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The subsistence sector is governed by informal institutions and social norms so that producers do not maximize profits and workers can be paid above their marginal product. At an early stage of development, the "unlimited" supply of labour from the subsistence economy means that the capitalist sector can expand for some time without the need to raise wages. This results in higher returns to capital, which are reinvested in capital accumulation. In turn, the increase in the capital stock leads the "capitalists" to expand employment by drawing further labour from the subsistence sector. Given the assumptions of the model (for example, that the profits are reinvested and that capital accumulation does not substitute for skilled labour in production), the process becomes self-sustaining and leads to modernization and economic development.
605:, England was experiencing the worst economic turmoil of its time. It would not be until an economic enlightenment took place that cities began to shift towards factories and labour-intensive methods of production as they experienced giant shifts in the labour and agriculture markets, thus, eventually leading to higher production, and higher income. Lewis theorized if England could turn its misfortune around, the same could be done for developing countries around the world. His theories proved true for some countries such as Nigeria and Barbados, as they would see some economic development.
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1961:
421:, and moved there with his family, becoming Britain's first black lecturer. In 1948, at the age of 33, he was made a full professor. He taught at Manchester until 1957. During this period, he developed some of his most important concepts about the patterns of capital and wages in developing countries. He particularly became known for his contributions to development economics, of great interest as former colonies began to gain independence from their European colonizers.
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387:(LSE), becoming the first black individual to gain acceptance there. While enrolled to study for a Bachelor of Commerce degree ("which offered accounting, business management, commercial law and a little economics and statistics") in 1933, he would achieve similar success as he did at grade school. While at LSE, he studied under
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Lewis combined an analysis of the historical experience of developed countries with the central ideas of the classical economists to produce a broad picture of the development process. In his theory, a "capitalist" sector develops by taking labour from a non-capitalist backward "subsistence" sector.
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building was unveiled in a ceremony attended by Sir Arthur Lewis’ family, including his daughter and granddaughter, and the High
Commissioner for St Lucia on Thursday 23 March 2023. Formerly known as 32 Lincoln’s Inn Fields (32L) the site, now called the Sir Arthur Lewis Building (SAL), is home to
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Lewis's initial career choice was to become an engineer, "but this seemed pointless since neither the government nor the white firms would employ a black engineer," as he later said: "Eventually I decided to study business administration, planning to return to St. Lucia for a job in the municipal
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shortly after the turn of the century. George Lewis died when Arthur was seven years old and his brothers aged from five to 17, leaving Ida to raise her five children alone. Arthur was a gifted student and was promoted two classes ahead of his age. After finishing school when he was 14 years old,
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The point at which the excess labour in the subsistence sector is fully absorbed into the modern sector, and where further capital accumulation begins to push the balance of power towards labour (thus increasing wages) in both capitalist and subsistence sectors, is sometimes called the
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583:. It has recently been widely discussed in the context of economic development in China. Work building on Lewis's analysis has shown that productivity gains in the areas formerly occupied by the subsistence sector (e.g. agriculture) can offset some of the labour demand.
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various departments including the Centre for
Economic Performance (CEP), the International Growth Centre (IGC), the Department of Economics, the Centre for Macroeconomics, and the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD).
414:, under the supervision of Arnold Plant. Lewis would become the first black faculty member at LSE: in 1938 he was given a teaching appointment, and in 1939 was made an Assistant Lecturer, continuing to work as a member of the LSE staff until 1948.
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Lewis published in 1954 what was to be his most influential development economics article, "Economic
Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour" (Manchester School). In this publication, he introduced what came to be called the
440:. When Ghana (where in 1929 his eldest brother Stanley had settled) gained independence in 1957, Lewis was appointed as the country's first economic advisor. He helped draw up its first Five-Year Development Plan (1959–1963).
