787:
333:
482:
762:. Aside from this project, he only carried out minor repairs to Edinburgh and Stirling Castles, and to the fortifications on the Bass Rock. Charles I had intended to extend and rebuild Holyroodhouse, and plans had been drawn up in the 1630s. Nothing was done however, and in 1650 the palace was burnt out, destroying all but the west range. Bruce was contracted to design and oversee the works, with Robert Mylne acting as contractor. Bruce's plans were drawn up by Mylne, as Bruce himself apparently lacked the technical skills of architectural drawing.
364:
690:, Fife, which he bought in 1665, and which does survive intact, although with later alterations. He doubled the L-plan house to a near-symmetrical U-plan, and may have built the curving wing-walls and linking pavilions. Gifford, however, attributes these to a later building phase. The curving walls, a form later seen at Hopetoun, were a new innovation if Bruce did carry them out, possibly inspired by the work of the Italian
667:. At Panmure, although Bruce has been credited with the design in the past, the works were overseen by Alexander Nisbet, although Bruce did design the gates and gate piers. At Leslie, Bruce oversaw the works after Mylne's death, and probably made his own amendments. Panmure was demolished in the 1950s, and only a small part of Leslie House remains standing, following a fire in the 18th century. Bruce later advised the
751:
44:
455:, who tried to persuade her husband to deprive Bruce of his offices. Bruce survived, although his relationship with his patron was damaged. Lauderdale described him as "the bitterest factionalist partie man of his quality in all Scotland". This breakdown resulted in Bruce's eventual dismissal as Surveyor General of the King's Works, on the false pretext that Holyroodhouse was finished.
806:
679:
1687:
866:
570:
347:, Cromwell's commander-in-chief in Scotland, and the exiled King Charles II. A passport survives, issued to Bruce by Monck in September 1659, and giving him permission to remain in Scotland until his "returne to Holland," and it appears that the messages he brought from Charles persuaded Monck to march his army to London, a decisive event in
321:. He may have had a son Normand by this mistress since in 1672 he figures as a witness to the baptism at Holyrood of a William Bruce, son of Normand Bruce, mason. Moreover, the marriage record of Normand Bruce states that he was employed at Balcaskie. In 1658, William and Alexander traveled together from
524:
Bruce's surviving account books show purchases of books on music, painting and horticulture, as well as numerous foreign-language works, suggesting that
William Bruce was a learned man. He studied horticulture extensively, and applied his knowledge of the subject in his own gardens at Kinross. He was
770:
between 1528 and 1532, and created the courtyard block in a restrained classical style. A second phase of work started in 1676, when the Duke of
Lauderdale ordered Bruce to demolish and rebuild the main west façade, resulting by 1679 in the screen wall, topped by a carved imperial crown, which forms
206:
Despite his lack of technical expertise, Bruce became the most prominent architect of his time in
Scotland. He worked with competent masons and professional builders, to whom he imparted a classical vocabulary; thus his influence was carried far beyond his own aristocratic circle. Beginning in the
387:
Moray later served on the
Treasury Commission for Scotland, as did Alexander Bruce, now Earl of Kincardine. Bruce reported to this Commission as a revenue collector, and benefited from the patronage of its members. The Commission had responsibility for the King's Works, and in 1667 Bruce was
963:
in his achievements. Like May and Pratt, he popularised a style of country house amongst the nobility, encouraging the move away from the traditional "tower house", which came to be perceived as increasingly anachronistic, towards a more continental, leisure-oriented architecture. Sir
400:
which bought the rights to collect taxes over a five-year period, paying £26,000 Sterling (£ 5.3 million in 2024) for the privilege. As such, it would appear that Bruce was not only the architect of
Holyroodhouse, but one of the principal financiers of the £21,000 project.
560:
After the death of his first wife, Sir
William Bruce married Magdalen Scott, widow of an Edinburgh merchant called George Clerk, in 1700. They had no issue. Magdalen lived until 1752, and gained a reputation as a Jacobite, establishing a Jacobite cell at her home in Leith Citadel.
