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altitudes that anti-aircraft guns of the day were unable to reach. With enemy airfields across the
English Channel potentially only 20 minutes' flying-time away, bombers would have dropped their bombs and be returning to base before any intercepting fighters could get to altitude. The only answer seemed to be to have standing patrols of fighters in the air, but with the limited cruising time of a fighter, this would require a huge air force. An alternative solution was urgently needed and, in 1934, the Air Ministry set up a committee, the CSSAD (
529:' display, which would cause the oscilloscope's dot to move smoothly across the display at very high speed. By timing the squegger so that the dot arrived at the far end of the display at the same time as expected signals reflected off the Heaviside layer, the altitude of the layer could be determined. This time-base circuit was key to the development of radar. After a further reorganization in 1933, Watt became Superintendent of the Radio Department of NPL in
509:. By feeding the signals from the two antennae into the X and Y channels of the oscilloscope, a single strike caused the appearance of a line on the display, indicating the direction of the strike. The scope's relatively "slow" phosphor only allowed the signal to be read long after the strike had occurred. Watt's new system was being used in 1926 and was the topic of an extensive paper by Watson-Watt and Herd.
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586:, that radio waves might be capable of detecting aircraft, "Meanwhile, attention is being turned to the still difficult, but less unpromising, problem of radio detection and numerical considerations on the method of detection by reflected radio waves will be submitted when required". Wilkins's idea, checked by Watt, was promptly presented by Tizard to the CSSAD on 28 January 1935.
645:
660:. Although not as exciting as a death-ray, the concept clearly had potential, but the Air Ministry, before giving funding, asked for a demonstration proving that radio waves could be reflected by an aircraft. This was ready by 26 February and consisted of two receiving antennae located about 6 miles (10 km) away from one of the
516:
with Watson-Watt as director. Continuing research throughout, the teams had become interested in the causes of "static" radio signals and found that much could be explained by distant signals located over the horizon being reflected off the upper atmosphere. This was the first direct indication of
770:
would turn to night bombing if the day campaign did not go well. Watson-Watt had put another of the staff from the Radio
Research Station, Edward Bowen, in charge of developing a radar that could be carried by a fighter. Night-time visual detection of a bomber was good to about 300 m and the
554:
as long-range bombers over
Britain and defences had struggled to counter the threat. Since that time, aircraft capabilities had improved considerably and the prospect of widespread aerial bombardment of civilian areas was causing the government anxiety. Heavy bombers were now able to approach at
714:
was selected to become the main centre for all radar research. To put a radar defence in place as quickly as possible, Watson-Watt and his team created devices using existing components, rather than creating new components for the project, and the team did not take additional time to refine and
736:
immediately set to work on this problem, designing a 'command and control air defence reporting system' with several layers of reporting that were eventually sent to a single large room for mapping. Observers watching the maps would then tell the fighters what to do via direct communications.
719:
system, attempting to detect an incoming bomber by radio signals for interception by a fighter. The tests were a complete failure, with the fighter only seeing the bomber after it had passed its target. The problem was not the radar but the flow of information from trackers from the
461:
to maximise (or minimise) the signal, thus "pointing" to the storm. The strikes were so fleeting that it was very difficult to turn the antenna in time to positively locate one. Instead, the operator would listen to many strikes and develop a rough average location.
