981:. The way in which he would estimate the population would be to start with estimating the population of London. He would do this by either estimating it by exports or by deaths. His method of using exports is by considering that a 30 per cent increase in exports corresponds to a similar proportionate increase in population. The way he would use deaths would be by multiplying the number of deaths by 30 – estimating that one out of thirty people dies each year. To obtain the population of all of England he would multiply the population of London by 8. Such a simple use of estimation could have easily have been abused and Petty was accused more than once of
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estimates, some more reliable than others, for the various components of national income, including land, ships, personal estates and housing. He then distinguished between the stocks (£250m) and the flows yielding from them (£15m). The discrepancy between these flows and his estimate for national income (£40m) leads Petty to postulate that the other £25m is the yield from what must be £417m of labour stock, the "value of the people". This gave a total wealth for
England in the 1660s of £667m.
1102:, regarding the phenomenon as a reward for forbearance on the part of the lender. Incorporating his theories of value, he asserted that, with perfect security, the rate of interest should equal the rent for land that the principal could have bought – again, a precocious insight into what would later become general equilibrium findings. Where security was more "casual", the return should be greater – a return for risk. Having established the justification for usury itself, that of
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10,917,389, which is but inconsiderably more. Wherefore it is certain and necessary that the growth of the city must stop before the said year 1840, and will be at its utmost height in the next preceding period, A.D. 1800, when the number of the city will be eight times its present number, 5,359,000. And when (besides the said number) there will be 4,466,000 to perform the tillage, pasturage, and other rural works necessary to be done without the said city.
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1176:, showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards. Classically the workers in a shipyard would build ships as units, finishing one before starting another. But the Dutch had it organised with several teams each doing the same tasks for successive ships. People with a particular task to do must have discovered new methods that were only later observed and justified by writers on
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1041:"nor is money wanting to answer all the ends of a well-policed state, notwithstanding the great decreases thereof which have happened within these Twenty years" and that higher velocity is the answer. He also mentions that there is nothing unique about gold and silver in fulfilling the functions of money and that money is the means to an end, not the end itself:
803:(1682). These works, which received great attention in the 1690s, show his theories on major areas of what would later become economics. What follows is an analysis of his most important theories, those on fiscal contributions, national wealth, the money supply and circulation velocity, value, the interest rate, international trade and government investment.
1348:. The text on it reads: "A true patriot and a sound philosopher who, by his powerful intellect, his scientific works and indefatigable industry, became a benefactor to his family and an ornament to his country". A monumental slab on the floor of the south choir aisle of the Abbey reads "HERE LAYES SIR WILLIAM PETY". The third Marquess also erected the
1156:. On exports in general, he regarded prescriptions, such as recent Acts of Parliament forbidding the export of wool and yarn, as "burthensome". Further restrictions "would do us twice as much harm as the losse of our said Trade" (p. 59), albeit with a concession that he is no expert in the study of the wool trade.
439:. In 1646, he returned to England and developed a double-writing instrument with little success in sales. After his brother died, he approached his cousin, John Petty, offering to set him up in business on the understanding that John would be a trusted friend and help him in his chemistry and anatomy work.
