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597:, Susan Gardiner writes: "George and William Sherrington, along with their older brother, Charles, were almost certainly the illegitimate sons of Anne Brookes, née Thurtell and Caleb Rose, a leading surgeon from Ipswich, with whom she was living in College Road, Islington at the time that all three boys were born. No father was named in the baptism register of St James' Church, Clerkenwell, and there is no official record of the registration of any of their births. It was claimed they were the sons of a country doctor, James Norton Sherrington. However, it was with Caleb Rose that Anne and the three Sherrington boys moved to Anglesea Road, Ipswich in 1860 and the couple were married in 1880 after Caleb's first wife had died."
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590:(2016) observed: "His family origin apparently is not properly given in his official biography. Considering that motherhood is a matter of fact and fatherhood a matter of opinion, it can be noted that his father was not James Norton Sherrington, from whom his family name was derived. Charles was born 9 years after the death of his presumed father. Instead Charles and his two brothers were the illegitimate sons of Caleb Rose, a highly regarded Ipswich surgeon."
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956:"After some hundreds of years of experience we think that we have learned here in Oxford how to teach what is known. But now with the undeniable upsurge of scientific research, we cannot continue to rely on the mere fact that we have learned how to teach what is known. We must learn to teach the best attitude to what is not yet known. This also may take centuries to acquire but we cannot escape this new challenge, nor do we want to."
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reciprocal innervation during his years at
Liverpool. Come 1913, Sherrington was able to say that "the process of excitation and inhibition may be viewed as polar opposites the one is able to neutralize the other." Sherrington's work on reciprocal innervation was a notable contribution to the knowledge of the spinal cord.
562:, London, England, on 27 November 1857, and that he was the son of James Norton Sherrington, a country doctor, and his wife, Anne Thurtell. However James Norton Sherrington was an ironmonger and artist's colourman in Great Yarmouth, not a doctor, and died in Yarmouth in 1848, nearly 9 years before Charles was born.
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Associated with Edward George Tandy
Liddell and Charles Scott Sherrington, the Liddell-Sherrington reflex is the tonic contraction of muscle in response to its being stretched. When a muscle lengthens beyond a certain point, the myotatic reflex causes it to tighten and attempt to shorten. This can be
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Sherrington's mental faculties were crystal clear up to the time of his sudden death, which was caused by a sudden heart failure at age 94. His bodily health, however, did suffer in old age. Arthritis was a major burden. Speaking of his condition, Sherrington said "old age isn't pleasant one can't do
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A committee, including
Langley, was made up to investigate. Both the dog and the monkey were chloroformed. The right hemisphere of the dog was delivered to Cambridge for examination. Sherrington performed a histological examination of the hemisphere, acting as a junior colleague to Langley. In 1884,
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In the 1861 census, Charles is recorded as
Charles Scott (boarder, 4, born India) with Anne Sherrington (widow) as the head and Caleb Rose (visitor, married, surgeon). He was brought up in this household with Caleb recorded as head in 1871, although Anne and Caleb did not marry until after the death
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His mentor was the neurophysiologist and Nobel
Laureate, Sir Charles Sherrington who directed him in neuroscience research. Florey's initial studies on the cerebral circulation represent an original contribution to medical knowledge and highlight his remarkable scientific method. The mentorship and
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He theorized that the nervous system coordinates various parts of the body and that the reflexes are the simplest expressions of the interactive action of the nervous system, enabling the entire body to function toward a definite purpose. Sherrington pointed out that reflexes must be goal-directive
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Charles
Sherrington retired from Oxford in the year of 1936. He then moved to his boyhood town of Ipswich, where he built a house. There, he kept up a large correspondence with pupils and others from around the world. He also continued to work on his poetic, historical, and philosophical interests.
996:. When the war started, it left his classes with only nine students. During the war, he laboured at a shell factory to support the war and to study fatigue in general, but specifically industrial fatigue. His weekday work hours were from 7:30am to 8:30pm; and from 7:30am to 6:00pm on the weekends.
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Sherrington showed that muscle excitation was inversely proportional to the inhibition of an opposing group of muscles. Speaking of the excitation-inhibition relationship, Sherrington said "desistence from action may be as truly active as is the taking of action." Sherrington continued his work on
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Associated with Moritz Schiff and
Charles Scott Sherrington, describes a grave sign in animals: rigid extension of the forelimbs after damage to the spine. It may be accompanied by paradoxical respiration – the intercostal muscles are paralysed and the chest is drawn passively in and out by the
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While at Oxford, Sherrington kept hundreds of microscope slides in a specially constructed box labelled "Sir
Charles Sherrington's Histology Demonstration Slides". As well as histology demonstration slides, the box contains slides which may be related to original breakthroughs such as cortical
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in 1895, succeeding
Francis Gotch. With his appointment to the Holt Chair, Sherrington ended his active work in pathology. Working on cats, dogs, monkeys, and apes that had been bereaved of their cerebral hemispheres, he found that reflexes must be considered integrated activities of the total
604:(1969), quotes Charles Scott Sherrington's son, Carr Sherrington: "James N. Sherrington was always called Mr. and I have no knowledge that he was a Dr. either in law or in medicine... was mainly interested in art and was a personal friend of J. B. Crone and other painters."
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In the winter of 1884–1885, Sherrington left
England for Strasbourg. There, he worked with Goltz. Goltz, like many others, positively influenced Sherrington. Sherrington later said of Goltz that: "e taught one that in all things only the best is good enough."
666:(RCS). This preliminary exam was required for Fellowship, and also exempted him from a similar exam for the Membership. In April 1878, he passed his Primary Examination for the Membership of the RCS, and twelve months later the Primary for Fellowship.
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In 1891, Sherrington was appointed as superintendent of the Brown Institute for Advanced Physiological and Pathological Research of the University of London, a center for human and animal physiological and pathological research. Sherrington succeeded
1144:; Sherrington discusses astrology in Fernel's time in Chapter 2. In his ideas on mind and cognition, Sherrington introduced the idea that neurons work as groups in a "million-fold democracy" to produce outcomes rather than with central control.