578:, Director of Scientific Research at the Air Ministry. He asked Watson-Watt about the possibility of building their version of a death-ray, specifically to be used against aircraft. Watson-Watt quickly returned a calculation carried out by his young colleague,
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1932:
500:
differences. Using pairs of these antennas positioned at right angles, one could make a simultaneous measurement of the lightning's direction on two axes. Displaying the fleeting signals was a problem. This was solved by the second device, the WE-224
846:
In July 1938, Watson-Watt left
Bawdsey Manor and took up the post of Director of Communications Development (DCD-RAE). In 1939, Sir George Lee took over the job of DCD and Watson-Watt became Scientific Advisor on Telecommunications (SAT) to the
582:, showing that such a device was impossible to construct, and fears of a Nazi version soon vanished. He also mentioned in the same report a suggestion that was originally made to him by Wilkins, who had recently heard of aircraft disturbing
449:
gives off a radio signal as it ionizes the air, and his goal was to detect this signal to warn pilots of approaching thunderstorms. The signal occurs across a wide range of frequencies and could be easily detected and amplified by naval
2733:
748:
By 1937, the first three stations were ready, and the associated system was put to the test. The results were encouraging, and the government immediately commissioned construction of 17 additional stations. This became
699:, an isolated peninsula on the Suffolk coast of the North Sea. By June, they were detecting aircraft at a distance of 16 mi (26 km), which was enough for scientists and engineers to stop all work on competing
1876:
878:
Ten years after his knighthood, Watson-Watt was awarded £50,000 by the UK government for his contributions in the development of radar. He established a practice as a consulting engineer. In the 1950s, he moved to
783:) in volume and should require no more than 500 watts of power. To reduce the drag of the antennae, the operating wavelength could not be much greater than one metre, difficult for the day's electronics. However,
288:(HFDF or "huff-duff"). Although well publicized at the time, the system's enormous military potential was not developed until the late 1930s. Huff-duff allowed operators to determine the location of an enemy
1862:
757:, and by the end of the war, over 50 had been built. The Germans were aware of the construction of Chain Home but were not sure of its purpose. They tested their theories with a flight of the Zeppelin
668:. The two antennae were phased such that signals travelling directly from the station cancelled themselves out, but signals arriving from other angles were admitted, thereby deflecting the trace on a
1053:(d.1988), the daughter of a draughtsman; they later divorced and he remarried in 1952 in Canada. His second wife was Jean Wilkinson, who died in 1964. He returned to Scotland in the 1960s.
311:
quickly determined it was not possible, but
Wilkins suggested using radio signals to locate aircraft at long distances. This led to a February 1935 demonstration where signals from a BBC
457:
His early experiments were successful in detecting the signal and he quickly proved to be able to do so at ranges up to 2,500 km (1500 miles). Location was determined by rotating a
2703:
1814:
2738:
1142:
198:
2688:
1675:
703:. By the end of the year, the range was up to 60 mi (97 km), at which point, plans were made in December to set up five stations covering the approaches to London.
897:-toting policeman. His remark was, "Had I known what you were going to do with it I would never have invented it!". He wrote an ironic poem ("A Rough Justice") afterwards,
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556:
2743:
2170:
1732:
2723:
2693:
2190:
1854:
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improve the devices. So long as the prototype radars were in workable condition, they were put into production. They conducted "full scale" tests of a fixed radar
2728:
771:
existing Chain Home systems simply did not have the accuracy needed to get the fighters that close. Bowen decided that an airborne radar should not exceed 90
2422:
2417:
2412:
2663:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
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2377:
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676:). Such was the secrecy of this test that only three people witnessed it: Watson-Watt, his colleague Arnold Wilkins, and a single member of the committee,
811:, the "union for professionals". The union speculates that at this time he was involved in campaigning for an improvement in pay for Air Ministry staff.
1612:
804:
1303:
2093:
688:
was kept quietly informed of radar progress. On 2 April 1935, Watson-Watt received a patent on a radio device for detecting and locating an aircraft.
521:, proposed earlier, but at this time largely dismissed by engineers. To determine the altitude of the layer, Watt, Appleton and others developed the '
237:
45:
2718:
2713:
2349:
245:
53:
1957:
1068:, which supplied the radar-room operatives. They lived together in London in the winter, and at "The Observatory": Trefusis Forbes' summer home in
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2673:
2339:
2683:
2668:
2002:
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1836:
1806:
1513:
1277:
1192:
874:
Sir Robert descends from a plinth in
Trafalgar Square, London in 1961 after speaking at a rally protesting at the spread of nuclear weapons.
939:
1413:
1219:
2627:
2438:
1755:
409:, the holder of the Chair of Physics at University College, Dundee from 1907 to 1942. It was Peddie who encouraged Watson-Watt to study
1448:
1481:
The
Invention That Changed the World: How a Small Group of Radar Pioneers Won the Second World War and Launched a Technical Revolution
413:, or "wireless telegraphy" as it was then known, and who took him through what was effectively a postgraduate class on the physics of
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1539:
957:
2022:"Robert Watson-Watt" in Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 489
1671:
1569:
394:
in 1967). Watson-Watt had a successful time as a student, winning the
Carnelley Prize for Chemistry and a class medal for Ordinary
1792:
486:
285:
848:
753:, the array of fixed radar towers on the east and south coasts of England. By the start of World War II, 19 were ready for the
2175:
1007:
2453:
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605:
319:
aircraft. Watt led the development of a practical version of this device, which entered service in 1938 under the code name
1724:
2632:
2086:
665:
1725:"Scotland's little-known WWII hero who helped beat the Luftwaffe with invention of radar set, to be immortalised in film"
518:
2698:
2250:
2102:
1019:
792:
1434:
784:
347:
250:
241:
49:
2050:
795:, which he stated as "Give them the third-best to go on with; the second-best comes too late; the best never comes".
