317:. Most of his students were Indian, and so, Marshall gained a reputation for being very sympathetic to Indian nationalism. Marshall agreed with Indian civic leaders and protesters who wanted more self-government, or even independence for India. Marshall was highly admired by Indians during the time he worked in India. In 1913, he began the
367:
After his appointment, Marshall engaged in constant resource disputes with the Indian government because he felt that the
Archaeological Survey of India needed to be revived and that Indian archaeology needed to be overhauled. By using the big finds in 1923 to gain more funding, he avoided a large
480:
Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization: Being an official account of archĂŚological excavations at
Mohenjo-daro carried out by the government of India between the years 1922 and 1927 . London, 1931. (Volume I: Text, Chapters IâXIX and Plates IâXIV ; Volume II: Text, Chapters XX â XXXII,
547:
1006:
484:
Taxila: An
Illustrated Account of Archaeological Excavations Carried Out at Taxila Under the Orders of the Government of India between the Years 1913 and 1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.
405:, who recognised that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather than dig mechanically along uniform horizontal lines. Also a military precision was brought to archeology by Wheeler.
996:
981:
310:
administration. Marshall modernised the approach to archaeology on that continent, introducing a programme of cataloguing and conservation of ancient monuments and artifacts.
397:
of the site, and excavated along regular horizontal lines. This mixed up the artifacts from different stratigraphic layers, causing much valuable information about the
986:
971:
966:
441:
219:
45:
527:
1001:
596:
1016:
164:
1021:
729:
60:
991:
477:
Conservation Manual: A Handbook for the Use of
Archaeological Officers and Others Entrusted with the Care of Ancient Monuments.
1011:
928:
584:
240:
203:
920:
471:
Indian
Archaeological Policy, 1915: Being a resolution issued by the Governor General in Council on the 22nd October 1915.
223:
172:
49:
268:
119:
325:, which today hosts many artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits. He then moved on to other sites, including the
444:
394:
371:
The results of these efforts, which revealed an ancient culture with its own writing system, were published in the
976:
696:
341:
252:
314:
292:
373:
637:
621:
452:
428:
Marshall retired from his post in 1934 and then departed India. He died on 17 August 1958, at his home in
910:
A collection of 5000 images from John
Marshall's personal archives at Durham University's Oriental Museum
1026:
903:
792:
398:
961:
956:
497:
507:
502:
288:
597:"Remembering Sir John Marshall, the legendary archeologist who excavated Harappa and Mohenjo-daro"
368:
budget decrease in 1922â1923 that would have endangered excavations at
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.
532:
816:
938:
725:
429:
340:
His work provided evidence of the antiquity of Indian civilisation, particularly that of the
1036:
1031:
828:
402:
318:
299:
284:
228:
80:
487:
The
Buddhist Art of Gandhara: the Story of the Early School, Its Birth, Growth and Decline.
576:
456:
381:
in
Mesopotamia. Subsequent excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be sophisticated
264:
313:
Marshall began the practice of allowing
Indians to train as archaeologists and supervise
755:
417:
382:
357:
950:
377:
on 20 September 1924. Scholars linked the artifacts with the ancient civilisation of
361:
322:
307:
236:
416:; a small representative collection of pottery vessels from the site is now in the
390:
272:
248:
883:
17:
865:
767:
682:
413:
303:
276:
193:
134:
59:
894:
909:
657:
168:
697:"The First Images of the Announcement: The Illustrated London News | Harappa"
451:
in January 1914. He was awarded an honorary degree, Doctor of Philosophy, by
409:
232:
103:
321:, which lasted for 21 years. In 1918, he laid the foundation stone for the
386:
326:
84:
353:
345:
334:
295:, where he attended from 1898 to 1901, he participated in excavations.
280:
244:
189:
154:
142:
130:
448:
349:
330:
146:
138:
107:
306:, appointed Marshall as Director-General of Archaeology within the
401:
of his findings to be lost forever. This mistake was corrected by
378:
150:
888:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
829:"Sir John Hubert Marshall | British archaeologist | Britannica"
583:, p. 10, 2002, AltaMira Press, ISBN 9780759101722, 0759101728,
474:
Excavations at Taxila: The Stupas and monasteries at JauliÄĂŁn.