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Lewis worked as a clerk, while waiting to be old enough to sit the examination for a government scholarship to a
British university, which would be in 1932. During this time he began a lifelong friendship with
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service or in private trade. I would simultaneously study law to fall back on if nothing administrative turned up." At the age of 18, he earned the government scholarship to attend the
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536:. It remained the only work published on the Caribbean-wide movement and the Labour Rebellions in the English-speaking Caribbean for decades. The book was republished by
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by the
British government for his achievements and for his contributions to economics. That year, he was also appointed Professor of Public and International Affairs at
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598:, Lewis sought to "provide an appropriate framework for studying economic development", driven by a combination of "curiosity and of practical need."
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475:. Lewis worked at Princeton for the next two decades, teaching generations of students until his retirement in 1983. Lewis helped to establish the
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The Arthur Lewis
Lectures are held annually at the University of Manchester, having begun in 2015, the centenary of his birth.
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1993:
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He is commemorated by the Sir Arthur Lewis
Institute of Social and Economic Studies (SALISES) on the three campuses of
467:– and subsequently held the position of James Madison Professor of Political Economics. In 1966, he was elected to the
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1502:; Nixson, F. I. (2004). "Development economics in the Department of Economics at the University of Manchester".
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federal colony, the fourth of the five sons of George
Ferdinand and Ida Lewis (the others being Stanley, Earl,
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1982:
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for the former West Indies for
Britain's colonial wrongs" because of the ideas he put forward in this work.
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497:, Barbados, aged 76. He was buried in the grounds of the St. Lucian community college named in his honour.
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was named for him, as he had lectured there for several years before entering governmental positions.
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After Lewis graduated in 1937 with first-class honours, LSE gave him a scholarship to read for a
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Lewis served as an economic advisor to numerous
African and Caribbean governments, including
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1329:"Labour in the West Indies – The Birth of a Workers' Movement (1977; original edition 1939)"
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and in 1970 he was selected as its first president, serving in that capacity until 1973.
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In 1947, Lewis married Gladys Jacobs, and that year he was selected as a lecturer at the
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1996:(The Institute of Population and Labor Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
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1358:"W. Arthur Lewis: Intellectual Author of CARICOM's Blueprint for Reparatory Justice"
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2014:
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Lewis, W. Arthur (1954). "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour".
537:
392:
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907:"The Sverige's Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979"
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in February 1978. Lewis is now characterised as "among the earliest proponents of
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1907:"W. Arthur Lewis's Social Analysis and the Transformation of Tropical Economies"
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1794:"Google Celebrates Economist, Professor, Author Sir W Arthur Lewis With Doodle"
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1906:
1740:"Legacy of Nobel laureate Sir W. Arthur Lewis commemorated at Robertson Hall"
830:"Legacy of Nobel laureate Sir W. Arthur Lewis commemorated at Robertson Hall"
1353:
885:. The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados, West Indies
749:
On 10 December 2020, the 41st anniversary of his receiving the Nobel Prize,
738:
Arthur Lewis Auditorium, the main auditorium of Robertson Hall, home of the
509:-born Gladys Jacobs, with whom he had two daughters, Elizabeth and Barbara.
323:
233:
1955:
1765:"Sir W. Arthur Lewis: Google celebrates economist, professor with doodle"
1671:
1381:"W. A. Lewis on 'Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour'"
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1937:
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283:
1385:
Economic Theories of Development: An Analysis of Competing Paradigms
1119:
1994:
The Lewisian Turning Point and Its Implications to Labor Protection
856:"Sir W. Arthur Lewis, 76, Is Dead; Winner of Nobel Economics Prize"
1986:
471:. He also served from 1966 to 1973 he served as Chancellor of the
429:
1142:"The Middle Passage – UWI receives George James Christian papers"
1026:"Sir W Arthur Lewis: How the famed economist broke down barriers"
1798:
1151:. university of the West Indies. July–September 2005. p. 18
3053:
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2111:
1551:"Arthur Lewis' contribution to development thinking and policy"
443:
In 1959, Lewis returned to the Caribbean region when appointed
1934:
at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
36:
873:
871:
615:
Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement
526:
Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Worker's Movement
519:
Labour in the West Indies: The Birth of a Workers' Movement
3973:
Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association
1532:"China Reaches Turning Point as Inflation Overtakes Labor"
617:(1939). Reprinted, with Afterword by Susan Craig, London:
883:
Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies
330:. Lewis was known for his contributions in the field of
326:
and the James Madison Professor of Political Economy at
1277:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica; Amy Tikkanen.