854:. Following Bruce's fall from favour, he found himself increasingly in debt, which delayed the completion of the house until 1693. Kinross was one of the earliest Palladian-style country houses in Scotland, and was recognised as one of the finest buildings in the country;
976:, he was "justly esteem'd the best Architect of his time in that Kingdom". His work was a major influence on the design of country houses in the 18th century, an influence which was spread through the masons and draughtsmen he worked with, including Mylne and Bauchop,
582:
The
Netherlands provided William Bruce with many of his influences. He was in the Low Countries at a time when Italian Classicism was the height of fashion, and similarities have been observed between Bruce's work, particularly Holyroodhouse, and such buildings as the
765:
Charles II criticised Bruce's initial plans for the internal layout, and an improved scheme was eventually approved. Construction began in July 1671, and by 1674 much of the work was complete. Bruce built a second gothic tower to mirror the existing one built by
606:
Bruce was certainly familiar with northern France, and in 1663 he made a further "foreign journey" at the behest of
Lauderdale, although his itinerary is unknown. Whether by visit or through studying engravings, he knew several notable French houses including
371:
Following the restoration, William Bruce was appointed Clerk to the Bills in 1660, and Clerk of Supply to the Lords in
Council in 1665. Both were lucrative positions, involving collection of fees, from Parliament in the first case, and from petitioners to the
517:. Despite these imprisonments, he continued his architectural work, indeed the 1690s and 1700s were his most prolific years. Bruce was imprisoned at Edinburgh Castle again in 1708 and was only released a short time before his death, at the beginning of 1710.
646:
of 1660 is often cited as a model for Bruce's
Kinross House. Konrad Ottenheym concludes that Bruce employed an "international style", which was fashionable in France, Holland, and England, and that he was pivotal in disseminating this style in Scotland.
520:
He was buried in the family mausoleum at Kinross Kirk. The ruins of the church still stand beside Kinross House, the mausoleum remains intact in the churchyard. Dating from 1675 it is probably by William Bruce in design, initially to house his parents.
841:
building bears some resemblance to Roger Pratt's Coleshill House of 1660 (demolished), but with features Bruce derived from French sources. These features, ultimately classical and Italian in origin, include the rusticated basement stonework, and the
939:. The house was not completed until two years after Bruce's death, and the extent of his involvement is unclear. Nairne House was demolished in 1760, although the cupola was retained and installed on the roof of the King James VI Hospital in nearby
722:, extended the building with new corner pavilions and a new entrance, and re-planned the interior. Lauderdale continued to employ Bruce, often working closely with Lord Haltoun, Lauderdale's brother, during the 1670s, on his homes at
706:
gardens such as Vaux-le-Vicomte. Internally, Bruce created a new layout of rooms, and it was for his continental-inspired internal planning, as much as his exterior design, that he was sought after as an architect.
916:. Bruce provided only sketch plans, which were executed by local masons between 1703 and 1705. Bruce's last country houses were Harden House (now known as Mertoun House), built for the Scotts in the
873:
Despite William Bruce's fall from political favour, and his intermittent imprisonment, he continued to practice. During the 1690s he completed Hill of Tarvit (1696), Craighall (1697–99) in Fife, and
1929:
1924:
1919:
893:, near Edinburgh, was completed in 1702, and represents Bruce's grandest country house design. The master mason was again Thomas Bauchop, and the inspiration was again Anglo-Dutch, with French
802:, and Bruce was given the task of building its replacement. (The house was later demolished). Another early full-scale commission was for Moncrieffe House (1679), which burned down in 1957.
1979:
742:
Kirk, his only complete church. One of very few 17th century cruciform-plan churches in Scotland, it may have been inspired by François Mansart's similar church at Balleroy in France.
1352:
Fenwick attributes the wing walls and pavilions to Bruce, although Gifford places them with other mid-18th-century additions. See Fenwick, pp.13 & 17, and Gifford (1988) pp.84–87
355:
stated that Bruce "painted the distress and distractions" of Scotland before the General, and suggested to him "the glory that would be acquired in restoring the royal family."