612:, Sherrington gained a love of art. Intellectuals frequented the house regularly. It was this environment that fostered Sherrington's academic sense of wonder. Even before matriculation, the young Sherrington had read Johannes Müller's
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Caleb Rose was noteworthy as both a classical scholar and an archaeologist. At the family's Edgehill House in Ipswich one could find a fine selection of paintings, books, and geological specimens. Through Rose's interest in the
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On 27 August 1891, Sherrington married Ethel Mary Wright (died 1933), daughter of John Ely Wright of Preston Manor, Suffolk, England. They had one child, a son named Charles ("Carr") E.R. Sherrington, who was born in 1897.
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In 1886, Sherrington went to Italy to again investigate a cholera outbreak. While in Italy, Sherrington spent much time in art galleries. It was in this country that Sherrington's love for rare books became an obsession.
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in September 1876 as a "perpetual pupil". He did so in order to allow his two younger brothers to do so ahead of him. The two studied law there. Medical studies at St. Thomas's Hospital were intertwined with studies at
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of January 2018, presented an article discussing the potential origins of Charles Sherrington, i.e. whether he was born in India of unknown parents, or was the illegitimate child of Caleb Rose and Anne Sherrington.
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Box of microscope slides carrying the plaque:"Sir Charles Sherrington's Histology Demonstration Slides: St Thomas's Hospital: 1886–1895; Liverpool University: 1895–1915; Oxford University: 1914–1935"
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for a six weeks' course in technique. Sherrington ended up staying with Koch for a year to do research in bacteriology. Under these two, Sherrington parted with a good foundation in physiology,
707:, one of Sherrington's tutors, informed him in November 1881 that he had earned the highest marks for his year in botany, human anatomy, and physiology; second in zoology; and highest overall.
929:. The electors to that chair unanimously recommended Sherrington without considering any other candidates. Sherrington enjoyed the honor of teaching many bright students at Oxford, including
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876:. There, Sherrington worked on segmental distribution of the spinal dorsal and ventral roots, he mapped the sensory dermatomes, and in 1892 discovered that muscle spindles initiated the
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762:, who became a hero of Sherrington's, disagreed. Ferrier maintained that there was localization of function in the brain. Ferrier's strongest evidence was a monkey who suffered from
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1112:. Sherrington was fond of Goethe the poet, but not Goethe the scientist. Speaking of Goethe's scientific writings, Sherrington said "to appraise them is not a congenial task."
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The law of reciprocal innervation. When contraction of a muscle is stimulated, there is a simultaneous inhibition of its antagonist. It is essential for coordinated movement.
404:. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "
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1426:, and Charles Scott Sherrington. Describes the slow contraction of denervated skeletal muscle by stimulating autonomic cholinergic fibres innervating its blood vessels.
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798:, J. Graham Brown, and Sherrington formed the group. Roy was Sherrington's friend and the newly elected professor of pathology at Cambridge. As the three travelled to
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Sherrington's philosophy as a teacher can be seen in his response to the question of what was the real function of Oxford University in the world. Sherrington said:
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on 4 August 1884. In 1885, he obtained a First Class in the Natural Science Tripos with the mark of distinction. In the same year, Sherrington earned the degree of
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802:, Sherrington was skeptical of the Spanish doctor. Upon returning, the three presented a report to the Royal Society. The report discredited the Spaniard's claim.
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This collection of previously published war-time poems was Sherrington's first major poetic release, published in 1925. Sherrington's poetic side was inspired by
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The book was published in 1940, with a revised edition in 1951. It explores philosophical thoughts about the mind, human existence, and God, in accordance with
880:. The institute allowed Sherrington to study many animals, both small and large. The Brown Institute had enough space to work with large primates such as apes.
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On weekends during the Oxford years the couple would frequently host a large group of friends and acquaintances at their house for an enjoyable afternoon.
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organism, not just the result of activities of the so-called reflex-arcs, a concept then generally accepted. There he continued his work on reflexes and
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was held in London in 1881. It was at this conference that Sherrington began his work in neurological research. At the conference controversy broke out.
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end organs, which he had previously shown to be sensory in nature ("proprioceptive" was another term he had coined). The work was dedicated to Ferrier.
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for St. Thomas's, was on the rowing team at Oxford. During June 1875, Sherrington passed his preliminary examination in general education at the
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Nobel Prizes and Notable Discoveries, Erling Norrby, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden, World Scientific Publishing, 2016, p. 24
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As early as 1895, Sherrington had tried to gain employment at Oxford University. By 1913, the wait was over. Oxford offered Sherrington the
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1072:), communication between neurons, and a mechanism for the reflex-arc function. The work effectively resolved the debate between neuron and
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Reflexes and Motor Integration: Sherrington's Concept of Integrative Action, Judith P. Swazey, Harvard University Press, 1969, p. 211
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had broken out in Spain in 1885. A Spanish doctor claimed to have produced a vaccine to fight the outbreak. Under the auspices of
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Stained glass window in the dining hall of Gonville and Caius College, in Cambridge (UK), commemorating Charles Scott Sherrington
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The relationship between Charles and his childhood family is unknown. During the 1860s the whole family moved to Anglesea Road,
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Will of James Norton Sherrington, proved at London 5 March 1849, National Archives Catalogue Reference:Prob 11/2090, image 171
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The textbook was published in 1919 at the first possible moment after Sherrington's arrival at Oxford and the end of the War.
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1128:, and grew so familiar with him that he considered him a friend. During the academic year 1937-38, Sherrington delivered the
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in north Oxford from 1916 to 1934, and on 28 April 2022 an Oxfordshire blue plaque in his honour was unveiled on this house.
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was Sherrington's other tutor. The two were interested in how anatomical structure is expressed in physiological function.
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Every posterior spinal nerve root supplies a particular area of the skin, with a certain overlap of adjacent dermatomes.
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A reflection on Sherrington's philosophical thought. Sherrington had long studied the 16th century French physician
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and purposive. Furthermore, he established the nature of postural reflexes and their dependence on the anti-gravity
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things for oneself." The arthritis put Sherrington in a nursing home in the year before his death, in 1951.