1206:
1204:
1052:. The London School of Economics and Political Science
997:
W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics
961:
W. Arthur Lewis and the Birth of Development Economics
909:, Nobel in Economics, 1979. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
27:
Saint Lucian economist and Nobel laureate (1915–1991)
931:
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927:
925:
923:
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915:
740:
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
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2853:
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298:
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239:
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211:
200:
192:
184:
152:
142:
121:
95:
62:
34:
4038:Saint Lucian people of Antigua and Barbuda descent
3948:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
1862:Breit, William, and Barry T. Hirsch (eds., 2004).
1387:. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. pp. 87–95.
2054:Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
1859:on the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College website
1102:"On W. Arthur Lewis' Contributions to Economics"
463:– the first black instructor to be given a full
4003:Presidents of the American Economic Association
3081:Presidents of the American Economic Association
1967:Sir Arthur Lewis Community College, Saint Lucia
4018:Saint Lucian expatriates in the United Kingdom
1019:
1017:
4023:Saint Lucian expatriates in the United States
3988:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3065:
2804:
2123:
1713:"LSE renames building after Sir Arthur Lewis"
1069:
1067:
8:
3963:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
2143:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
964:. Princeton University Press. pp. 7–8.
753:celebrated the late Sir Arthur Lewis with a
3943:Academics of the London School of Economics
1866:(4th edn). Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.
1258:"Sir Wm. Arthur Lewis: President 1970–1973"
721:Sir Arthur Lewis's portrait appears on the
362:and Victor). His parents had migrated from
3978:Heads of the University of the West Indies
3072:
3058:
3050:
2811:
2797:
2789:
2130:
2116:
2108:
2035:
2028:
1959:
1410:"The Lewis Model: A 60-Year Retrospective"
47:
31:
1494:
1492:
1427:
336:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
216:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
4043:20th-century African-American scientists
3958:Alumni of the London School of Economics
1171:"Sir (William) Arthur Lewis (1915–1991)"
679:
2078:Professional and academic associations
1677:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1188:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
902:
900:
789:
319:(23 January 1915 – 15 June 1991) was a
4033:Saint Lucian people of African descent
1972:Sir Arthur Lewis – Nobel Prize Lecture
1024:Ritschel, Chelsea (10 December 2020).
486:in Economics in 1979, sharing it with
2006:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
697:, St. Lucia, was named in his honour.
532:in 1939, was an account of the 1930s
453:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
1630:. Sir Arthur Lewis Community College
1691:"Sir Arthur Lewis Memorial Lecture"
625:The Principles of Economic Planning
289:The Economics of Loyalty Contracts
53:Sir William Arthur Lewis, official
1792:Nandy, Sumana (10 December 2020).
1475:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x
695:Sir Arthur Lewis Community College
25:
1821:"Celebrating Sir W. Arthur Lewis"
1107:Scandinavian Journal of Economics
723:Eastern Caribbean 100-dollar bill
716:The University of the West Indies
649:Growth and Fluctuations 1870–1913
419:Victoria University of Manchester
3938:20th-century American economists
2011:Library of Economics and Liberty
1738:Binder, Sarah M. (19 May 2018).
1415:Journal of Economic Perspectives
937:"Sir Arthur Lewis: Biographical"
534:labour movement in the Caribbean
2219:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
1693:. Easter Caribbean Central Bank
1360:. CARICOM Reparations Committee
665:for contributions to economics.