574:" that was capable of destroying towns, cities and people using radio waves, were given attention in January 1935 by
1050:
334:
After the success of his invention, Watson Watt was sent to the U.S. in 1941 to advise on air defence after Japan's
1076:, during the warmer months. They remained together until her death in 1971. Watson-Watt died in 1973, aged 81, in
851:, travelling to the US in 1941 to advise them on the severe inadequacies of their air defence, illustrated by the
1215:
1081:
1057:
2125:
2079:
387:
119:
1608:
1299:
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583:
579:
473:. In 1924 when the War Department gave notice that they wished to reclaim their Aldershot site, he moved to
308:
254:
2071:
2180:
808:
716:
680:. The demonstration was a success: on several occasions, the receiver showed a clear return signal from a
513:
335:
1972:
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2288:
2273:
2224:
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1954:
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of 1941. Watson-Watt justified his choice of a non-optimal frequency for his radar, with his oft-quoted
414:
382:, but no evidence of any family relationship has been found. After attending Damacre Primary School and
292:
in seconds and it became a major part of the network of systems that helped defeat the threat of German
221:
1933:"How a trove of letters reveal the secret (And very tangled) life of the Scot who downed the Luftwaffe"
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2653:
2622:
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2540:
2448:
1338:
1023:
998:
950:
758:
681:
391:
316:
123:
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2535:
2492:
2359:
2268:
2263:
2258:
986:
852:
692:
526:
402:
383:
127:
1828:
1188:
839:
and their associates who developed radar, crediting them with being fundamental to victory in the
2500:
2278:
2028:
1850:
1509:
1273:
1161:
489:(NPL) was already using this site and had two main devices that would prove pivotal to his work.
395:
343:
1456:
887:
in 1958. Around 1958, he appeared as a mystery challenger on the
American television programme
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2130:
1998:
1639:
1489:
1410:
1211:
1061:
889:
754:
700:
418:
328:
289:
2061:
1747:
496:, an arrangement of four masts that allowed the direction of a signal to be detected through
454:
sets. In fact, lightning was a major problem for communications at these common wavelengths.
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2545:
2516:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
1346:
1151:
1093:
840:
729:
669:
1112:
the hyphenated name is used herein for consistency, although he did not adopt it until 1942
2586:
2508:
2443:
2296:
2157:
2120:
1961:
1636:
Blind
Bombing: How Microwave Radar Brought the Allies to D-Day and Victory in World War II
1417:
864:
832:
685:
547:
371:
355:
324:
209:
88:
1535:
1485:
1479:
1022:. A collection of papers relating to Watson-Watt is also held by Archive Services at the
1580:
1342:
300:. It is estimated that huff-duff was used in about a quarter of all attacks on U-boats.
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2565:
2550:
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721:
691:
In mid-May 1935, Wilkins left the Radio Research Station with a small party, including
575:
493:
406:
1784:
17:
2647:
2135:
711:
673:
497:
465:
At first, he worked at the Wireless Station of Air Ministry Meteorological Office in
265:
29:
20th-century Scottish physicist and pioneer of direction-finding and radar technology
1165:
1018:
A collection of some of the correspondence and papers of Watson-Watt is held by the
969:
652:
On 12 February 1935, Watson-Watt sent the secret memo of the proposed system to the
2200:
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379:
297:
273:
215:
819:
63:
1992:
1060:, who was 67 years old at the time and had also played a significant role in the
425:
Watson-Watt was working as an assistant in the college's Engineering Department.
1030:
981:
707:
696:
636:
594:
474:
277:
2066:
1212:"British Patent for Radar System for Air Defense Granted to Robert Watson Watt"
2600:
2331:
2185:
2053:
A comparison of contemporary British and German radar inventions and their use
1073:
893:. In 1956, Watson-Watt reportedly was pulled over for speeding in Canada by a
761:
but concluded the stations were a new long-range naval communications system.
