.
307:Stretford
167:Stretford
1269:6943256M
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1091:70677943
1025:41505556
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954:(1985).
900:70677943
792:6943256M
619:reserves
578:and Sir
571:(1904).
520:(1914).
398:Adelaide
117:May 2019
1581:Awards
1494:at the
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717:at the
285:at the
283:zoology
197:British
188:, Chile
101:scholar
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636:Darwin
594:, Sir
486:kowari
376:, the
351:Career
341:museum
222:Fields
209:(1923)
202:Awards
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1021:JSTOR
682:Death
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108:JSTOR
94:books
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1374:OCLC
1364:ISBN
1341:2022
1314:2022
1257:OCLC
1249:LCCN
1219:ISBN
1187:2013
1155:ISBN
1098:2013
1087:OCLC
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970:OCLC
960:ISBN
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888:ISSN
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741:and
713:The
420:and
261:and
242:KCMG
175:Died
160:Born
80:news
1230:PDF
1209:doi
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269:in
246:FRS
63:by
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