2092:Manchester Statistical Society
1951:Nobel Laureates of Saint Lucia
1905:Figueroa, M. (December 2005).
1882:. London: Taylor and Francis.
1878:Lewis, William Arthur (2003).
1652:. The University of Manchester
1304:"Sir Arthur Lewis Burial Site"
1081:. The University of Manchester
1000:. Princeton University Press.
643:Tropical Development 1880–1913
517:
493:Lewis died on 15 June 1991 in
469:American Philosophical Society
334:. In 1979, he was awarded the
1:
2001:"W. Arthur Lewis (1915–1991)"
1880:The Theory of Economic Growth
1672:"Lewis, Sir (William) Arthur"
1549:Ranis, Gustav (August 2004).
1267:, Caribbean Development Bank.
631:The Theory of Economic Growth
596:The Theory of Economic Growth
588:The Theory of Economic Growth
449:University of the West Indies
188:Gladys Jacobs Lewis (m. 1947)
4028:Saint Lucian Nobel laureates
4008:Princeton University faculty
3993:Nobel laureates in Economics
1938:Saint Lucian Nobel Laureates
1853:at stlucianobellaureates.org
177:History of the world economy
3953:African-American economists
1911:Social and Economic Studies
1610:"Labour In The West Indies"
1505:Journal of Economic Studies
854:Ravo, Nick (17 June 1991).
768:Black Nobel Prize laureates
656:Selected awards and honours
4059:
2211:Friedrich August von Hayek
994:Tignor, Robert L. (2006).
958:Tignor, Robert L. (2006).
730:London School of Economics
555:
477:Caribbean Development Bank
385:London School of Economics
247:London School of Economics
147:London School of Economics
3345:Oliver M. W. Sprague
2977:
2970:(St. Lucia/United States)
2609:Christopher A. Pissarides
2098:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2051:
2043:
2038:
1585:Theory of Economic Growth
1518:10.1108/01443580410516233
684:Portrait of Lewis on the
528:, first published by the
455:in 1962. In 1963, he was
354:, then still part of the
346:Arthur Lewis was born in
310:
263:University of West Indies
222:
46:
1582:W. Arthur Lewis (2013).
1408:Gollin, Douglas (2014).
1333:George Padmore Institute
1283:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1100:Findlay, Ronald (1980).
706:University of Manchester
704:(opened in 2007) at the
670:Nobel Prize in Economics
571:, or the "Lewis model".
451:. He was elected to the
356:British Windward Islands
317:Sir William Arthur Lewis
255:University of Manchester
89:British Windward Islands
18:Sir William Arthur Lewis
4013:Saint Lucian economists
3661:Charles P. Kindleberger
3399:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser
1949:Biography available in
1650:"Arthur Lewis Lectures"
505:In 1947, Lewis married
432:, Trinidad and Tobago,
3968:Development economists
3566:John Kenneth Galbraith
2983:Nobel Prize recipients
2929:Physiology or Medicine
1943:30 August 2018 at the
1864:Lives of the Laureates
1212:"William Arthur Lewis"
1184:"William Arthur Lewis"
746:, was named after him.
689:
581:Lewisian turning point
205:Allen Montgomery Lewis
2937:Allan MacLeod Cormack
2330:James M. Buchanan Jr.
1462:The Manchester School
1214:. Caribbean Elections
1173:, Black Past website.
879:"Sir W. Arthur Lewis"
702:Arthur Lewis Building
686:East Caribbean dollar
683:
609:Selected bibliography
603:Industrial Revolution
160:Development economics
3998:People from Castries
3619:Tjalling C. Koopmans
3232:Herbert J. Davenport
3142:Edwin R. A. Seligman
2593:Oliver E. Williamson
2223:Tjalling C. Koopmans
1744:Princeton University
1680:, 23 September 2004.
1379:Hunt, Diana (1989).