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Sherrington's origins have been discussed in several published sources: Chris Moss and Susan Hunter, in the
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Sherrington's first job of full-professorship came with his appointment as Holt Professor of Physiology at
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Molnar, Zoltan; Brown, Richard (June 2010). "Insights into the life and work of Sir Charles Sherrington".
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did not exist. Goltz came to this conclusion after observing dogs who had parts of their brains removed.
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Langley and Sherrington reported on their findings in a paper. The paper was the first for Sherrington.
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and Charles Scott Sherrington (right), at the door of the Old Pathological Laboratory, Cambridge, 1893
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in Berlin to inspect the cholera specimens he procured in Spain. Virchow later on sent Sherrington to
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on this trip. While Sherrington and his group remained in Toledo, Cajal was hundreds of miles away in
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close personal relationship with Sherrington was a crucial factor in Florey's early research career.
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2318:"Sir Charles Sherrington's the integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation"
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at the University of Edinburgh. They focused on Fernel and his times, and formed the basis of
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1635:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press: H. Milford. pp. xvi, 411 p., leaves of plates.
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In March 1916, Sherrington fought for women to be admitted to the medical school at Oxford.
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Sherrington's Presidential Address to the British Association Meeting, held at Hull in 1922
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Penfield, W. (1962). "Sir Charles Sherrington, O.M., F.R.S. (1857–1952): An Appreciation".
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Rose had pushed Sherrington towards medicine. Sherrington first began to study with the
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Ipswich Town: A History, Susan Gardiner, Amberley Publishing, 2009, Chapter 2: Origins.
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1140:. In the original edition, each of the twelve chapters begins with one of the twelve
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Todman, Donald (2008). "Howard Florey and research on the cerebral circulation".
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in mammals, thereby shaping our understanding of the central nervous system.
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Reflexes and Motor Integration: Sherrington's Concept of Integrative Action
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English footballer, neurophysiologist and Nobel Prize recipient (1857–1952)
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699:); in June 1883, in Part II of the NST, he also gained a First, alongside
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481: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Twentieth Century Neurology, The British Contribution – first chapter
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Sherrington, C. E. (1975). "Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952)".
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In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in
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Cowan, W. Maxwell; Südhof, Thomas C.; Stevens, Charles F. (2003).
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Liddell, E. G. T. (1952). "Charles Scott Sherrington. 1857-1952".
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Published in 1906, this was a compendium of ten of Sherrington's
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Official biographies claim Charles Scott Sherrington was born in
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Kusurkar, R. A. (2004). "Sir Charles Sherrington (1857–1952)".
2202:"Chapter 1: Sir Charles Sherrington, O.M., P.R.S. (1857–1952)"
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localization in the brain; slides from contemporaries such as
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Plaque dedicated to Sherrington at the University of Liverpool
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1696:"Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952) and the synapse"
2533:"Sir Charles Sherrington's Histology Demonstration Slides"
1840:"1871 England, Wales & Scotland Census Transcription"
1816:"1861 England, Wales & Scotland Census Transcription"
412:" to define the connection between two neurons. His book
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from Cambridge. In 1886, Sherrington added the title of
724:
L.R.C.P., Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians
5489:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
5464:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
992:
Sherrington's teachings at Oxford were interrupted by
989:, who worked with Sherrington at Oxford (1924–1928)).
905:. His papers on the subject were synthesized into the
2209:
Twentieth Century Neurology: The British Contribution
2013:. Berlin; New York: Springer International. pp.
1093:
Mammalian Physiology: a Course of Practical Exercises
669:
In October 1879, Sherrington entered Cambridge as a
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3079:
840:. During this period he may have also studied with
336:
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253:
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185:
173:
156:
129:
124:
108:
96:
77:
34:
1838:
1814:
1700:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1015:From 1944 until his death he was President of the
2152:University of Cambridge Calendar, 1894-95, p. 330
5444:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
2211:. London: Imperial College Press. pp. 4–6.
1587:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1494:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
400:(27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was a British
5429:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
2036:
2034:
1861:GRO marriages index: 1880 Dec, Ipswich 4a, 1377
1626:
1624:
977:; and slides from colleagues at Oxford such as
2456:(Supplement). 31 December 1921. p. 10716.
2002:
2000:
1998:
1222:Doctors from twenty-two universities: Oxford,
1218:At the time of his death Sherrington received
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1996:
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1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
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1685:
1019:, on the committee he had previously served.
8:
1633:The integrative action of the nervous system
1385:felt as tension during stretching exercises.
1045:The Integrative Action of the Nervous System
414:The Integrative Action of the Nervous System
1348:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
716:Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons
616:. The book was given to him by Caleb Rose.
151:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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2393:R. Scott Spurlock, University of Edinburgh
1781:
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1191:Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
1103:The Assaying of Brabantius and other Verse
65:
31:
5469:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
2333:
2076:
2074:
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2064:
1923:
1871:Anon (1895). "Obituary: Mr. Caleb Rose".
1719:
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1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1415:Vulpian-Heidenhain-Sherrington phenomenon
1368:Learn how and when to remove this message
1162:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1893
820:Later that year Sherrington travelled to
541:Learn how and when to remove this message
5424:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
2136:"Sherrington, Charles Scott (SHRN879CS)"
1084:and traced the afferent stimulus to the
2555:Professional and academic associations
2110:Charles Scott Sherrington: An Appraisal
1448:
1437:List of presidents of the Royal Society
1061:The book discussed neuron theory, the "
1745:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
1213:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
754:argued that localized function in the
730:Seventh International Medical Congress
720:M.B., Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery
3073:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1908:"Charles Scott Sherrington's origins"
1795:GRO index: 1848 Dec, Yarmouth 13, 258
641:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
418:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
237:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
1346:adding citations to reliable sources
664:Royal College of Surgeons of England
632:Royal College of Surgeons of England
588:Nobel Prizes and Notable Discoveries
479:adding citations to reliable sources
198:Royal College of Surgeons of England
5449:Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
2418:"Gnostic cells in the 21st century"
2043:"Sir Charles Sherrington Biography"
1906:Moss, Chris; Hunter, Susan (2020).