1764:
436:
317:, and was involved in the trade of wine, coal, and timber between Norway, France, England, Scotland and the Low Countries. He is recorded as having a house and a mistress in
501:
as King, he was once again at odds with his Protestant rulers, and he refused to take up his seat in Parliament. As a staunch Episcopalian, Bruce was considered a potential
1934:
1914:
1477:
955:
called Bruce "the Kit Wren of North Britain", for his role as the effective founder of classical architecture in that country, Gifford suggests he is more comparable to
545:
succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1710 and died on 19 March 1711. Around 1687, John Bruce married Christian, Dowager Marchioness of Montrose. She was the widow of
1969:
404:
As a key figure of the Restoration administration, William Bruce became close to other Stuart loyalists, who included such powerful patrons as the Duke of Lauderdale,
1949:
1725:
1302:
Hubert Fenwick considers these French houses to have influenced Bruce's work, although there is no hard evidence that he did in fact visit them. Fenwick, p.14
734:, near London, in 1671. At Ham Bruce may have had further involvement with the remodelling works going on there, under the direction of the English architect
1150:
329:
in 1660, and it is likely that architecture featured in their discussions, particularly the new town hall in Maastricht that Moray had recently advised on.
1939:
1889:
799:
432:
1974:
1899:
1894:
452:
256:
668:
405:
367:
John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale, by Sir Peter Lely. Lauderdale was the most powerful man in Scotland, and Bruce benefited from his patronage.
1834:
630:
English influence is also visible in his work. His country houses took the compact Anglo-Dutch type as their model, as introduced into England by
389:
279:
192:
1984:
1954:
905:
Kirk. The Hopetoun Loft overlooks the interior of the kirk, and connects to a retiring room with an oval "squint" giving a view of the pulpit.
546:
260:
1655:
758:
William Bruce's appointment as Surveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland was made chiefly for the purpose of rebuilding the palace of
381:
219:, built on the Loch Leven estate which he had purchased in 1675. As the king's architect he undertook the rebuilding of the Royal Palace of
196:
458:
Bruce's earnings from his offices had made him a wealthy man, even by the standards of his patrons. This wealth allowed him to purchase the
778:
in Edinburgh, which had been started in the 1620s. His design, for the central tower of the south façade, was eventually executed in 1693.
795:
448:
344:
188:
977:
882:
869:
The west front of Hopetoun, which was designed by Bruce for Charles Hope. The east front was enlarged and remodelled by William Adam.
1849:
444:
199:, the most powerful man in Scotland at that time, and Bruce rose to become a member of Parliament, and briefly sat on the Scottish
1588:
1959:
936:
881:, still stands, and is used as the British Army's Scottish headquarters. From 1698 he was working on a new house for the young
786:
655:
Bruce's early work involved advising clients and rebuilding existing houses, rather than designing new buildings from scratch.
550:
409:
623:. These modern French designs, incorporating features then unknown in Scotland, such as the double-pile of major rooms in two
1879:
526:
247:
Little is known of William Bruce's youth, and his date of birth is unrecorded. He was probably born at Blairhall in western
239:. However, he managed to continue his architectural work, often providing his services to others with Jacobite sympathies.
396:(£300 Sterling, or £ 61,000 in 2024), for the purpose of rebuilding Holyroodhouse. In March 1671, Bruce was part of a
332:
352:
833:. After carrying out repairs on the old manor, and beginning to lay out the gardens, Bruce began work on his new home,
1884:
1809:
1742:
735:
703:
542:
514:
1714:
416:, and later worked on several of Lauderdale's properties, concurrently with Holyroodhouse. In 1668 he was created a
1782:
1252:
894:
639:
417:
1774:
1734:
1158:
481:
351:. The nature of their communications is not known, although it would appear that Moray selected him for the task.