1308:Commonwealth Walkway
1263:4 March 2016 at the
1238:search.amphilsoc.org
1234:"APS Member History"
834:Princeton University
744:Princeton University
637:Development Planning
473:University of Guyana
461:Princeton University
412:industrial economics
332:economic development
328:Princeton University
271:Princeton University
174:Industrial structure
67:William Arthur Lewis
3834:Christopher A. Sims
3733:Arnold C. Harberger
3697:Thomas C. Schelling
3655:Charles L. Schultze
3542:Kenneth E. Boulding
3494:Theodore W. Schultz
2621:Christopher A. Sims
2549:Thomas C. Schelling
2521:Robert F. Engle III
2422:Robert E. Lucas Jr.
2270:Theodore W. Schultz
2063:Theodore W. Schultz
1932:Arthur Lewis Papers
1429:10.1257/jep.28.3.71
1356:(25 January 2021).
773:Lewis turning point
562:Lewis turning point
540:and Sarah White at
482:Lewis received the
377:Trinidad and Tobago
371:, the future first
170:Lewis turning point
3548:William J. Fellner
3524:Joseph J. Spengler
3512:Gottfried Haberler
3482:George W. Stocking
3476:Morris A. Copeland
3363:Frederick C. Mills
3303:Matthew B. Hammond
3256:Wesley C. Mitchell
3238:Jacob H. Hollander
2943:Godfrey Hounsfield
2537:Edward C. Prescott
2525:Clive W.J. Granger
2501:Joseph E. Stiglitz
2474:Daniel L. McFadden
2362:Harry M. Markowitz
2085:Sir Ralph W. Lacey
2060:Served alongside:
1958:on Nobelprize.org
1827:. 10 December 2020
1773:. 10 December 2020
1770:The Indian Express
1670:Fraser, Peter D.,
1279:"Sir Arthur Lewis"
1046:"Sir Arthur Lewis"
984:Tignor, pp. 11–13.
861:The New York Times
810:on 21 October 2013
798:"Lewis, W. Arthur"
690:
594:In his 1955 book,
3915:
3914:
3870:Olivier Blanchard
3858:Robert J. Shiller
3828:Orley Ashenfelter
3804:Thomas J. Sargent
3751:Dale W. Jorgenson
3685:Joseph A. Pechman
3637:William J. Baumol
3607:Lawrence R. Klein
3601:Franco Modigliani
3518:George J. Stigler
3500:Paul A. Samuelson
3411:Joseph Schumpeter
3321:William Z. Ripley
3315:George E. Barnett
3279:Edwin W. Kemmerer
3202:Walter F. Willcox
3154:Jeremiah W. Jenks
3101:Charles F. Dunbar
3095:Francis A. Walker
3047:
3046:
2954:Economic Sciences
2786:
2785:
2685:Richard H. Thaler
2649:Robert J. Shiller
2645:Lars Peter Hansen
2617:Thomas J. Sargent
2605:Dale T. Mortensen
2497:A. Michael Spence
2493:George A. Akerlof
2462:Robert A. Mundell
2430:James A. Mirrlees
2398:Douglass C. North
2370:William F. Sharpe
2322:Franco Modigliani
2298:George J. Stigler
2282:Lawrence R. Klein
2171:Paul A. Samuelson
2106:
2105:
2099:Succeeded by
2090:President of the
2071:Lawrence R. Klein
2068:Succeeded by
1983:"W. Arthur Lewis"
1889:978-0-415-31301-8
1595:978-0-415-40708-3
1394:978-0-7450-0237-8
1149:St Augustine News
971:978-0-691-12141-3
939:. The Nobel Prize
569:dual sector model
558:Dual sector model
552:The "Lewis model"
314:
313:
224:Scientific career
165:Dual-sector model
16:(Redirected from
4050:
3983:Knights Bachelor
3846:William Nordhaus
3786:Martin Feldstein
3774:Robert Lucas Jr.