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is derived. As mentioned earlier, the motif of medicine was also useful to Petty, and he warned against over-interference by the government in the economy, seeing it as analogous to a physician tampering excessively with his patient. He applied this to monopolies, controls on the exportation of money
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on his substantial estates in Kerry. Although he had great expectations of his application of his scientific methods to improvement, little came of these. He began by applying his political arithmetic to his own estates, surveying the population and livestock to develop an understanding of the land's
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and imparted by his afore-mentioned acquaintances, perhaps pushed him from Oxford. He was pulled to
Ireland perhaps by a sense of ambition and desire for wealth and power. He secured the contract for charting Ireland in 1654, so that those who had lent funds to Cromwell's army might be repaid in land
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Nor were it hard to substitute in the place of Money (were a comptency of it wanting) what should be equivalent unto it. For Money is but the Fat of the Body-Politick, whereof too much doth often hinder its agility, as too little makes it sick... so doth Money in the State quicken its Action, feeds
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economies to money economies. Linked to this, and aware of the scarcity of money, Petty recommends that taxes be payable in forms other than gold or silver, which he estimated to be less than 1% of national wealth. To him, too much importance was placed on money, "which is to the whole effect of the
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The events that took him from Oxford to
Ireland marked a shift from medicine and the physical sciences to the social sciences, and Petty lost all his Oxford offices. The social sciences became the area that he studied for the rest of his life. His focus became greater income from Irish colonization,
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Now, if the city double its people in 40 years, and the present number be 670,000, and if the whole territory be 7,400,000, and double in 360 years, as aforesaid, then by the underwritten table it appears that A.D. 1840 the people of the city will be 10,718,880, and those of the whole country but
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Karl Marx imitated Petty's belief that the total effort put in by the aggregate of ordinary workers represented a far greater contribution to the economy than contemporary ideas recognised. This belief led Petty to conclude that labour ranked as the greatest source of wealth. By contrast, Marx's
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was also profound. Bacon, and indeed Hobbes, held the conviction that mathematics and the senses must be the basis of all rational sciences. This passion for accuracy led Petty to famously declare that his form of science would only use measurable phenomena and would seek quantitative precision,
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and wealth. To him, it was all too obvious that a country's wealth lay in more than just gold and silver. He worked off an estimation that the average personal income was £6 13s 4d per annum, with a population of six million, meaning that national income would be £40m. Petty's theory produced
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as very unequal and excise on beer as taxing the poor excessively. He recommended a much higher quality of statistical information, to raise taxes more fairly. Imports should be taxed, but only in such a way that would put them on a level playing field with domestic produce. A vital aspect of
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On prohibiting imports, for example from
Holland, such restrictions did little other than drive up prices, and were only useful if imports vastly exceeded exports. Petty saw far more use in going to Holland and learning whatever skills they have than trying to resist nature. Epitomizing his
915:. He then discusses general and particular causes of changes in these charges. He thinks that there is great scope for reduction of the first four public charges, and recommends increased spending on care for the elderly, sick, orphans, etc., as well as the government employment of
1136:, Petty also recognised the importance of economies of scale. He described the phenomenon of the division of labour, asserting that a good is both of better quality and cheaper, if many work on it. Petty said that the gain is greater "as the manufacture itself is greater".
1037:), Petty stated that if economic output was to be increased for a given money supply and price level, 'revolutions' must occur in smaller circles (i.e. velocity of circulation must be higher). This could be done through the establishment of a bank. He explicitly stated in
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He imagined a future in which "the city of London is seven times bigger than now, and that the inhabitants of it are 4,690,000 people, and that in all the other cities, ports, towns, and villages, there are but 2,710,000 more". He expected this some time around 1800,
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388:. His readiness to provide caricatures of fellow crew members won him few friends. He also learnt of his defective sight when he failed to spot a landmark he had been told to look for. The captain, who had by this time seen the landmark from the deck for himself "
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in gold and silver of only £6m. Petty believed that there was a certain amount of money that a nation needed to drive its trade. Hence it was possible to have too little money circulating in an economy, which would mean that people would have to rely on
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rather than rely on comparatives or superlatives, yielding a new subject that he named "political arithmetic". Petty thus carved a niche for himself as the first dedicated economic scientist, amidst the merchant-pamphleteers, such as
1082:, one's "art and industry". He applied his theory of value to rent. The natural rent of a land was the excess of what a labourer produces on it in a year over what he ate himself and traded for necessities. It was therefore the
903:, Petty sought to establish principles of taxation and public expenditure, to which the monarch could adhere, when deciding how to raise money for the war. Petty lists six kinds of public charge, namely defence, governance, the
764:, for whom Petty acted as personal secretary. According to Hobbes, theory should set out the rational requirements for "civil peace and material plenty". As Hobbes had centred on peace, Petty chose prosperity.