750:
677:
530:
438:
437:, but nothing obvious was available in communications. Instead, he joined the
434:
375:
351:
339:
320:
312:
269:
1945:
Entry number 115 in the marriage register of St Saviour's church, Hammersmith
620:
607:
441:, which was interested in his ideas on the use of radio for the detection of
2606:
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648:
The first workable radar unit constructed by Robert Watson Watt and his team
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422:
304:
281:
107:
1156:
1137:
2012:
1907:"Collection MS 228 - Records relating to Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt"
949:
In 1949, a Watson-Watt Chair of Electrical Engineering was established at
644:
2140:
856:
772:
599:
551:
451:
993:
On 3 September 2014, a statue of Sir Robert Watson-Watt was unveiled in
2034:
The Royal Air Force Air Defence Radar Museum at RRH Neatishead, Norfolk
1906:
1002:
994:
974:
367:
84:
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in engineering in 1912, and was offered an assistantship by Professor
1351:
1326:
880:
478:
323:. This system provided the vital advance information that helped the
293:
203:
1829:"BBC News – Statue of radar pioneer Watson-Watt unveiled in Brechin"
1536:"Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited"
1955:"Sir Robert Watson Watt – Brechin's unsung war hero" Angus Heritage
1994:
Technical and Military Imperatives: A Radar History of World War 2
1049:
Watson-Watt was married on 20 July 1916 in Hammersmith, London to
980:
968:
869:
818:
780:
739:
643:
635:
593:
410:
386:, he was accepted at University College, Dundee (then part of the
258:
139:
512:
The Met and NPL radio teams were amalgamated in 1927 to form the
2033:
787:
was perfected by 1940 and was instrumental in eventually ending
2734:
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
2075:
1877:"Correspondence and papers of Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt"
284:. This led to the 1920s development of a system later known as
1570:"Airborne minefields and Fighter Command's information system"
1138:"Robert Alexander Watson-Watt 13 April 1892 – 5 December 1973"
661:
390:
and which became Queen's College, Dundee in 1954 and then the
338:. He returned and continued to lead radar development for the
36:
2056:
2038:
1771:
University Education in Dundee 1881–1981: A Pictorial History
1368:
University Education in Dundee 1881–1981: A Pictorial History
1302:
Archives Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee.
1258:
Nicoll, Steve (July 2017). "Robert Alexander Watson Watt".
1041:
Watson-Watt had a problematic business and financial life.
724:
to the fighters, which took many steps and was very slow.
706:
One of these stations was to be located on the coast near
303:
In 1935, Watt was asked to comment on reports of a German
1701:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 392.
1033:
has been named the Watson-Watt auditorium in his honour.
1807:"Scottish engineering greats inducted into hall of fame"
1189:"Making waves: Robert Watson Watt, the pioneer of radar"
803:
Between 1934 and 1936, Watson-Watt was president of the
1370:. Dundee: University of Dundee. pp. 58, 75 and 88.
1381:
1379:
1377:
1855:"Castles in the Sky, BBC Two, review: 'a bit worthy'"
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
374:, on 13 April 1892. He claimed to be a descendant of
1143:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1080:. They are buried together in the churchyard of the
378:, the famous engineer and inventor of the practical
272:, where he began looking for accurate ways to track
2615:
2579:
2528:
2466:
2431:
2358:
2330:
2287:
2249:
2242:
2217:
2199:
2156:
2149:
2113:
2039:
The Watson-Watt Society of Brechin, Angus, Scotland
658:
Detection and location of aircraft by radio methods
191:
145:
134:
115:
96:
70:
34:
1422:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
557:Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Defence
1411:"An instantaneous direct-reading radiogoniometer"
883:and later he lived in the US, where he published
249:(13 April 1892 – 5 December 1973) was a Scottish
1973:"Father of radar fought the menace from the sky"
938:In 1945, Watson-Watt was invited to deliver the
602:site of the first successful RADAR experiments.
1484:(1998 ed.). Simon & Schuster. p.
1056:In 1966, at the age of 74, he proposed to Dame
835:paid the highest of praise to Watson-Watt, Sir
563:to find ways to improve air defence in the UK.
2704:Presidents of the Royal Meteorological Society
1449:"Hitler and the origins of the war, 1919–1939"
2087:
2051:Deflating British Radar Myths of World War II
1248:Issue 35618 published on 3 July 1942. Page 39
956:In 2013, he was one of four inductees to the
684:bomber flown around the site. Prime Minister
8:
2062:Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt's biography
1773:. Dundee: University of Dundee. p. 106.