3631:Moses Abramovitz
3578:Walter W. Heller
3572:Kenneth J. Arrow
3554:Wassily Leontief
3452:Calvin B. Hoover
3440:John H. Williams
3339:Alvin S. Johnson
3309:Ernest L. Bogart
3226:Henry B. Gardner
3208:Thomas N. Carver
3119:Arthur T. Hadley
3074:
3067:
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2985:
2962:Theodore Schultz
2945:(United Kingdom)
2838:Herbert C. Brown
2813:
2806:
2799:
2790:
2779:
2771:
2769:Philip H. Dybvig
2752:
2733:
2731:Robert B. Wilson
2718:
2708:Abhijit Banerjee
2699:
2693:William Nordhaus
2687:
2679:
2667:
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2651:
2635:
2633:Lloyd S. Shapley
2623:
2611:
2601:Peter A. Diamond
2595:
2583:
2575:
2573:Roger B. Myerson
2559:
2557:Edmund S. Phelps
2551:
2545:Robert J. Aumann
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2476:
2470:James J. Heckman
2464:
2456:
2448:
2446:Myron S. Scholes
2442:Robert C. Merton
2436:
2424:
2416:
2410:John F. Nash Jr.
2406:John C. Harsanyi
2400:
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2366:Merton H. Miller
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
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2292:
2284:
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2274:Sir Arthur Lewis
2264:
2262:Herbert A. Simon
2256:
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2199:Wassily Leontief
2193:
2191:Kenneth J. Arrow
2181:
2173:
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2118:
2109:
2083:Preceded by
2047:Herbert A. Simon
2044:Preceded by
2036:
2032:
2018:
2013:(2nd ed.).
1990:
1963:
1956:Sir Arthur Lewis
1913:, 54(4), 72–90.
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542:New Beacon Books
488:Theodore Schultz
305:Sir Arnold Plant
300:Doctoral advisor
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3792:Daniel McFadden
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3745:D. Gale Johnson
3739:Robert W. Fogel
3727:Anne O. Krueger
3721:Victor R. Fuchs
3703:William Vickrey
3667:Alice M. Rivlin
3649:W. Arthur Lewis
3625:Robert M. Solow
3589:
3584:R. Aaron Gordon
3536:Milton Friedman
3506:Edward S. Mason
3488:Arthur F. Burns
3446:Harold A. Innis
3428:
3417:Howard S. Ellis
3393:I. Leo Sharfman
3387:Joseph S. Davis
3381:Albert B. Wolfe
3375:Edwin G. Nourse
3369:Sumner Slichter
3327:Harry A. Millis
3285:Thomas S. Adams
3267:
3244:Henry R. Seager
3214:John R. Commons
3184:Frank A. Fetter
3178:Henry W. Farnam
3172:Edmund J. James
3160:Simon N. Patten
3130:
3083:
3078:
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3043:
2981:
2973:
2968:W. Arthur Lewis
2964:(United States)
2948:
2939:(United States)
2923:
2920:(United States)
2918:Steven Weinberg
2908:(United States)
2906:Sheldon Glashow
2892:
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2868:Odysseas Elytis
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2509:Daniel Kahneman
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2451:
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2434:William Vickrey
2427:
2419:
2414:Reinhard Selten
2403:
2394:Robert W. Fogel
2391:
2383:
2378:Ronald H. Coase
2375:
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2354:Trygve Haavelmo
2351:
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2338:Robert M. Solow
2335:
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2022:W. Arthur Lewis
1999:
1981:
1945:Wayback Machine
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2187:John R. Hicks
2183:
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2179:Simon Kuznets
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1500:Leeson, P. F.