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to stimulate output and employment, much as Petty had done with simpler examples in the 17th century. Petty's simple £100-through-100-hands multiplier was refined by Keynes and incorporated into his model.
1324:. He arrived upon his laissez-faire view of economics at a time of great opportunity and growth in the expanding British Empire. Laissez-faire policies stood in direct contrast to his supervisor Hobbes's
626:, at their first meeting, brushed aside Petty's apologies for his past support for Cromwell, "seeming to regard them as needless", and discussed his experiments into the mechanics of shipping instead.
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and on the trade of commodities. They were, to him, vain and harmful to a nation. He recognised the price effects of monopolies, citing the French king's salt monopoly as an example. In another work,
645:. Petty counted naval architecture among his many scientific interests. He had become convinced of the superiority of double-hulled boats, although they were not always successful; a ship called the
1070:, and chose to develop an input-based theory of value: "all things ought to be valued by two natural Denominations, which is Land and Labour" (p. 44). Both of these would be prime sources of
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Petty's only statistical technique is the use of simple averages. He would not be a statistician by today's standards but during his time a statistician was merely one that employed the use of
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from his surplus and thus from society. Marx's high esteem of Adam Smith is mirrored in his consideration of Petty's analysis, testified for by countless quotations in his major work
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Petty also applied the principle to his survey of
Ireland. His breakthrough was to divide up the work so that large parts of it could be done by people with no extensive training.
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qualities, arguing against any government regulation of the interest rate, pointing to the "vanity and fruitlessness of making civil positive laws against the laws of nature".
1148:, Petty thought it vain to try to control it, and dangerous, as it would leave the merchants to decide what goods a nation buys with the smaller amount of money. He noted in
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after him, he sought to devise some equation or par between the "mother and father" of output, land and labour, and to express value accordingly. He still included general
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Again ten years later the third group of pamphlets was written, that were contributions to the dispute whether London was a larger city than Paris, and that are titled the
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926:. He recommended that in general taxes should be just sufficient to meet the various types of public charges that he listed. They should also be horizontally
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Petty was interested in the extent to which taxes could be raised without inciting rebellion On the issue of raising taxes, Petty was a definite proponent of
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340:. He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers. He also remained a significant figure under
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Petty projected the growth of the city of London and supposed that it might swallow the rest of
England – not so far from what actually happened:
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Petty was knighted in 1661 by
Charles II and returned to Ireland in 1666, where he remained for most of the next twenty years. He was a friend of
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1098:. At the time, many religious writers still condemned the charging of interest as sinful. Petty also involved himself in the debate on usury and
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1272:. Petty and Adam Smith shared a worldview that believed in a harmonious natural world. They both saw the benefits of specialisation and the
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had resulted in the garrison surrendering to the parliamentarians on 24 June 1646, Petty arrived in the town and was offered a fellowship at
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The
Economic Writings of Sir William Petty; together with the Observations upon the Bills of Mortality, more probably by Captain John Graunt
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739:, praised her as a woman of strong character and intelligence, the only person who could manage her bad-tempered and tyrannical husband.
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and his works describe that country and propose many remedies for what he characterized as its backward condition. He helped found the
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Some consider Petty's achievements a matter of good fortune. Petty was a music professor before being apprenticed to the brilliant
1006:, would £6m be enough to drive a nation's trade, especially if the King wanted to raise additional funds for the war with Holland?
1002:. It would also be possible for there to be too much money in an economy. But the topical question was, as he asks in chapter 3 of
328:(26 May 1623 – 16 December 1687) was an English economist, physician, scientist and philosopher. He first became prominent serving
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viewpoint, he thought it preferable to sell cloth for "debauching" foreign wines, rather than leave the clothiers unemployed.
791:. As such, many of his claims for precision are of imperfect quality. Nonetheless, Petty wrote three main works on economics,
408:, supporting himself by teaching English. After a year, he returned to England, and had by now a thorough knowledge of Latin,
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1237:, laid the foundation for modern census techniques. This work in statistical analysis, when further expanded by writers like
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These texts were written some ten years later in
Ireland. As Hull writes, the "direct impulse to their writing came from Dr.