1631:Sherrington, Charles Scott (1906).
5509:Waynflete Professors of Physiology
5454:Fullerian Professors of Physiology
5419:Academics of King's College London
874:Sir Victor Alexander Haden Horsley
25:
5529:The Journal of Physiology editors
5474:People educated at Ipswich School
2010:Sherrington: His Life and Thought
169:, Sussex, England, United Kingdom
5534:People from Islington (district)
2083:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
1539:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
1420:Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain
1318:
673:. The following year he entered
654:for his grammar school, and for
455:
5494:Presidents of the Royal Society
2416:Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian (2013).
2166:"Sir Charles Scott Sherrington"
2007:Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. (1979).
1668:"Sir Charles Scott Sherrington"
466:needs additional citations for
5504:Recipients of the Copley Medal
2571:President of the Royal Society
1670:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
744:International Medical Congress
80:President of the Royal Society
1:
5459:Members of the Order of Merit
2817:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
983:Waynflete Chair of Physiology
923:Waynflete Chair of Physiology
377:Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
36:Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
5484:Fellows of the Royal Society
2406:(Cambridge, 1940), pp. 51–61
1912:Journal of Medical Biography
1168:1899 Baly Gold Medal of the
579:Journal of Medical Biography
4165:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2905:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
2537:History of Medical Sciences
2249:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2140:A Cambridge Alumni Database
1170:Royal College of Physicians
490:"Charles Scott Sherrington"
5550:
2502:. Imperial College Press.
2142:. University of Cambridge.
2041:Karl Grandin, ed. (1932).
1786:, accessed 11 October 2020
1552:10.1016/j.jocn.2007.04.017
1381:Liddell-Sherrington reflex
1160:Sherrington was elected a
1110:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
675:Gonville and Caius College
656:Ipswich Town Football Club
610:Norwich School of Painters
439:. He was president of the
5524:English men's footballers
5519:Ipswich Town F.C. players
5231:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
5215:Charles Scott Sherrington
4723:
4708:Charles Scott Sherrington
3362:Charles Scott Sherrington
3338:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2841:Charles Scott Sherrington
2833:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2627:
2577:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2391:Charles Scott Sherrington
2363:. JHU Press. p. 11.
2291:"Sir Charles Sherrington"
1885:10.1136/bmj.2.1820.1266-a
1778:Charles Scott Sherrington
1424:Edmé Félix Alfred Vulpian
1390:Schiff-Sherrington reflex
738:Charles Scott Sherrington
554:Early years and education
370:
366:
362:
246:
181:
120:
85:
73:
64:
5271:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
4352:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2849:Charles Algernon Parsons
2316:Burke, RE (April 2007).
1925:10.1177/0967772017746271
1712:10.1136/jnnp.2003.017921
1407:Sherrington's Second Law
681:(NST) and was awarded a
5514:English Nobel laureates
5439:British Nobel laureates
5434:British neuroscientists
5092:Benjamin Collins Brodie
5068:Marquess of Northampton
2482:Sir Charles Sherrington
2303:Ipswich Museum Records.
1399:Sherrington's First Law
1181:Royal Society of London
947:Harvey Williams Cushing
792:Royal Society of London
714:Sherrington earned his
705:Walter Holbrook Gaskell
679:Natural Sciences Tripos
595:Ipswich Town: A History
586:Erling Norrby, PhD, in
302:University of Liverpool
203:University of Cambridge
18:Sir Charles Sherrington
5036:William Hyde Wollaston
4729:Nobel Prize recipients
4700:Physiology or Medicine
3133:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
2977:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
2761:Pierre Paul Émile Roux
2539:. University of Oxford
2172:. 2008. Archived from
2049:. The Nobel Foundation
1757:10.1098/rsnr.1962.0015
1694:Pearce, J. M. (2004).
1599:10.1098/rsnr.1975.0005
1507:10.1098/rsbm.1952.0016
1199:for the year 1922–1923
1195:1922 President of the
1157:
965:
958:
903:reciprocal innervation
893:
868:
811:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
739:
671:non-collegiate student
614:Elements of Physiology
297:King's College, London
5140:George Gabriel Stokes
3634:Dickinson W. Richards
3318:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
2785:Horace Tabberer Brown
2689:Alfred Russel Wallace
2493:Gibson, W.C. (2001).
2200:Gibson, W.C. (2001).
1155:
979:John Burdon-Sanderson
963:
954:
891:
863:
737:
566:of his wife in 1880.
5479:English pathologists
5124:William Spottiswoode
5116:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4969:Earl of Macclesfield
4057:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3418:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2993:Edgar Douglas Adrian
2633:Josiah Willard Gibbs
2335:10.1093/brain/awm022
1342:improve this section
788:Cambridge University
709:John Newport Langley
619:Sherrington entered
475:improve this article
443:in the early 1920s.
420:in 1932 (along with
344:John Farquhar Fulton
328:John Newport Langley
307:University of Oxford
5499:Royal Medal winners
5239:William Henry Bragg
5132:Thomas Henry Huxley
5108:George Biddell Airy
4449:William C. Campbell
4360:Elizabeth Blackburn
4197:Robert F. Furchgott
4189:Stanley B. Prusiner
4181:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
4081:George H. Hitchings
4045:Joseph L. Goldstein
4005:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3834:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2865:William Henry Bragg
2697:George William Hill
2681:Albert A. Michelson
2422:Acta Neurobiol. Exp
2112:. Garden City, NY:
2108:Granit, R. (1967).
1304:University of Wales
1197:British Association
693:First-class honours
650:Sherrington played
636:St Thomas' Hospital
5378:Venki Ramakrishnan
5327:Sir Michael Atiyah
5295:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
5247:Henry Hallett Dale
4846:Viscount Brouncker
4509:William Kaelin Jr.