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111:Saint Michael
108:
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56:
50:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3906:Janet Currie
3882:Janet Yellen
3876:Ben Bernanke
3816:Angus Deaton
3761:2001–present
3648:
3423:Frank Knight
3405:Paul Douglas
3351:Alvin Hansen
3297:Edwin F. Gay
3196:John H. Gray
3190:David Kinley
3013:
2967:
2844:Georg Wittig
2761:Ben Bernanke
2750:Guido Imbens
2727:Paul Milgrom
2712:Esther Duflo
2665:Angus Deaton
2581:Paul Krugman
2484:2001–present
2273:
2250:Bertil Ohlin
2101:A. H. Allman
2089:
2061:
2058:1979
2052:
2026:Find a Grave
2015:Liberty Fund
2004:
1910:
1879:
1863:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1797:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1768:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1685:
1675:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1604:
1584:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1558:www.yale.edu
1557:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1509:
1503:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1422:(3): 71–88.
1419:
1413:
1403:
1384:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1272:
1253:
1243:27 September
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1193:27 September
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1148:
1136:
1111:
1105:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1078:
1054:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1029:
996:
989:
980:
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953:
941:. Retrieved
887:. Retrieved
882:
859:
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:
824:
812:. Retrieved
805:the original
792:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
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593:
587:
577:
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565:
538:John La Rose
525:
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492:
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423:
416:
405:
393:Arnold Plant
381:
345:
321:Saint Lucian
316:
315:
288:
240:Institutions
223:
129:Saint Lucian
101:(1991-06-15)
99:15 June 1991
29:
3933:1991 deaths
3928:1915 births
3900:Susan Athey
3822:Robert Hall
3715:Amartya Sen
3560:James Tobin
3357:Jacob Viner
2912:Abdus Salam
2821:Nobel Prize
2673:Oliver Hart
2657:Jean Tirole
2454:Amartya Sen
2290:James Tobin
1977:IDEAS/RePEc
1831:10 December
1805:10 December
1777:10 December
1749:10 December
1512:(1): 6–24.
1338:10 December
1288:20 December
1218:20 December
889:20 December
601:During the
546:Reparations
484:Nobel Prize
352:Saint Lucia
196:2 daughters
122:Nationality
85:Saint Lucia
55:Nobel Prize
3922:Categories
3888:David Card
2914:(Pakistan)
2855:Literature
2742:David Card
2697:Paul Romer
1723:27 October
1697:1 February
1656:1 February
1634:1 February
1567:15 January
1364:1 February
1354:Rojas, Don
1313:1 February
1155:1 February
1085:1 February
1056:1 February
1050:LSE people
943:2 February
779:References
688:$ 100 bill
663:Knighthood
556:See also:
495:Bridgetown
389:John Hicks
107:Bridgetown
73:1915-01-23
3594:1976–2000
3433:1951–1975
3272:1926–1950
3135:1901–1925
3088:1886–1900
2846:(Germany)
2830:Chemistry
2823:laureates
2233:1976–2000
2150:1969–1975
2139:Laureates
1857:Biography
1851:Biography
1717:lse.ac.uk
1536:Bloomberg
1483:154515303
1446:153659972
1114:(1): 63.
1079:Economics
784:Citations
513:Key works
342:Biography
324:economist
274:(1963–91)
266:(1959–63)
258:(1948–58)
250:(1938–48)
234:Economics
207:(brother)
201:Relatives
2870:(Greece)
2096:1955–56
1941:Archived
1919:27866445
1438:23800576
1261:Archived
762:See also
457:knighted
438:Barbados
348:Castries
193:Children
115:Barbados
81:Castries
2898:Physics
2889:(India)
2141:of the
2039:Awards
2017:. 2008.
1894:453 pp.
1844:Sources
1628:"About"
1128:3439553
814:17 July
621:, 1978.