1964:
1944:
1578:
775:
509:
for refusing to appear before the Privy Council. He was incarcerated again at Stirling in 1694, and from 1696 in
440:
200:
1691:
898:
719:
584:
282:, brother of the Earl of Kincardine. As Episcopalians, William and Alexander would have sought refuge from the
1710:
553:. John Bruce left no issue and the estate passed to his sister, and then to her son, Sir William's grandson,
255:
in 1637–1638, which would suggest that his birth date was as early as 1625. The Bruces were a well-connected
1904:
960:
635:
624:
286:
169:
17:
603:, and it seems likely that he provided links to the Dutch artisans who worked on some of Bruce's projects.
443:. But, in 1674, he became embroiled in factional rivalry between his patron Lauderdale, and his rivals the
1701:
965:
838:
664:
498:
424:
251:, in around 1630, the second son of Robert Bruce of Blairhall and Katherine Preston. He may have attended
228:
153:
145:
878:
264:
252:
224:
184:
1118:
National Records of Scotland, 14 April 1672 Bruce, Normand (O.P.R. Marriages 413/000 0010 0234 Carnbee
984:. At Kinross his deliberate alignment of the main vista on the ruins of Lochleven Castle suggested to
363:
1874:
1869:
932:
830:
814:
794:
His first commission for a new building was for the construction of Dunkeld House, and came from the
723:
691:
463:
388:
appointed Superintendent and Overseer of the Royal Palaces in Scotland. Four years later he was made
267:, who had been granted lands in Clackmannan and Fife. Bruce's first cousin Edward Bruce was created
1909:
1671:
Wemyss, Charles (2005) "Merchant and Citizen of Rotterdam: The Early Career of Sir William Bruce".
1109:
National Records of Scotland, 21 July 1672 Bruce, William (O.P.R. Births 685/03 0050 0180 Canongate
1096:
Wemyss, Charles (2005) "Merchant and Citizen of Rotterdam: The Early Career of Sir William Bruce".
767:
620:
494:
490:
377:
298:
191:, and his loyalty to the king was rewarded with lucrative official appointments, including that of
49:
451:. His actions, which apparently included passing information to Hamilton, invoked the fury of the
376:
in the latter. Meanwhile, Sir Robert Moray had established himself as a courtier and scientist at
1760:
1746:
1721:
1146:
711:
428:
348:
268:
232:
212:
208:
180:
113:
1211:
Letter dated 23 May 1678, from the Duke of Lauderdale to Andrew Forrester, cited in Wemyss, p.27
462:
estate in 1665, and to extend the house and gardens. In 1675 he purchased the larger estate of
1651:
913:
672:
439:. From April 1685 to May 1686 he reached the peak of his political career, as a member of the
412:. In 1667, he undertook his first building work for Lord Rothes, overseeing the extensions to
1577:
1410:
981:
917:
886:
847:
826:
588:
541:
Bruce's first wife was Mary Halkett, daughter of Sir James Halkett of Pitfirrane. Their son
510:
478:. In the late 1670s Bruce took on his first architectural projects for entirely new houses.
373:
325:
overland to Maastricht to meet Moray. Alexander Bruce and Moray were founder members of the
161:
493:
in 1685, Bruce gradually fell from favour, and was distrusted by the new regime. After the
164:, and to the contemporaneous introducers of French style in English domestic architecture,
1621:
940:
759:
643:
608:
600:
554:
506:
306:
290:
220:
118:
858:
described it as "the most beautiful and regular piece of Architecture in Scotland", and
1795:
1583:
969:
897:. The bulk of Bruce's work is now obscured by 18th-century remodelling, carried out by
890:
859:
818:
612:
573:
The south front of Balcaskie, showing the near-symmetrical facade, and Italian terraces
467:
108:
1863:
1596:
989:
985:
834:
656:
475:
326:
216:
149:
103:
952:
855:
750:
660:
413:
314:
294:
274:
Letters in the Earl of Kincardine's papers show that William Bruce was in exile in
678:
313:, but traveling widely. He owned a ship with Alexander Bruce and John Hamilton of
993:
968:
named Bruce as "the chief introducer of architecture in this country", while to
921:
901:. Bruce was commissioned again by Hopetoun in 1708, to build a private aisle at
874:
862:
called Kinross "the first good house of regular architecture in North Britain".