4505:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4248:Leland H. Hartwell
4137:Richard J. Roberts
4017:Barbara McClintock
3961:Godfrey Hounsfield
3862:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3794:Marshall Nirenberg
3762:Charles B. Huggins
3551:Tadeusz Reichstein
3539:António Egas Moniz
3334:Christiaan Eijkman
2937:Thomas Hunt Morgan
2921:Henry Hallett Dale
2897:John Scott Haldane
2881:George Ellery Hale
2484:on Nobelprize.org
2453:The London Gazette
1843:. Findmypast. 1871
1819:. Findmypast. 1861
1780:on Nobelprize.org
1187:Knight Grand Cross
1158:
1148:Honours and awards
1134:Man on His Nature.
966:
894:
869:
740:
645:Sir Michael Foster
600:Judith Swazey, in
5396:
5395:
5223:Ernest Rutherford
4854:Joseph Williamson
4793:
4792:
4689:Werner Heisenberg
4578:
4577:
4543:Ardem Patapoutian
4392:Ralph M. Steinman
4388:Jules A. Hoffmann
4376:Robert G. Edwards
4344:Harald zur Hausen
4268:H. Robert Horvitz
4169:Eric F. Wieschaus
4105:E. Donnall Thomas
4089:J. Michael Bishop
4077:Gertrude B. Elion
3949:Hamilton O. Smith
3874:Christian de Duve
3610:Frederick Robbins
3487:Alexander Fleming
3426:Corneille Heymans
3272:Frederick Banting
3177:Allvar Gullstrand
3035:
3034:
2801:Ernest Rutherford
2620:Copley Medallists
2587:
2586:
2581:Ernest Rutherford
2578:Succeeded by
2509:978-1-86094-245-7
2404:Man on his Nature
2218:978-1-86094-245-7
2176:on 7 October 2009
2024:978-0-387-09063-4
1378:
1377:
1370:
1208:1927 Copley Medal
1118:Man on His Nature
1052:Silliman lectures
987:Derek Denny-Brown
909:lecture of 1897.
551:
550:
543:
525:
402:neurophysiologist
374:
373:
349:John Carew Eccles
337:Doctoral students
316:Academic advisors
248:Scientific career
115:Ernest Rutherford
16:(Redirected from
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5287:Patrick Blackett
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5191:Archibald Geikie
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4913:
4910:Robert Southwell
4905:
4902:Earl of Pembroke
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4862:Christopher Wren
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4849:
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4813:
4806:
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4731:
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4591:
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4571:
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4545:
4530:
4524:Michael Houghton
4511:
4501:Gregg L. Semenza
4495:
4489:James P. Allison
4483:
4481:Michael W. Young
4467:
4465:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4459:
4443:
4427:
4425:Thomas C. Südhof
4411:
4399:
4378:
4370:
4364:Carol W. Greider
4354:
4338:
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4310:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4258:
4231:
4215:
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4191:
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4177:Peter C. Doherty
4171:
4155:
4149:Alfred G. Gilman
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4095:
4093:Harold E. Varmus
4083:
4067:
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4047:
4035:
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4011:
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3979:
3969:Baruj Benacerraf
3963:
3951:
3935:
3919:
3896:
3880:
3864:
3848:
3836:
3828:
3812:
3796:
3786:Robert W. Holley
3780:
3764:
3752:
3736:
3724:
3708:
3692:
3690:Georg von Békésy
3684:
3672:
3660:
3658:Joshua Lederberg
3644:
3636:
3630:Werner Forssmann
3620:
3612:
3596:
3584:
3576:
3557:
3541:
3529:
3521:
3519:Bernardo Houssay
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3497:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3456:
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3449:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3428:
3420:
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3400:
3392:
3376:
3368:
3356:
3348:
3346:Karl Landsteiner
3340:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3310:Johannes Fibiger
3293:
3292:
3286:
3284:Willem Einthoven
3278:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3231:
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3223:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
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3163:
3155:
3149:Élie Metchnikoff
3143:
3141:Alphonse Laveran
3135:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3028:
3020:
3017:George de Hevesy
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
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2908:
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2892:
2884:
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2868:
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2780:
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2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2673:Élie Metchnikoff
2668:
2665:Dmitri Mendeleev
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2560:Preceded by
2552:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2519:on 26 March 2009
2518:
2512:. Archived from
2501:
2489:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2328:(Pt 4): 887–94.
2313:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2228:on 26 March 2009
2227:
2221:. Archived from
2206:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2162:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2126:
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2004:
1973:
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1964:
1961:
1955:
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1945:
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1903:
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1848:
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1653:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1488:
1418:Associated with
1373:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1322:
1314:
1138:natural theology
1130:Gifford lectures
1074:reticular theory
1004:Chadlington Road
927:Magdalen College
805:Sherrington did
546:
539:
535:
532:
526:
524:
483:
459:
451:
399:
163:
140:27 November 1857
139:
137:
125:Personal details
111:
99:
90:
69:
59:
32:
21:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5352:
5341:
5333:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5255:Robert Robinson
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5199:William Crookes
5197:
5189:
5181:
5175:William Huggins
5173:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5084:Lord Wrottesley
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4932:
4924:
4918:Charles Montagu
4916:
4908:
4900:
4894:Earl of Carbery
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4833:
4824:
4794:
4789:
4727:
4719:
4716:(Great Britain)
4710:(Great Britain)
4694:
4675:
4659:
4656:(Great Britain)
4654:John Galsworthy
4635:
4632:(United States)
4630:Irving Langmuir
4616:
4609:
4579:
4574:
4559:
4548:
4533:
4528:Charles M. Rice
4520:Harvey J. Alter
4514:
4498:
4486:
4477:Michael Rosbash
4473:Jeffrey C. Hall
4470:
4462:
4446:
4437:May-Britt Moser
4430:
4414:
4409:Shinya Yamanaka
4402:
4381:
4373:
4368:Jack W. Szostak
4357:
4341:
4336:Oliver Smithies
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4284:Peter Mansfield
4277:
4272:John E. Sulston
4261:
4245:
4234:
4218:
4210:
4194:
4186:
4174:
4161:Edward B. Lewis
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4086:
4070:
4065:Susumu Tonegawa
4062:
4050:
4038:
4022:
4014:
3998:
3982:
3966:
3954:
3938:
3925:Roger Guillemin
3922:
3917:Daniel Gajdusek
3913:Baruch Blumberg
3910:
3899:
3890:Renato Dulbecco
3886:David Baltimore
3883:
3867:
3854:Karl von Frisch
3851:
3839:
3831:
3815:
3799:
3783:
3774:Haldan Hartline
3767:
3755:
3739:
3727:
3711:
3706:Maurice Wilkins
3695:
3687:
3675:
3670:Arthur Kornberg
3663:
3647:
3639:
3623:
3615:
3599:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3560:
3544:
3532:
3524:
3508:
3500:
3484:
3475:Joseph Erlanger
3472:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3403:
3395:
3379:
3371:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3331:
3326:Charles Nicolle
3323:
3315:
3307:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3169:Albrecht Kossel
3166:
3158:
3146:
3138:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3075:
3066:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2969:Joseph Barcroft
2967:
2961:Robert Robinson
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2873:Arthur Schuster
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2825:Albert Einstein
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2777:William Bayliss
2775:
2769:Hendrik Lorentz
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2657:William Crookes
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2261:10.1038/nrn2835
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2080:
2079:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2006:
2005:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1776:
1772:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1501:(21): 241–270.