1714:Issue 35586 published on 5 June 1942. Page 2
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
744:Radar coverage along the UK coast, 1939–1940
2739:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees
1674:. Prospect. 23 September 2014. p. 10.
764:As early as 1936, it was realized that the
433:In 1916, Watson-Watt wanted a job with the
2689:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
2246:
2153:
2094:
2080:
2072:
1577:The University of Edinburgh, School of Law
1435:"Time Bases, Their Design and Development"
823:Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, ca. 1944
805:Institution of Professional Civil Servants
62:
31:
2679:Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
1881:Scottish Archive Network Online Catalogue
1603:
1601:
1424:, Volume 64 (February 1926), pp. 611–622.
1350:
1155:
2744:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1206:
1204:
1202:
1125:
1105:
989:, naming Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins
307:based on radio. Watt and his assistant
184: 1952; died 1964)
2724:Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal recipients
2694:People educated at Brechin High School
1865:from the original on 5 September 2014.
1839:from the original on 5 September 2014.
1735:from the original on 17 February 2017.
1195:from the original on 28 February 2017.
2729:Academics of the University of Dundee
1887:from the original on 25 February 2018
1658:
1516:from the original on 17 December 2007
1397:
1385:
1222:from the original on 2 December 2016.
1131:
1129:
1064:as the founding Air Commander of the
7:
1817:from the original on 7 October 2013.
1795:from the original on 7 October 2013.
1758:from the original on 6 January 2009.
907:And thus, with others I can mention,
799:Civil Service trade union activities
1785:"Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame"
1678:from the original on 5 October 2015
985:Memorial to the Birth of Radar, at
940:Royal Institution Christmas Lecture
922:and bites, no doubt with legal wit,
664:'s shortwave broadcast stations at
2664:Alumni of the University of Dundee
1568:Corrigan, R. (25 September 2008).
1084:of the Holy Trinity at Pitlochry.
25:
1748:"Microwaves101 – A Rough Justice"
1615:from the original on 8 April 2008
1609:"Tribute plan for radar inventor"
1455:. Gresham College. Archived from
1447:Evans, R.J. (18 September 2008).
1306:from the original on 4 March 2016
1280:from the original on 5 March 2008
958:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame
914:enabled cloud-bound planes to fly
904:strange target of this radar plot
164: 1916, divorced)
1542:from the original on 13 May 2011
909:the victim of his own invention.
815:Contribution to Second World War
785:aircraft interception (AI) radar
286:high-frequency direction finding
234:Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt
2719:20th-century Scottish inventors
2714:20th-century Scottish engineers
2628:RAF strategic bombing offensive
849:Ministry of Aircraft Production
779:) in weight or 8 ft³ (230
695:, to start further research at
590:Aircraft detection and location
354:in 1942 and was awarded the US
315:transmitter were bounced off a
181:
161:
2067:The Robert Watson-Watt Society
924:the hand that once created it.
919:it spots the speeding motorist
1:
2674:British electronics engineers
2633:United States Army Air Forces
1638:. Potomac Books. p. 21.
701:sound-based detection systems
2684:Fellows of the Royal Society
2669:British electrical engineers
2103:Air Defence of Great Britain
2057:Radar Development In England
1883:. Scottish Archive Network.
1020:National Library of Scotland
1015:in the role of Watson Watt.
917:but now by some ironic twist
902:Pity Sir Robert Watson-Watt,
863:in 1942 and received the US
487:National Physical Laboratory
2454:Women's Auxiliary Air Force
2439:Battle of Britain airfields
1976:The Scotsman 20 August 2005
1409:R. A. Watt and J. F. Herd,
1066:Women's Auxiliary Air Force
1037:Business and financial life
973:Memorial to Watson-Watt at
415:radio frequency oscillators
348:Fellow of the Royal Society
2760:
2029:Sir Robert Watson-Watt bio
1911:Archive Services Catalogue
1699:English history, 1914–1945
1437:, Chapman & Hall, 1943
951:University College, Dundee
912:His magical all-seeing eye
640:Closeup of memorial plaque
1789:engineeringhalloffame.org
1697:Taylor, A. J. P. (1992).
1232:Watson-Watt, Sir Robert;
1216:American Physical Society
1191:. BBC. 16 February 2017.
1136:Ratcliffe, J. A. (1975).