843:
715:
596:
530:
393:
318:
223:
in the 1670s, which gave the palace its present appearance. After the death of
157:
43:
1413:
acted as Bruce's draughtsmen, which helped to disseminate and promote his work.
805:
156:
style into Scotland, he has been compared to the pioneering English architects
925:
727:
592:
569:
502:
471:
380:, London, and employed Bruce as a trusted messenger between Whitehall and the
337:
302:
236:
850:
pilasters, the latter possibly deriving from Bernini's first designs for the
1664:
Ottenheym, Konrad (2007) "Dutch Influence in William Bruce's Architecture",
1289:
Ottenheym, Konrad (2007) "Dutch Influence in William Bruce's Architecture",
731:
730:), as well as commissioning a design for new gates at his English property,
699:
687:
459:
397:
310:
275:
176:
141:
137:
64:
1686:
663:(seat of the Earl of Rothes) had been projects of the king's master mason
513:. Bruce was expelled from parliament in 1702, his seat passing to his son
956:
909:
902:
695:
631:
616:
165:
207:
1660s, Bruce built and remodelled a number of country houses, including
195:, effectively making Bruce the "king's architect". His patrons included
1179:
Bruce resigned the office of Clerk to the Bills in 1681. Colvin, p.173.
865:
822:
283:
851:
739:
322:
1220:
Lauderdale described Bruce as "a rich man" in a letter. Wemyss, p.27
698:
and stepped "Italian" terraces, with a vista leading the eye to the
682:
The main front of Thirlestane Castle, largely as Bruce remodelled it
599:. Alexander Bruce had married a Dutch woman with family ties to the
215:. Among his most significant work was his own Palladian mansion at
1603:, 3rd ed. (New Haven/London:Yale University Press) 1995, pp 172–76.
227:
Bruce lost political favour, and later, following the accession of
804:
785:
677:
480:
331:
1570:
Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland, and Scotland
627:, ranged back-to-back, were also influential on Bruce's designs.
248:
68:
1592:. Vol. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 131–132.
738:. While engaged at Thirlestane, Bruce also designed the nearby
718:
in the Border country. Bruce, working with King's master mason
336:
General George Monck, painted 1665–1666 from the studio of Sir
1512:
Scotland's Lost Gardens by Marilyn Brown ISBN 978-1-902419-947
798:
in 1676. The house had been badly damaged in 1654, during the
710:
In 1670 the Duke of Lauderdale commissioned Bruce to remodel
1601:
A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840
1534:, Letter XIII. (1724), also cited in Gifford (1989), p.60.
1257:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690-1715
809:
East front of Kinross House, seen through the garden gate
754:
The entrance front of Holyroodhouse, as designed by Bruce
187:
in 1659. He carried messages between the exiled king and
1251:
Hayton, D.; Cruickshanks, E.; Handley, S., eds. (2002).
774:
Also in 1676, Bruce drew up plans for the completion of
1615:
Architect Royal: the Life and Work of Sir William Bruce
259:
family, strongly loyal to the king, and descended from
837:, in 1686, employing master mason Thomas Bauchop. The
435:, and from 1681 to 1682 as a shire commissioner for
908:In 1702 Bruce was commissioned by the burgesses of
96:
84:
76:
57:
34:
1253:"Bruce, John (d. 1711), of Kinross House, Kinross"
235:, he was imprisoned more than once as a suspected
1980:Shire Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
931:His final work, built from 1706 to 1710, was the
877:(1699) near Edinburgh. The latter, built for the
1835:Surveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland
390:Surveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland
193:Surveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland
1930:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1685–1686
1925:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1681–1682
1920:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1669–1674
1532:A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain
1478:A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain
726:near Edinburgh, and Lethington (later renamed
638:, but with Continental detailing, such as the
485:The Bruce family vault, old Kinross churchyard
1339:
1337:
1335:
505:threat. In 1693 he was briefly imprisoned in
305:. William Bruce was a merchant, based in the
152:observes. As a key figure in introducing the
8:
1409:Gifford (1989), p.62. Both Robert Mylne and
1311:Gifford (1989), pp.57–60, Colvin, pp.172–176
1285:
1283:
343:In 1659, Bruce acted as a messenger between
18:Sir William Bruce, 1st Baronet, of Balcaskie
1485:. Both as cited in Fenwick, p.81 & p.87
179:during the 1650s, and played a role in the
1697:
293:. In Rotterdam, they were in contact with
42:
31:
1572:, 2nd Edition, London, 1841, p. 618.