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1209:, he noticed the potential of the human population to increase. But he also saw no reason why such a society should not be
887:(written in 1682, and printed in 1695, and perhaps in 1682), can probably be considered as belonging to a group of its own.
504:. The event was widely written about at the time, and helped to build Petty's career and reputation. He was also appointed
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554:, in southwest Ireland, and £9,000. This personal gain to Petty led to persistent court cases on charges of bribery and
540:– a means of ensuring the army was self-financing. This enormous task, which he completed in 1656, became known as the
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writers of earlier in the century. The use of biological analogies to illustrate his point, a trend continued by the
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500:, a woman who survived her own hanging. Despite was pardoned because her survival was widely held to be an act of
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Proceedings of the Royal Irish
Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature
977:. Because obtaining census data was difficult, if not impossible, especially for Ireland, he applied methods of
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Neither Charles nor Henry had male issue and the Shelburne title passed by a special remainder to Anne's son
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705:, who died in 1664. She was given the title Baroness Shelburne for life. They had three surviving children:
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2012:
A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland
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839:(written 1665, printed 1691). These texts relate to the discussions about fiscal issues, following the
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The Political Economy of Trade and Growth: An Analytical Interpretation of Sir James Steuart's Inquiry
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What is striking about these passages is his intellectual rigour, which put him far ahead of the
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By Petty's time, England was engaged in war with Holland, and in the first three chapters of
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Back in England, as a Cromwellian supporter, he ran successfully for Parliament in 1659 for
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OF THE GROWTH OF THE CITY OF LONDON – among the essays downloadable at the Gutenberg link.
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823:' (1900) proposed a division of the economic writings of Petty in three (or four) groups:
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This is one of the major themes of Petty's writings, summed up by his use of the phrase
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The division given here was still used by scholars at the end of the twentieth century.
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1282:. In his published writings, there is nothing apart from a reference in a letter to
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in 1643, where he developed an interest in anatomy. Through an English professor in
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The Economic Thought of William Petty: Exploring the Colonialist Roots of Economics
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in 1682. Returning ultimately to London in 1685, he died in 1687. He was buried in
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Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Kilkenny constituencies
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359:. However, he is best remembered for his theories on economics and his methods of
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the first group, written when Petty had returned to London after finishing his "
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in this list. He was the first to have this manuscript, dated 1687, printed. (
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The History of the University of Oxford: Volume IV: Seventeenth-Century Oxford
1524:"Sir William Petty, Ireland, and the Making of a Political Economist, 1653-87"
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In making the above estimate, Petty introduced in the first two chapters of
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of the same year. This year also saw him write his first work on economics,
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Petty was also a scientist, inventor, and merchant, a charter member of the
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1423:("something, be it ever so small, about money") posthum. (1682, pub. 1695)
1344:, one of Petty's descendants, erected a memorial and likeness of Petty in
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Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
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550:. As his reward, he acquired approximately 30,000 acres (120 km) in
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780:, and philosopher-scientists occasionally discussing economics, such as
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above the various costs related to the factors involved in production.
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Before Adam Smith : The Emergence of Political Economy, 1662-1776
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Two men crucially influenced Petty's economic theories. The first was
731:, who took his mother's surname, and whose descendants hold the title
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1837:, p. 62 (footnote 6)). One may wonder why Hull does not mention
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1998:(1988) "The life of William Petty in relation to his economics" in
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after breaking his leg on board. After this setback, he applied in
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384:. He was a precocious and intelligent youth and in 1637 became a
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A Declaration Concerning the newly invented Art of Double Writing
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Despite his political allegiances, Petty was well-treated at the
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1708:
Barnard, T. C. (1982). "Sir William Petty as Kerry Ironmaster".
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Dr Strangelove's Game : a brief history of economic genius
2111:
Before Adam Smith: the Emergence of Political Economy 1662–1776
1233:. Petty's work in political arithmetic, along with the work of
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that countries plentiful in gold have no such laws restricting
415:
After an uneventful period in the Navy, Petty left to study in
1241:
documented some of the first expositions of modern insurance.