1490:
1489:
1450:
1445:
1433:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1339:
1323:
1312:
1150:
1122:
1106:
1096:
1056:Yale University
1054:, delivered at
1048:
1041:
1029:
1012:
935:Sir John Eccles
931:Wilder Penfield
919:
886:
858:
784:asiatic cholera
776:
748:Friedrich Goltz
732:
701:William Bateson
556:
547:
536:
530:
527:
484:
482:
472:
460:
449:
406:neuron doctrine
379:
358:
332:
311:
285:
242:
207:
186:Alma mater
165:
161:
141:
135:
133:
109:
97:
91:
86:
60:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5547:
5545:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5401:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5382:
5374:
5370:Sir Paul Nurse
5366:
5358:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5335:Sir Aaron Klug
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5060:Duke of Sussex
5056:
5052:Davies Gilbert
5048:
5040:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4989:
4981:
4977:Earl of Morton
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4800:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4648:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4585:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:Katalin Karikó
4557:
4546:
4531:
4512:
4496:
4484:
4468:
4460:
4444:
4428:
4421:Randy Schekman
4412:
4400:
4379:
4371:
4355:
4348:Luc Montagnier
4339:
4328:Mario Capecchi
4323:
4311:
4304:Barry Marshall
4299:
4287:
4280:Paul Lauterbur
4275:
4264:Sydney Brenner
4259:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4225:Paul Greengard
4221:Arvid Carlsson
4216:
4208:
4192:
4184:
4172:
4156:
4153:Martin Rodbell
4144:
4132:
4129:Edwin G. Krebs
4125:Edmond Fischer
4120:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4073:James W. Black
4068:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4033:César Milstein
4029:Georges Köhler
4020:
4012:
4001:Sune Bergström
3996:
3993:Torsten Wiesel
3989:David H. Hubel
3980:
3964:
3952:
3945:Daniel Nathans
3936:
3929:Andrew Schally
3920:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3881:
3865:
3849:
3842:Gerald Edelman
3837:
3829:
3826:Julius Axelrod
3813:
3810:Salvador Luria
3806:Alfred Hershey
3797:
3781:
3765:
3753:
3742:François Jacob
3737:
3725:
3709:
3693:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3645:
3637:
3626:André Cournand
3621:
3613:
3597:
3585:
3582:Selman Waksman
3577:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3547:Edward Kendall
3542:
3530:
3522:
3506:
3503:Hermann Muller
3498:
3482:
3479:Herbert Gasser
3470:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3434:Gerhard Domagk
3429:
3421:
3413:
3401:
3393:
3390:William Murphy
3382:George Whipple
3377:
3369:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3267:
3260:Archibald Hill
3255:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3193:Charles Richet
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3144:
3136:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:James Chadwick
3021:
3013:
3009:Archibald Hill
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2889:Theobald Smith
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2705:Francis Galton
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2529:
2508:
2490:
2477:
2476:External links
2474:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2439:
2408:
2395:
2383:
2369:
2349:
2305:
2296:
2282:
2255:(6): 429–436.
2239:
2217:
2187:
2154:
2145:
2127:
2100:
2089:(3): 238–239.
2060:
2047:Les Prix Nobel
2030:
2023:
2015:1–6, 15, 24–25
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1898:
1879:(1820): 1266.
1863:
1854:
1830:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1770:
1751:(2): 163–168.
1735:
1681:
1659:
1638:
1620:
1577:
1546:(6): 613–616.