1092:
1090:
686:Bruce also worked on his own property at
301:close to Charles II, who then resided at
134:Sir William Bruce of Kinross, 1st Baronet
1935:Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
1915:Masters of work to the Crown of Scotland
1360:
1358:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
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1072:
1070:
1051:
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1047:
1045:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
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1010:
1008:
864:
821:. The estate included an old manor near
749:
642:on the facade at Mertoun. Roger Pratt's
619:, the last the work of French architect
568:
362:
1970:Scottish expatriates in the Netherlands
1568:Burke, Messrs., John and John Bernard,
1237:
1235:
1004:
992:, has a place in the prehistory of the
1950:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
1198:
1196:
1194:
547:James Graham, 3rd Marquess of Montrose
533:and other English horticulturalists.
197:John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale
7:
1642:, Mainstream Publishing / RIAS, 1989
1626:The Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh
813:In 1675, Bruce bought the estate of
525:a friend of James Sutherland of the
1850:Sir Archibald Murray of Blackbarony
1556:Colvin, p.173, Gifford (1989), p.61
470:, which brought him the hereditary
423:From 1669 to 1674 Bruce sat in the
1940:People expelled from public office
1521:Colvin, p.176, Fenwick, pp.104–106
278:during the 1650s with his cousin,
25:
1890:17th-century Scottish politicians
1466:Colvin, pp.175–176, Fenwick, p.87
136:(c. 1630 – 1710), was a Scottish
27:Scottish architect (c. 1630–1710)
1975:Scottish prisoners and detainees
1900:18th-century Scottish architects
1895:17th-century Scottish architects
1685:
1589:Dictionary of National Biography
211:for the Duke of Lauderdale, and
1633:The Buildings of Scotland: Fife
1579:"Bruce, William (d.1710)"
1576:Burnet, George Wardlaw (1886).
1547:, cited in Gifford (1989), p.61
937:William Murray, 2nd Lord Nairne
551:John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes
1:
1985:Scottish landscape architects
1955:Politics of Perth and Kinross
1229:Fenwick, p.72, Colvin, p.173.
1157:. p. 245. Archived from
790:Old Dunkeld House, circa 1693
694:. In the gardens he laid out
1668:Vol. XVIII, pp. 135–144
1293:Vol. XVIII, pp. 135–144
144:, "the effective founder of
1608:Sir William Bruce 1630–1710
595:'s City Hall (1659–64), by
489:Following the accession of
2001:
1483:A Tour in Scotland in 1769
920:, and his smallest house,
825:, as well as the ruins of
384:, Secretary for Scotland.
1841:
1832:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1793:
1788:
1783:Baronetage of Nova Scotia
1781:
1771:
1758:
1753:
1739:
1719:
1707:
1700:
441:Privy Council of Scotland
392:, with a salary of £3600
127:
92:
41:
1610:. Scottish Arts Council.