38:
2232:
Archive for the History of Economic Thought: "William Petty"
2221:(especially section 'Petty's Natural Price', pp. 61–68)
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economies at this time was that they were transforming from
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as physician-general, responsible to Cromwell's son-in-law,
1454:"Sir William Petty: A Study in English Economic Literature"
993:
This figure for the stock of wealth was contrasted with a
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by Hull. This group of pamphlets had a close relation to
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William Petty And the Ambitions of Political Arithmetic
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The natural rate of rent is related to his theories on
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in France early in the 18th century, was also unusual.
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In 1652, he took a leave of absence and travelled with
637:. In 1662, he was admitted as a charter member of the
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He was indeed writing before the true development of
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In 1661 he was elected as a Member of Parliament for
2288:
Critique of "A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions"
1256:He influenced several future economists, including
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Observations upon the Bills of Mortality of London.
622:in 1660, although he lost some of his Irish lands.
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69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1342:Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne
697:(whose life was spared after the Restoration) and
610:potential. The ironworks was established in 1660.
2109:(1988). "Petty on Policy, Theory and Method," in
1770:Wheatley, Henry B. (1913). "Charcoal Ironworks".
1635:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1485:"Petty's Place in the History of Economic Theory"
1458:Publications of the American Economic Association
1427:An Essay Concerning the Multiplication of Mankind
581:Petty gained possession of the three baronies of
1225:and statistical writings, preceding the work of
806:Many of his economic writings were collected by
821:Petty's Place in the History of Economic Theory
1066:On value, Petty continued the debate begun by
348:, as did many others who had served Cromwell.
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27:English economist and philosopher (1623–1687)
8:
1678:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1556:, T. Percy C. (Thomas Percy Claude) (1932).
484:By 1651, Petty was an anatomy instructor at
1746:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History
1584:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1286:, one of Petty's aristocratic descendants.
1046:from abroad in the time of Dearth at home.'
985:the figures for the Crown. (Henry Spiegel)
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1966:The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty
1817:
1703:
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1312:demonstrated how governments could manage
930:, regular and proportionate. He condemned
813:The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty
161:
140:
30:For other people named William Petty, see
2274:has five portraits of Sir William Petty:
2267:Petty FitzMaurice (Lansdowne) family tree
1912:Parrington, Vernon Louis; Levy, David W.
1830:
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2262:Political Arithmetick (3rd Edition, 1690
2006:Burke, John; Burke, Sir Bernard (1844).
1601:. Oxford University Press. p. 543.
1399:(later editions: 1667, 1679, 1685, etc.)
512:in 1650, retaining the post until 1660.
380:, where his father and grandfather were
2293:Kenmare Journal – A Bridge to the Past.
2014:(2 ed.). J. R. Smith. p. 605.
1675:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1444:
1396:A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions
1245:notes him as an early expositor of the
835:(written and first published 1662) and
833:A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions
2051:. Oxford / New York: Basil Blackwell.
1859:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 46–77.
1172:, Petty made a practical study of the
423:, he became the personal secretary to
412:, French, mathematics, and astronomy.
392:". He was subsequently set ashore in
2025:. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis.
1140:Foreign exchange and control of trade
721:Thomas Fitzmaurice, 1st Earl of Kerry
701:. She had been previously married to
7:
2483:Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford
2473:Founder fellows of the Royal Society
2433:17th-century English medical doctors
1842:
1834:
1772:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
1380:Proceedings between Sankey and Petty
1276:. Smith said nothing about Petty in
737:William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne
601:, developing extensive plans for an
67:adding citations to reliable sources
2463:17th-century English businesspeople
2123:The Origins of Scientific Economics
1595:Nicholas Tyacke (4 December 1997).
901:Treatise of Taxes and Contributions
793:Treatise of Taxes and Contributions
689:in 1667. She was a daughter of the
653:in 1664, but sank on the way back.