36:
898:. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1918
481:
Appendices and Index ; Volume III: Plates XVâCLXIV)
1007:
Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India
199:
185:
160:
125:
115:
92:
66:
34:
581:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective
408:Marshall also led excavations at the prehistoric
243:from 1902 to 1928. He oversaw the excavations of
997:Archaeologists of the Indus Valley civilisation
352:'s Age). In 1920, Marshall initiated at dig at
565:The India List and India Office List for 1905
528:"Banerji robbed of credit for Indus findings"
8:
982:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
658:"Taxila in Focus: 100 years since Marshall"
642:Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor
626:Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor
455:in 1921. He was elected as a Fellow of the
442:Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire
360:as director. Mohenjodaro was discovered by
251:, two of the main cities that comprise the
914:
722:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
567:, London: Harrison and Sons, 1905, p. 562.
58:
31:
364:in 1921, and in 1922, work began there.
519:
287:, who was rediscovering the Bronze Age
432:, some 28 miles southwest of London.
7:
987:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
972:20th-century British archaeologists
967:19th-century British archaeologists
548:"Marshall, John Hubert (MRSL895JH)"
231:, England – 17 August 1958,
25:
27:British archaeologist (1876â1958)
1002:British people in colonial India
793:"John Hubert Marshall 1876-1958"
291:. Under the sponsorship of the
239:who was Director-General of the
1017:Fellows of the British Academy
929:Archaeological Survey of India
241:Archaeological Survey of India
204:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
683:"John Marshall harrappa site"
1022:Archaeologists of South Asia
817:London Gazette, 23 June 1910
552:A Cambridge Alumni Database
403:Mortimer (R. E. M.) Wheeler
393:. But Marshall ignored the
271:, where in 1898 he won the
259:Personal history and career
1053:
904:"Sir John Hubert Marshall"
554:. University of Cambridge.
263:Marshall was at school at
235:, England) was an English
935:
925:
917:
890:, 1914, pp. 973â986.
768:"John Marshall | Harappa"
756:British Museum Collection
440:Marshall was appointed a
342:Indus Valley civilization
269:King's College, Cambridge
253:Indus Valley Civilisation
209:
178:
120:King's College, Cambridge
57:
927:Director General of the
866:"John Marshall harrappa"
743:Themes in Indian History
724: ; ABC-CLIO, 2008;
293:British School in Athens
216:Sir John Hubert Marshall
508:Sir Edward Clive Bayley
374:Illustrated London News
992:English archaeologists
884:"The Date of Kanishka"
275:. He then trained in
1012:British Sindhologists
319:excavations at Taxila
662:stories.durham.ac.uk
498:Alexander Cunningham
893:Sir John Marshall,
855:, 19 December 1921.
797:www.emersonkent.com
577:Possehl, Gregory A.
503:Joseph David Beglar
453:Calcutta University
289:Minoan civilization
833:www.britannica.com
732: ; pp. 29â32.
533:The Times of India
412:mound near Nal in
945:
944:
939:Harold Hargreaves
936:Succeeded by
906:, britannica.com.
896:A Guide to Taxila
730:978-1-57607-907-2
447:in June 1910 and
430:Guildford, Surrey
298:In 1902, the new
213:
212:
180:Scientific career
18:Sir John Marshall
16:(Redirected from
1044:
977:Knights Bachelor
918:Preceded by
915:
882:J. H. Marshall,
870:
869:
862:
856:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
825:
819:
814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
764:
758:
753:
747:
746:
739:
733:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
693:
687:
686:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
654:
648:
635:
629:
619:
613:
612:
610:
608:
603:. 17 August 2017
593:
587:
574:
568:
562:
556:
555:
544:
538:
537:
524:
300:viceroy of India
285:Sir Arthur Evans
227:(19 March 1876,
226:
99:
76:
74:
62:
52:
32:
21:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:
947:
946:
941:
932:
923:
900:, archive.org.
879:
874:
873:
864:
863:
859:
851:
847:
837:
835:
827:
826:
822:
815:
811:
801:
799:
791:
790:
786:
776:
774:
772:www.harappa.com
766:
765:
761:
754:
750:
741:
740:
736:
720:Jane McIntosh,
719:
715:
705:
703:
701:www.harappa.com
695:
694:
690:
681:
680:
676:
666:
664:
656:
655:
651:
636:
632:
620:
616:
606:
604:
595:
594:
590:
575:
571:
563:
559:
546:
545:
541:
536:. 12 June 2017.