1457:Gifford (1989), pp.57–58
1155:The Baronage of Scotland
829:, famous as the jail of
671:regarding his plans for
527:Edinburgh Botanic Garden
175:Bruce was a merchant in
1617:, Roundwood Press, 1970
1127:Quoted in Colvin, p.173
587:(1648–65), the work of
497:, and the accession of
1960:Scottish Episcopalians
1702:Parliament of Scotland
1673:Architectural Heritage
1666:Architectural Heritage
1648:Scotland's Lost Houses
1640:William Adam 1689–1748
1481:(1724), and Pennant's
1291:Architectural Heritage
1098:Architectural Heritage
966:John Clerk of Penicuik
870:
810:
791:
755:
683:
574:
549:, and the daughter of
486:
418:Baronet of Nova Scotia
368:
340:
146:classical architecture
1880:People from Blairhall
1624:& Walker, David,
1545:Vitruvius Britannicus
974:Vitruvius Britannicus
879:Marquess of Annandale
868:
808:
789:
753:
681:
615:, and the Chateau de
572:
529:, and may have known
484:
453:Duchess of Lauderdale
366:
335:
253:St Andrews University
48:Painting of Bruce by
1694:at Wikimedia Commons
1606:Dunbar, John (1970)
1494:Gifford (1989), p.61
1382:Gifford (1989), p.57
1373:Gifford (1989), p.54
1277:Fenwick, pp.8&77
1259:. Boydell and Brewer
1055:Dunbar, pp. 1–2
831:Mary, Queen of Scots
692:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
466:, Kinross, from the
1743:Sir Charles Halkett
1503:Fenwick, pp.106–108
1202:Gifford (1989) p.53
935:, for the Jacobite
771:the main entrance.
714:, his 16th-century
669:Duke of Queensberry
585:Amsterdam City Hall
565:Architectural works
425:Scottish Parliament
299:natural philosopher
263:, a cousin of King
50:John Michael Wright
1885:Nobility from Fife
1846:Title next held by
1826:Title last held by
1817:Political offices
1761:Shire Commissioner
1747:William Anstruther
1722:Shire Commissioner
1161:on 22 October 2012
1151:"Bruce of Kinross"
988:"that Bruce, like
912:to design the new
871:
811:
792:
756:
712:Thirlestane Castle
702:, all inspired by
684:
575:
495:Revolution of 1688
487:
429:shire commissioner
382:Duke of Lauderdale
369:
353:Sir Robert Douglas
341:
269:Earl of Kincardine
213:Prestonfield House
209:Thirlestane Castle
114:Thirlestane Castle
1856:
1855:
1829:James Murray Jr.
1807:Succeeded by
1772:Succeeded by
1740:Succeeded by
1730:1669–1674
1715:Sir Henry Wardlaw
1690:Media related to
1657:978-1-84513-051-0
1646:Gow, Ian (2006).
1613:Fenwick, Hubert,
1426:(1984), p.126–127
1364:Fenwick, pp.12–15
1030:Colvin, p.172–176
914:Stirling Tolbooth
776:Heriot's Hospital
673:Drumlanrig Castle
499:William of Orange
449:Earl of Tweeddale
148:in Scotland," as
131:
130:
80:1710 (aged c. 79)
36:Sir William Bruce
16:(Redirected from
1992:
1965:Scottish knights
1945:Politics of Fife
1708:Preceded by
1698:
1689:
1661:
1622:McWilliam, Colin
1593:
1581:
1557:
1554:
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982:Alexander Edward
887:Earl of Hopetoun
827:Lochleven Castle
621:François Mansart
589:Jacob van Campen
511:Edinburgh Castle
445:Duke of Hamilton
374:Court of Session
359:Political career
297:, a soldier and
295:Sir Robert Moray
162:Christopher Wren
46:
32:
21:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1860:
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1800:(of Balcaskie)
1798:
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1775:Sir David Arnot
1768:
1749:
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1735:Sir John Wemyss
1731:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1682:
1658:
1650:. Aurum Press.