1528:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:Order of Merit
1200:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1149:
1146:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:proprioceptive
1082:stretch reflex
1047:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1017:Ipswich Museum
1011:
1008:
1002:He lived at 9
975:Gustav Fritsch
971:Angelo Ruffini
918:
915:
885:
882:
878:stretch reflex
857:
854:
822:Rudolf Virchow
775:
772:
731:
728:
621:Ipswich School
555:
552:
549:
548:
463:
461:
454:
448:
445:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
357:
356:
351:
346:
340:
338:
334:
333:
331:
330:
325:
323:Michael Foster
319:
317:
313:
312:
310:
309:
304:
299:
293:
291:
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
255:
251:
250:
244:
243:
241:
240:
234:
228:
222:
215:
213:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
193:Ipswich School
189:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
164:(aged 94)
158:
154:
153:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
83:
82:
75:
74:
71:
70:
62:
61:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5546:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5319:George Porter
5316:
5312:
5311:Andrew Huxley
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5279:Howard Florey
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5207:J. J. Thomson
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5183:Lord Rayleigh
5180:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5157:
5156:Joseph Lister
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5100:Edward Sabine
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5076:Earl of Rosse
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4961:Martin Folkes
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4831:Royal Society
4828:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4570:
4569:Drew Weissman
4566:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4453:Satoshi Ōmura
4450:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4417:James Rothman
4413:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:Bruce Beutler
4380:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4296:Linda B. Buck
4293:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4213:Günter Blobel
4209:
4206:
4202:
4201:Louis Ignarro
4198:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4141:Phillip Sharp
4138:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4101:Joseph Murray
4097:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4053:Stanley Cohen
4049:
4046:
4042:
4041:Michael Brown
4037:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3957:Allan Cormack
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3933:Rosalyn Yalow
3930:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3878:George Palade
3875:
3871:
3870:Albert Claude
3866:
3863:
3859:
3858:Konrad Lorenz
3855:
3850:
3847:
3846:Rodney Porter
3843:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3822:Ulf von Euler
3819:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:Ragnar Granit
3766:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3750:Jacques Monod
3747:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3722:Andrew Huxley
3719:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:Francis Crick
3694:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3682:Peter Medawar
3679:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:George Beadle
3646:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3618:Hugo Theorell
3614:
3611:
3607:
3606:Thomas Weller
3603:
3598:
3595:
3594:Fritz Lipmann
3591:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3495:Howard Florey
3492:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3374:Thomas Morgan
3370:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3264:Otto Meyerhof
3261:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3201:Róbert Bárány
3197:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3185:Alexis Carrel
3181:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:Camillo Golgi
3125:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
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3043:
3040:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:Paul Langevin
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
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2922:
2918:
2914:
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2826:
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2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:Joseph Larmor
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:J. J. Thomson
2734:
2730:
2729:Ray Lankester
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:George Darwin
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
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2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:Joseph Lister
2638:
2634:
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2626:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2563:J. J. Thomson
2558:
2553:
2538:
2534:
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2515:
2511:
2505:
2498:
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2491:
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2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:Sherrington,
2399:
2396:
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2387:
2384:
2372:
2370:9780801871184
2366:
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2250:
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2240:
2224:
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2203:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2175:
2171:
2170:Who Named It?
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2116:. p. 3.
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
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2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
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1931:
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1398:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1361:
1358:November 2018
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1327:This section
1325:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:honoris causa
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
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1139:
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1127:
1120:
1119:
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1113:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:A. W. Verrall
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
997:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
962:
957:
953:
950:
948:
944:
943:Howard Florey
940:
939:Ragnar Granit
936:
932:
928:
924:
916:
914:
910:
908:
904:
899:
890:
883:
881:
879:
875:
866:
862:
855:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
773:
771:
767:
765:
761:
760:David Ferrier
757:
753:
749:
745:
736:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
684:Starred first
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
605:
603:
598:
596:
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589:
584:
581:
580:
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572:
567:
563:
561:
553:
545:
542:
534:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492: –
491:
487:
486:Find sources:
480:
476:
470:
469:
464:This section
462:
458:
453:
452:
446:
444:
442:
441:Royal Society
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
365:
361:
355:
354:Howard Florey
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
339:
335:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
318:
314:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
292:
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282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
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259:
258:
256:
252:
249:
245:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
214:
210:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
132:
128:
123:
119:
116:
113:
107:
104:
103:J. J. Thomson
101:
95:
89:
84:
81:
76:
72:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
5386:Adrian Smith
5346:21st century
5214:
5167:20th century
5044:Humphry Davy
5028:19th century
5017:Joseph Banks
5009:John Pringle
5001:James Burrow
4985:James Burrow
4945:Isaac Newton
4937:18th century
4886:Samuel Pepys
4870:John Hoskyns
4838:17th century
4759:
4714:Edgar Adrian
4707:
4554:Svante Pääbo
4539:David Julius
4493:Tasuku Honjo
4441:Edvard Moser
4433:John O'Keefe
4396:posthumously
4395:
4332:Martin Evans
4308:Robin Warren
4292:Richard Axel
4239:2001–present
4117:Bert Sakmann
3985:Roger Sperry
3977:George Snell
3973:Jean Dausset
3941:Werner Arber
3894:Howard Temin
3818:Bernard Katz
3802:Max Delbrück
3758:Francis Rous
3734:Feodor Lynen
3730:Konrad Bloch
3718:Alan Hodgkin
3702:James Watson
3678:Frank Burnet
3666:Severo Ochoa
3654:Edward Tatum
3642:Daniel Bovet
3555:Philip Hench
3467:Edward Doisy
3398:Hans Spemann
3386:George Minot
3366:Edgar Adrian
3361:
3354:Otto Warburg
3276:John Macleod
3245:August Krogh
3237:Jules Bordet
3153:Paul Ehrlich
3105:Niels Finsen
3089:Emil Behring
2985:Oswald Avery
2953:Thomas Lewis
2913:Arthur Evans
2840:
2649:Eduard Suess
2568:
2541:. Retrieved
2536:
2521:. Retrieved
2514:the original
2495:
2462:
2451:
2442:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2359:
2352:
2325:
2321:
2299:
2285:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2208:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2169:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2109:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2051:. Retrieved
2046:
2009:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1809:
1800:
1791:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1703:
1699:
1672:. Retrieved
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1593:(1): 45–63.
1590:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1498:
1492:
1364:
1355:
1340:Please help
1328:
1219:
1217:
1159:
1142:zodiac signs
1133:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1078:
1060:
1049:
1044:
1039:Publications
1034:
1030:
1021:
1013:
1001:
998:
991:
981:– the first
967:
955:
951:
920:
911:
895:
870:
850:
819:
806:
804:
781:
777:
768:
741:
713:
696:
682:
668:
658:; he played
649:
629:
618:
613:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
585:
577:
575:
568:
564:
557:
537:
531:January 2023
528:
518:
511:
504:
497:
485:
473:Please help
468:verification
465:
433:bacteriology
426:
422:Edgar Adrian
413:
376:
375:
290:Institutions
281:Bacteriology
247:
231:Copley Medal
162:(1952-03-04)
160:4 March 1952
110:Succeeded by
87:
29:
5414:1952 deaths
5409:1857 births
5263:Lord Adrian
5148:Lord Kelvin
4953:Hans Sloane
4926:Lord Somers
4878:Cyril Wyche
4613:Nobel Prize
4405:John Gurdon
4320:Craig Mello
4316:Andrew Fire
4229:Eric Kandel
4205:Ferid Murad
4113:Erwin Neher
4025:Niels Jerne
3790:Har Khorana
3778:George Wald
3746:André Lwoff
3714:John Eccles
3602:John Enders
3574:Max Theiler
3535:Walter Hess
3527:Paul Müller
3491:Ernst Chain
3161:Emil Kocher
3121:Robert Koch
3113:Ivan Pavlov
3097:Ronald Ross
3001:G. H. Hardy
2809:Horace Lamb
2753:James Dewar
2745:Ivan Pavlov
2721:Felix Klein
2622:(1901–1950)
2543:22 February
2448:"No. 32563"
1847:26 November
1823:26 November
1177:Royal Medal
1126:Jean Fernel
994:World War I
826:Robert Koch
625:Thomas Ashe
225:Royal Medal
174:Citizenship
149:, England,
98:Preceded by
5403:Categories
4993:James West
4827:Presidents
4641:Literature
4256:Paul Nurse
3590:Hans Krebs
3515:Gerty Cori
3463:Henrik Dam
3410:Otto Loewi
3406:Henry Dale
2929:Niels Bohr
2857:Max Planck
2575:1920–1925
2428:(4): 1–9.