507:Grenada
447:of the
434:Jamaica
426:Nigeria
364:Antigua
134:British
3908:(2024)
3902:(2023)
3896:(2022)
3890:(2021)
3884:(2020)
3878:(2019)
3872:(2018)
3866:(2017)
3860:(2016)
3854:(2015)
3848:(2014)
3842:(2013)
3836:(2012)
3830:(2011)
3824:(2010)
3818:(2009)
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3806:(2007)
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3782:(2003)
3776:(2002)
3770:(2001)
3753:(2000)
3747:(1999)
3741:(1998)
3735:(1997)
3729:(1996)
3723:(1995)
3717:(1994)
3711:(1993)
3705:(1992)
3699:(1991)
3693:(1990)
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3681:(1988)
3675:(1987)
3669:(1986)
3663:(1985)
3657:(1984)
3651:(1983)
3645:(1982)
3639:(1981)
3633:(1980)
3627:(1979)
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3615:(1978)
3609:(1977)
3603:(1976)
3586:(1975)
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3574:(1973)
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3562:(1971)
3556:(1970)
3550:(1969)
3544:(1968)
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3520:(1964)
3514:(1963)
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3478:(1957)
3472:(1956)
3466:(1955)
3460:(1954)
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3395:(1945)
3389:(1944)
3383:(1943)
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3371:(1941)
3365:(1940)
3359:(1939)
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3329:(1934)
3323:(1933)
3317:(1932)
3311:(1931)
3305:(1930)
3299:(1929)
3293:(1928)
3287:(1927)
3281:(1926)
3264:(1925)
3258:(1924)
3252:(1923)
3246:(1922)
3240:(1921)
3234:(1920)
3228:(1919)
3222:(1918)
3216:(1917)
3210:(1916)
3204:(1915)
3198:(1914)
3192:(1913)
3186:(1912)
3180:(1911)
3174:(1910)
3168:(1909)
3162:(1908)
3156:(1906)
3150:(1904)
3144:(1902)
3127:(1900)
3121:(1898)
3115:(1896)
3109:(1894)
3103:(1893)
3097:(1886)
2775:2023:
2691:2018:
2683:2017:
2671:2016:
2663:2015:
2655:2014:
2639:2013:
2627:2012:
2615:2011:
2599:2010:
2587:2009:
2579:2008:
2563:2007:
2555:2006:
2543:2005:
2531:2004:
2519:2003:
2507:2002:
2491:2001:
2468:2000:
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2440:1997:
2428:1996:
2420:1995:
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2328:1986:
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2312:1984:
2304:1983:
2296:1982:
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2260:1978:
2248:1977:
2240:1976:
2217:1975:
2205:1974:
2197:1973:
2185:1972:
2177:1971:
2169:1970:
2157:1969:
1917:
1886:
1870:
1592:
1481:
1444:
1436:
1391:
1126:
1004:
968:
839:29 May
751:Google
676:Legacy
668:1979:
661:1963:
651:(1978)
645:(1971)
639:(1966)
633:(1955)
627:(1949)
590:(1955)
521:(1939)
436:, and
399:, and
293:(1940)
291:
284:Thesis
230:Fields
218:(1979)
212:Awards
185:Spouse
3014:1979
2879:Peace
2819:1979
1987:JSTOR
1915:JSTOR
1554:(PDF)
1479:S2CID
1442:S2CID
1434:JSTOR
1145:(PDF)
1124:JSTOR
808:(PDF)
801:(PDF)
430:Ghana
360:Allen
57:photo
3039:1984
3034:1983
3029:1982
3024:1981
3019:1980
3009:1978
3004:1977
2999:1976
2994:1975
2989:1974
2859:1979
2757:2022
2738:2021
2723:2020
2704:2019
1884:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1833:2020
1807:2020
1799:NDTV
1779:2020
1751:2020
1725:2023
1699:2021
1658:2021
1636:2021
1590:ISBN
1569:2015
1389:ISBN
1366:2021
1340:2020
1315:2021
1290:2021
1245:2022
1220:2021
1195:2022
1157:2021
1087:2021
1058:2021
1002:ISBN
966:ISBN
945:2021
891:2021
841:2020
816:2015
700:The
693:The
560:and
96:Died
63:Born
2024:at
1514:doi
1471:doi
1424:doi
1116:doi
742:at
410:in
408:PhD
375:of
37:Sir
3924::
2767:/
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2009:.
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