643:Treatise of Taxes and Contributions
2478:Alumni of the University of Oxford
1575:"Petty, William (1623-1687)"
1489:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1405:posthum. (approx. 1676, pub. 1690)
952:the first rigorous assessments of
715:Henry Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne
710:Charles Petty, 1st Baron Shelburne
25:
2448:17th-century English philosophers
2438:17th-century English male writers
1672:Barnard, Toby. "Petty, William".
1632:Miracles in Enlightenment England
1221:Petty is best remembered for his
1033:) times velocity of circulation (
1013:'s circulation. Anticipating the
831:" in Ireland, consists mainly of
729:John Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne
510:Corporation of the City of London
496:, Petty was involved in treating
2199:. London : Hamish Hamilton.
1953:
1935:, Letter No. 30, Glasgow Edition
1581:Dictionary of National Biography
1421:Quantulumcunque Concerning Money
1150:Quantulumcunque concerning money
1009:The answer for Petty lay in the
907:, education, the maintenance of
885:Quantulumcunque concerning Money
852:The Political Anatomy of Ireland
819:Hull, in his scholarly article '
801:Quantulumcunque Concerning Money
43:
2443:17th-century English economists
2253:Works by or about William Petty
2000:History of Political Economy 20
1829:See for instance for instance (
1352:on Cherhill Down in Wiltshire.
871:Essays in Political Arithmetick
285:
54:needs additional citations for
1017:often said to be initiated by
355:, and briefly a member of the
32:William Petty (disambiguation)
1:
1944:Translation by Strathern 2001
1918:. Vol. 1. Archived from
1559:Sir William Petty (1623-1687)
1205:existing trends. Long before
282:, ethics, economics, medicine
2178:History of Economic Analysis
2166:The Origin of Economic Ideas
1933:Correspondence of Adam Smith
1915:The Colonial Mind, 1620–1800
1692:UK public library membership
1452:Bevan, Wilson Lloyd (1894).
1415:Political Anatomy of Ireland
1298:, and that the labourer was
989:Money supply and circulation
577:Petty's baronetcies in Kerry
544:, later published (1685) as
460:and studied medicine at the
427:, allowing him contact with
2397:Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick
2147:. Oxford University Press.
1808:Mandarin edition 1993 p.189
1528:The Economic History Review
1021:, whereby economic output (
940:Kingdom… not one to 100".
743:Economic works and theories
472:and became a member of the
363:. He was knighted in 1661.
2539:
2080:Cambridge University Press
2019:Eli F. Heckscher (2013) .
1417:posthum. (1672, pub. 1691)
1411:posthum. (1664, pub. 1691)
944:National income accounting
506:Gresham Professor of Music
490:Thomas Clayton the younger
305:national income accounting
29:
2337:
2272:National Portrait Gallery
2195:Strathern, Paul (2001) -
1483:Hull, Charles H. (1900).
486:Brasenose College, Oxford
474:Oxford Philosophical Club
314:
231:
160:
2493:Petty-Fitzmaurice family
2281:19 December 2006 at the
2203:Yang, Hong-Seok (1994).
2008:"Fenton of Mitchelstown"
1658:of Gresham College (via
1388:Reflections upon Ireland
1015:quantity theory of money
913:things of universal good
905:pastorage of men's souls
864:Present State of England
843:and the expenses of the
492:. With a second doctor,
2518:Burials at Romsey Abbey
2237:5 November 2017 at the
2141:McCormick, Ted (2009).
1855:Goodacre, Hugh (2018).
1743:Jackson, Alvin (2014).
1243:Vernon Louis Parrington
911:and infrastructure, or
850:the second group holds
390:drubbed him with a cord
240:17th-century philosophy
2244:Works by William Petty
1984:Gross domestic product
1818:Burke & Burke 1844
1749:. Oxford: OUP Oxford.
1684:10.1093/ref:odnb/22069
1294:was the source of all
1290:conclusions were that
1247:labour theory of value
1198:
1048:
970:
909:impotents of all sorts
856:Political Arithmetick.