1918:(1): 3–7.
1706:(4): 544.
1443:References
1394:diaphragm.
1302:, and the
1296:Birmingham
1232:Strasbourg
1228:Manchester
1067:classicist
1010:Retirement
856:Employment
830:morphology
782:A case of
764:hemiplegia
752:Strasbourg
689:physiology
501:newspapers
261:Physiology
167:Eastbourne
136:1857-11-27
5362:Lord Rees
5303:Lord Todd
4691:(Germany)
4622:Chemistry
4615:laureates
4457:Tu Youyou
4009:John Vane
3904:1976–2000
3565:1951–1975
3511:Carl Cori
3301:1926–1950
3080:1901–1925
3069:Laureates
2114:Doubleday
1893:220183796
1765:145536063
1329:does not
1288:Sheffield
1280:Liverpool
1272:Edinburgh
1172:of London
1058:in 1904.
898:Liverpool
884:Liverpool
838:pathology
834:histology
623:in 1871.
560:Islington
447:Biography
437:pathology
429:histology
276:Neurology
271:Histology
266:Pathology
147:Middlesex
143:Islington
92:1920–1925
88:In office
78:43rd
5354:Lord May
4252:Tim Hunt
2523:27 April
2434:24457638
2360:Synapses
2344:17438014
2269:20445541
2232:27 April
2095:15377819
1942:51622906
1934:29998781
1730:15026492
1615:42127498
1607:11615580
1568:40353145
1560:18280740
1523:35977575
1431:See also
1284:Brussels
1276:Montreal
1248:Budapest
907:Croonian
865:C.S. Roy
842:Waldeyer
815:Zaragoza
796:C.S. Roy
742:The 7th
652:football
4829:of the
4681:Physics
3071:of the
2277:5930858
2180:23 July
2053:23 July
1721:1739021
1674:31 July
1652:31 July
1350:removed
1335:sources
1310:Eponyms
1300:Glasgow
1264:Harvard
1260:Toronto
1240:Uppsala
1236:Louvain
1189:of the
1179:of the
1063:synapse
571:Ipswich
515:scholar
410:synapse
177:British
5388:(2020)
5380:(2015)
5372:(2010)
5364:(2005)
5356:(2000)
5337:(1995)
5329:(1990)
5321:(1985)
5313:(1980)
5305:(1975)
5297:(1970)
5289:(1965)
5281:(1960)
5273:(1955)
5265:(1950)
5257:(1945)
5249:(1940)
5241:(1935)
5233:(1930)
5225:(1925)
5217:(1920)
5209:(1915)
5201:(1913)
5193:(1908)
5185:(1905)
5177:(1900)
5158:(1895)
5150:(1890)
5142:(1885)
5134:(1883)
5126:(1878)
5118:(1873)
5110:(1871)
5102:(1861)
5094:(1858)
5086:(1854)
5078:(1848)
5070:(1838)
5062:(1830)
5054:(1827)
5046:(1820)
5038:(1820)
5019:(1778)
5011:(1772)
5003:(1772)
4995:(1768)
4987:(1768)
4979:(1764)
4971:(1752)
4963:(1741)
4955:(1727)
4947:(1703)
4928:(1698)
4920:(1695)
4912:(1690)
4904:(1689)
4896:(1686)
4888:(1684)
4880:(1683)
4872:(1682)
4864:(1680)
4856:(1677)
4848:(1662)
4499:2019:
4487:2018:
4471:2017:
4463:2016:
4447:2015:
4431:2014:
4415:2013:
4403:2012:
4382:2011:
4374:2010:
4358:2009:
4342:2008:
4326:2007:
4314:2006:
4302:2005:
4290:2004:
4278:2003:
4262:2002:
4246:2001:
4219:2000:
4211:1999:
4195:1998:
4187:1997:
4175:1996:
4159:1995:
4147:1994:
4135:1993:
4123:1992:
4111:1991:
4099:1990:
4087:1989:
4071:1988:
4063:1987:
4051:1986:
4039:1985:
4023:1984:
4015:1983:
3999:1982:
3983:1981:
3967:1980:
3955:1979:
3939:1978:
3923:1977:
3911:1976:
3884:1975:
3868:1974:
3852:1973:
3840:1972:
3832:1971:
3816:1970:
3800:1969:
3784:1968:
3768:1967:
3756:1966:
3740:1965:
3728:1964:
3712:1963:
3696:1962:
3688:1961:
3676:1960:
3664:1959:
3648:1958:
3640:1957:
3624:1956:
3616:1955:
3600:1954:
3588:1953:
3580:1952:
3572:1951:
3545:1950:
3533:1949:
3525:1948:
3509:1947:
3501:1946:
3485:1945:
3473:1944:
3461:1943:
3432:1939:
3424:1938:
3416:1937:
3404:1936:
3396:1935:
3380:1934:
3372:1933:
3360:1932:
3352:1931:
3344:1930:
3332:1929:
3324:1928:
3316:1927:
3308:1926:
3282:1924:
3270:1923:
3258:1922:
3243:1920:
3235:1919:
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