1058:Katherine Trefusis Forbes
829:English History 1914–1945
505:, recently acquired from
366:Watson-Watt was born in
264:Watt began his career in
61:
2126:Royal Canadian Air Force
1611:. BBC. 1 November 2006.
1274:"Sir Robert Watson-Watt"
584:shortwave communications
388:University of St Andrews
120:University of St Andrews
2014:The Ditton Park Archive
1960:4 December 2013 at the
1769:Shafe, Michael (1982).
1478:Buderi, Robert (1996).
1416:2 February 2014 at the
1366:Shafe, Michael (1982).
1029:A briefing facility at
793:"cult of the imperfect"
550:, the Germans had used
542:The air defence problem
309:Arnold Frederic Wilkins
255:radio direction finding
2181:Trafford Leigh-Mallory
1913:. University of Dundee
1327:"Prof. William Peddie"
1157:10.1098/rsbm.1975.0018
990:
978:
930:
885:Three Steps to Victory
875:
824:
745:
649:
641:
633:
621:52.195982°N 1.050121°W
514:Radio Research Station
421:. At the start of the
336:attack on Pearl Harbor
18:Sir Robert Watson-Watt
2274:Anti-Aircraft Command
1991:Brown, Louis (1999).
1634:Fine, Norman (2019).
1325:Allen, H. S. (1946).
1001:. One day later, the
984:
972:
899:
873:
822:
743:
647:
639:
597:
439:Meteorological Office
350:in 1941, was given a
222:Elliott Cresson Medal
2623:Air Raid Precautions
2449:Royal Observer Corps
1935:. 30 September 2019.
1853:(5 September 2014).
1835:. 3 September 2014.
1731:. 16 February 2017.
1510:"Robert Watson-Watt"
1218:. 17 February 2017.
1024:University of Dundee
682:Handley Page Heyford
626:52.195982; -1.050121
401:He graduated with a
392:University of Dundee
317:Handley Page Heyford
124:University of Dundee
2699:People from Brechin
2592:Battle of the Beams
2269:RAF Coastal Command
2264:RAF Balloon Command
2259:RAF Fighter Command
1586:on 3 September 2011
1512:. The Radar Pages.
1459:on 17 November 2010
1343:1946Natur.158...50A
1236:, Dial Press, 1959
987:Stowe Nine Churches
853:Pearl Harbor attack
693:Edward George Bowen
617: /
517:the reality of the
384:Brechin High School
346:. He was elected a
2279:RAF Bomber Command
2230:Robert Watson-Watt
2141:Big Wing formation
1851:Jake Wallis Simons
1813:. 5 October 2013.
1672:"under the Radar?"
1453:Lecture transcript
1300:"100 years ago..."
1234:The Pulse of Radar
1051:Margaret Robertson
1008:Castles in the Sky
999:the Princess Royal
991:
979:
977:in Angus, Scotland
876:
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746:
650:
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559:), chaired by Sir
396:Natural Philosophy
344:Ministry of Supply
268:with a job at the
151:Margaret Robertson
41:Robert Watson-Watt
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2478:Battle of Britain
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2131:Strategic bombing
2020:Celinscak, Mark.
2004:978-1-4200-5066-0
1752:microwaves101.com
1495:978-0-684-83529-7
1062:Battle of Britain
890:To Tell The Truth
755:Battle of Britain
570:had developed a "
492:The first was an
429:Early experiments
329:Battle of Britain
290:radio transmitter
231:
230:
16:(Redirected from
2751:
2607:German V weapons
2322:No. 14 Group RAF
2317:No. 13 Group RAF
2312:No. 12 Group RAF
2307:No. 11 Group RAF
2302:No. 10 Group RAF
2247:
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841:Second World War
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807:, now a part of
730:Patrick Blackett
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2243:Organisation
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2176:Cyril Newall
2166:Hugh Dowding
2021:
2013:
1993:
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1968:
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1915:. Retrieved
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1680:. Retrieved
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1635:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1588:. Retrieved
1581:the original
1576:
1544:. Retrieved
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1504:
1480:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1452:
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1429:
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1405:
1393:
1367:
1361:
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1330:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
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1282:. Retrieved
1268:
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1233:
1228:
1147:
1141:
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1055:
1048:
1040:
1028:
1017:
1013:Eddie Izzard
1006:
992:
943:
901:
888:
884:
877:
845:
837:Henry Tizard
828:
826:
802:
765:
763:
747:
734:Hugh Dowding
726:Henry Tizard
705:
690:
657:
654:Air Ministry
651:
568:Nazi Germany
565:
561:Henry Tizard
545:
511:
503:oscilloscope
491:
464:
459:loop antenna
456:
432:
400:
380:steam engine
365:
333:
302:
298:World War II
263:
261:technology.