1645:
1638:Gifford, John,
1635:, Penguin, 1988
1631:Gifford, John,
1628:, Penguin, 1984
1620:Gifford, John,
1584:Stephen, Leslie
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1192:
1188:Fenwick, p.9–10
1187:
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1147:Douglas, Robert
1145:
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933:House of Nairne
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736:William Samwell
653:
644:Coleshill House
609:Vaux-le-Vicomte
601:House of Orange
580:
567:
555:John Bruce Hope
539:
507:Stirling Castle
361:
349:the Restoration
291:Oliver Cromwell
289:established by
280:Alexander Bruce
245:
123:
72:
62:
53:
37:
28:
23:
22:
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1905:Bruce baronets
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1681:
1680:External links
1678:
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1597:Colvin, Howard
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998:
972:, compiler of
970:Colen Campbell
948:
945:
891:Hopetoun House
885:, later first
860:Thomas Pennant
819:Earl of Morton
796:Earl of Atholl
783:
782:Country houses
780:
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704:French baroque
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410:Earl of Rothes
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150:Howard Colvin
147:
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119:Holyroodhouse
117:
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104:Kinross House
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1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1348:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1256:
1246:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1184:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
1154:
1141:
1136:Fenwick, p.4
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1097:
1060:
1035:
973:
953:Daniel Defoe
950:
930:
907:
899:William Adam
883:Charles Hope
872:
856:Daniel Defoe
812:
793:
773:
764:
757:
720:Robert Mylne
709:
685:
661:Leslie House
654:
629:
605:
581:
559:
540:
523:
519:
488:
457:
422:
414:Leslie House
406:Lord Haltoun
403:
386:
370:
342:
287:Commonwealth
273:
261:Thomas Bruce
257:Episcopalian
246:
205:
174:
133:
132:
29:
1875:1710 deaths
1870:1630 births
1543:Campbell's
1263:28 November
1165:26 February
994:picturesque
978:James Smith
961:Roger Pratt
922:Auchendinny
895:rustication
875:Craigiehall
844:giant order
716:tower house
651:Early works
640:rustication
636:Roger Pratt
613:Blérancourt
597:Pieter Post
531:John Evelyn
319:La Rochelle
243:Early years
181:Restoration
170:Roger Pratt
158:Inigo Jones
1910:Clan Bruce
1864:Categories
1839:1671–1678
1810:John Bruce
1804:1668–1710
1769:1681–1686
1563:References
926:Midlothian
848:corinthian
815:Loch Leven
728:Lennoxlove
665:John Mylne
593:Maastricht
578:Influences
515:John Bruce
472:sheriffdom
464:Loch Leven
408:, and the
338:Peter Lely
303:Maastricht
225:Charles II
185:Charles II
85:Occupation
71:, Scotland
1790:New title
1320:Gow, p.53
951:Although
839:Palladian
817:from the
800:civil war
732:Ham House
724:Brunstane
700:Bass Rock
696:parterres
688:Balcaskie
625:enfilades
491:James VII
460:Balcaskie
398:syndicate
378:Whitehall
311:Rotterdam
276:Rotterdam
271:in 1647.
265:Robert II
177:Rotterdam
154:Palladian
142:architect
138:gentleman
97:Buildings
88:Architect
65:Blairhall
52:, c. 1664
1675:Vol. XVI
1475:Defoe's
1435:Gifford
1422:Gifford
1149:(1798).
1100:Vol. XVI
990:Vanbrugh
957:Hugh May
910:Stirling
903:Abercorn
634:and Sir
632:Hugh May
617:Balleroy
503:Jacobite
447:and the
307:Scottish
237:Jacobite
168:and Sir
166:Hugh May
1796:Baronet
1765:Kinross
1586:(ed.).
1530:Defoe,
918:Borders
823:Kinross
768:James V
437:Kinross
284:Puritan
229:William
217:Kinross
61:c. 1630
1843:Vacant
1823:Vacant
1755:Vacant
1732:With:
1654:
1437:et al.
1424:et al.
980:, and
947:Legacy
852:Louvre
740:Lauder
591:, and
537:Family
323:Bremen
315:Grange
1582:. In
1000:Notes
941:Perth
394:Scots
1763:for
1726:Fife
1724:for
1652:ISBN
1265:2020
1167:2009
959:and
659:and
543:John
433:Fife
431:for
249:Fife
233:Mary
231:and
160:and
77:Died
69:Fife
58:Born
996:".
928:.
924:in
846:of
474:of
427:as
183:of
1866::
1599:,
1357:^
1334:^
1282:^
1255:.
1234:^
1193:^
1153:.
1069:^
1044:^
1007:^
943:.
889:.
675:.
611:,
557:.
420:.
203:.
172:.
67:,
1660:.
1267:.
1169:.
140:-
20:)
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