757:
685:William Petty married
657:Ireland and later life
578:
520:
519:William Petty, c. 1650
2468:English statisticians
2367:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
2276:Search the collection
1839:A Treatise of Ireland
1364:The Advice to Hartlib
1279:The Wealth of Nations
1193:
1170:Political Arithmetick
1043:
1025:) times price level (
968:
753:The Economic Writings
750:
635:Parliament of Ireland
576:
518:
480:Academic and surveyor
454:Third Siege of Oxford
357:Parliament of England
2392:James Denham-Steuart
2173:Joseph A. Schumpeter
2168:. London: Macmillan.
1403:Political Arithmetic
1231:statistical analysis
1134:Political Arithmetic
1106:, he then shows his
895:Fiscal contributions
733:Marquis of Lansdowne
547:Hiberniae Delineatio
361:political arithmetic
280:Political philosophy
63:improve this article
2508:Irish MPs 1661–1666
2067:Hull, Charles Henry
1845:, p. 545-621).
1833:, p. 29) and (
1629:Shaw, Jane (2006).
1310:John Maynard Keynes
1270:John Maynard Keynes
860:Edward Chamberlayne
795:(written in 1662),
614:Natural philosopher
597:. He soon became a
558:, until his death.
502:divine intervention
309:economic statistics
268:Classical economics
167:Sir William Petty,
2513:English projectors
2453:People from Romsey
2387:Ferdinando Galiani
2113:. Basil Blackwell.
2107:Hutchison, Terence
2041:Hutchison, Terence
1996:Aspromourgos, Tony
1922:on 19 August 2006.
1656:list of professors
1522:Fox, Adam (2009).
1350:Lansdowne Monument
1330:the General Crisis
1274:division of labour
1174:division of labour
1164:Division of labour
1029:) = money supply (
971:
866:, published 1669".
808:Charles Henry Hull
758:
719:Anne, who married
703:Sir Maurice Fenton
579:
521:
400:to study with the
376:Petty was born in
293:Division of labour
256:Western philosophy
2488:English surveyors
2405:
2404:
2347:Gerard de Malynes
2248:Project Gutenberg
2188:978-1-134-83870-7
2154:978-0-19-954789-0
2133:978-1-136-50864-6
2032:978-1-136-15738-7
1804:Fraser, Antonia,
1778:(3175): 977–983.
1756:978-0-19-166760-2
1690:(Subscription or
1608:978-0-19-951014-6
1554:Percy Kirkpatrick
1258:Richard Cantillon
1251:Treatise of Taxes
1178:political economy
1144:On the efflux of
1123:vadere sicut vult
1076:Richard Cantillon
1011:velocity of money
975:quantitative data
969:Sir William Petty
924:consumption taxes
789:political economy
767:The influence of
699:Elizabeth Dowdall
533:Charles Fleetwood
458:Brasenose College
321:Sir William Petty
318:
317:
245:Modern philosophy
139:
138:
131:
113:
18:Sir William Petty
16:(Redirected from
2530:
2503:English MPs 1659
2382:Charles Davenant
2352:Edward Misselden
2322:
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2257:Internet Archive
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2209:. Edward Elgar.
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695:Hardress Waller
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1660:archive.org
1562:. : .
1305:Das Kapital
1235:John Graunt
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875:John Graunt
841:Restoration
829:Down Survey
810:in 1899 in
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587:Glanarought
542:Down Survey
498:Anne Greene
194:26 May 1623
2412:Categories
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2357:Thomas Mun
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2100:Wikisource
2002:: 337–356.
1694:required.)
1642:0300197683
1614:5 November
1439:References
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1211:prosperous
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1253:in 1692.
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1068:Aristotle
983:doctoring
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448:At Oxford
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1340:In 1858
1336:Monument
691:regicide
649:reached
394:Normandy
332:and the
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2255:at the
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1970:(1899).
1872:, p.113
1207:Malthus
1168:In his
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1434:Notes
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883:The
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