233:
232:
216:Hughes Medal
102:(1973-12-05)
26:
2659:1973 deaths
2654:1892 births
2536:Beaufighter
2432:Other units
2345:II AA Corps
2225:R. V. Jones
2105:during the
1891:15 December
1546:13 December
1520:14 December
1310:15 December
1284:26 February
1150:: 548–568.
1045:Family life
1031:RAF Boulmer
717:radio tower
708:Orford Ness
697:Orford Ness
672:indicator (
624: /
546:During the
475:Ditton Park
362:Early years
278:radio waves
2648:Categories
2601:Chain Home
2580:Technology
2517:Operation
2509:Operation
2501:Operation
2493:Operation
2470:operations
2340:I AA Corps
2218:Scientists
2186:Keith Park
1659:Brown 1999
1398:Brown 1999
1386:Brown 1999
1120:References
1074:Perthshire
751:Chain Home
678:A. P. Rowe
609:52°11′46″N
531:Teddington
435:War Office
376:James Watt
352:knighthood
340:War Office
321:Chain Home
313:short-wave
276:using the
270:Met Office
204:Knighthood
199:FRS (1941)
110:, Scotland
91:, Scotland
77:1892-04-13
2546:Hurricane
2495:Steinbock
2483:The Blitz
1682:4 October
1619:16 August
1590:16 August
1463:16 August
1078:Inverness
1070:Pitlochry
895:radar gun
867:in 1946.
861:George VI
855:. He was
789:The Blitz
767:Luftwaffe
612:1°03′00″W
572:death ray
552:Zeppelins
527:time base
507:Bell Labs
483:Berkshire
471:Hampshire
467:Aldershot
447:Lightning
423:Great War
398:in 1910.
358:in 1946.
305:death ray
282:lightning
108:Inverness
2561:Spitfire
2556:Mosquito
2529:Aircraft
2503:Crossbow
2332:AA Corps
2251:Commands
2114:Overview
1958:Archived
1917:12 April
1885:Archived
1863:Archived
1837:Archived
1833:BBC News
1815:Archived
1793:Archived
1756:Archived
1733:Archived
1676:Archived
1613:Archived
1540:Archived
1514:Archived
1414:Archived
1304:Archived
1278:Archived
1220:Archived
1193:Archived
1166:72585933
1088:See also
944:Wireless
857:knighted
809:Prospect
666:Daventry
600:Daventry
523:squegger
452:longwave
2571:Typhoon
2566:Tempest
2541:Defiant
1985:Sources
1538:. IET.
1339:Bibcode
1003:BBC Two
995:Brechin
975:Brechin
933:Honours
827:In his
368:Brechin
327:in the
296:during
294:U-boats
186:
178:
174:
166:
158:
154:
146:Spouses
85:Brechin
2551:Meteor
2519:Gisela
2289:Groups
2150:People
2001:
1642:
1492:
1331:Nature
1164:
1005:drama
965:Legacy
881:Canada
759:LZ 130
732:, and
710:, and
485:. The
479:Slough
224:(1957)
218:(1948)
212:(1946)
206:(1942)
192:Awards
2597:Radar
2511:Diver
1584:(PDF)
1573:(PDF)
1262:: 76.
1162:S2CID
1100:Notes
775:(200
537:RADAR
498:phase
477:near
411:radio
259:radar
246:FRAeS
244:
240:
180:(
176:
160:(
156:
140:radar
89:Angus
54:FRAeS
52:
48:
2201:Army
1999:ISBN
1919:2024
1893:2015
1684:2015
1640:ISBN
1621:2009
1592:2009
1548:2008
1522:2007
1490:ISBN
1465:2009
1312:2015
1286:2008
927:...
417:and
342:and
257:and
97:Died
71:Born
2158:RAF
1347:doi
1335:158
1152:doi
997:by
942:on
859:by
670:CRT
662:BBC
403:BSc
242:FRS
238:KCB
128:BSc
50:FRS
46:KCB
37:Sir
2650::
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