526:
525:
521:
516:
494:
465:
457:British Academy
438:
426:
265:Dulwich College
261:
218:
171:
167:
129:Excavations in
116:Alma mater
111:
101:
97:
88:
78:
72:
70:
53:
44:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
949:
948:
943:
942:
937:
934:
924:
919:
913:
912:
907:
901:
891:
878:
877:External links
875:
872:
871:
857:
845:
820:
809:
784:
759:
748:
734:
713:
688:
674:
649:
638:Allen, Charles
630:
622:Allen, Charles
614:
588:
569:
557:
539:
518:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
505:
500:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
464:
461:
437:
434:
425:
422:
418:British Museum
383:planned cities
358:Daya Ram Sahni
308:British Indian
260:
257:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
187:
183:
182:
176:
175:
162:
158:
157:
127:
126:Known for
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
102:
100:(aged 82)
96:17 August 1958
94:
90:
89:
79:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
43:
40:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1049:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
940:
931:
930:
922:
921:James Burgess
916:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
897:
892:
889:
885:
881:
880:
876:
867:
861:
858:
854:
849:
846:
834:
830:
824:
821:
818:
813:
810:
798:
794:
788:
785:
773:
769:
763:
760:
757:
752:
749:
744:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
714:
702:
698:
692:
689:
684:
678:
675:
663:
659:
653:
650:
647:
643:
639:
634:
631:
627:
623:
618:
615:
602:
598:
592:
589:
586:
582:
578:
573:
570:
566:
561:
558:
553:
549:
543:
540:
535:
534:
529:
523:
520:
513:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
486:
483:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
468:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
435:
433:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
369:
365:
363:
362:R. D. Banerji
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Taxila Museum
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:archaeologist
234:
230:
225:
221:
217:
208:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
109:
105:
95:
91:
86:
82:
77:19 March 1876
69:
65:
61:
56:
51:
47:
41:John Marshall
38:
33:
30:
19:
1027:Mohenjo-daro
933:1902 - 1928
926:
895:
887:
860:
852:
848:
836:. Retrieved
832:
823:
812:
800:. Retrieved
796:
787:
775:. Retrieved
771:
762:
751:
742:
737:
721:
716:
704:. Retrieved
700:
691:
677:
665:. Retrieved
661:
652:
645:
644:, chap. 15,
641:
633:
625:
617:
605:. Retrieved
600:
591:
585:google books
580:
572:
564:
560:
551:
542:
531:
522:
466:
463:Publications
439:
427:
407:
395:stratigraphy
372:
370:
366:
339:
312:
297:
273:Porson Prize
262:
249:Mohenjo Daro
215:
214:
200:Institutions
179:
98:(1958-08-17)
29:
962:1958 deaths
957:1876 births
601:India Today
414:Baluchistan
329:centres of
304:Lord Curzon
277:archaeology
194:archaeology
135:Mohenjodaro
951:Categories
628:, chap. 15
514:References
315:excavation
169:Knighthood
73:1876-03-19
853:The Times
459:in 1936.
410:Sohr Damb
233:Guildford
110:, England
104:Guildford
87:, England
745:. NCERT.
640:(2012),
492:See also
467:Source:
449:knighted
387:plumbing
344:and the
327:Buddhist
85:Cheshire
1037:Knossos
1032:Harappa
838:5 April
802:5 April
777:5 April
706:5 April
667:5 April
624:(2012)
436:Honours
399:context
354:Harappa
346:Mauryan
335:Sarnath
281:Knossos
267:before
245:Harappa
229:Chester
190:History
155:Knossos
143:Sarnath
131:Harappa
81:Chester
728:
646:passim
607:23 May
350:Ashoka
331:Sanchi
283:under
186:Fields
161:Awards
153:, and
147:Taxila
139:Sanchi
108:Surrey
445:(CIE)
424:Death
391:baths
385:with
379:Sumer
356:with
348:age (
222:
151:Crete
48:
840:2022
804:2022
779:2022
726:ISBN
708:2022
669:2022
609:2024
389:and
333:and
247:and
93:Died
67:Born
279:at
224:FBA
220:CIE
173:FBA
165:CIE
50:FBA
46:CIE
37:Sir
953::
886:,
831:.
795:.
770:.
699:.
660:.
599:.
579:,
550:.
530:.
420:.
337:.
302:,
255:.
192:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
106:,
83:,
868:.
842:.
806:.
781:.
710:.
685:.
671:.
611:.
75:)
71:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
