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238:
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685:(1967). In 1968, the British Columbia Language Project undertook more documentation of the Squamish language and culture. The Squamish writing system presently in use was devised by Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy, the main collaborators on this project, using a modified Latin script called Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (1990). The Squamish-English bilingual dictionary (edited by Peter Jacobs and Damara Jacobs) was published by the
250:
721:
The festival is part of a multi-faceted effort to ensure the language's long-term survival, not only by teaching it in the schools, but by encouraging parents to speak it at home. Squamish Nation cultural workers, for example, have begun to provide both parents and children with a list of common
1904:
Squamish uses a variety of reduplication types, serving to express functions such as pluralization, diminutive form, aspect, etc. Squamish contains a large variety of reduplicative processes due to its lack of inflectional devices that would otherwise mark plurality, which allows for a range of
468:
The
Squamish language was first documented in the 1880s by a German anthropologist; however the grammar of the language was documented by a Dutch linguist in the 1950s. The orthography or spelling system of the language came about in 1960s while the first Squamish dictionary was published only
2103:
1504:
represent a glottal stop. Glottalization can occur on a variety of consonants (w, y, l, m, n), and after or before vowels. Glottalized sonorants are written with an apostrophe on top, whereas ejectives are written with an apostrophe after.
1517:
symbols. Consonants are sorted by place (bilabial to uvular descending) and type (Left – Plosives, Right – Sonorants and
Fricatives). Squamish contains no voiced plosives, as is typical of Salish language family languages. Because the
656:
Anthropologists and linguists have been researching the
Squamish language since the 1880s. After some time a written system was formed for the Squamish language, which was once an oral language. German anthropologist
726:
schools. So far 15 families in the
Squamish area are part of the program ... "The goal is to revive the language by trying to have it used every day at home — getting the parents on board, not just the children."
2053:
705:
In 1990, the Chief and
Council of the Squamish people declared Squamish to be the official language of their people, a declaration made to ensure funding for the language and its revitalization. In 2010, the
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A Squamish festival was scheduled for April 22, 2013, with two fluent elders, aiming to inspire more efforts to keep the language alive. Rebecca
Campbell, one of the event's organizers, commented:
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908:
surfaces preceding uvulars consonants, and can exist in a non-adjacent relationship so long as no other vowels intervene. surfaces proceeding a uvular consonant, before a non-uvular consonant.
739:
has launched the
Squamish Language Academy, in which students learn the Squamish language for two years. The aforementioned programs increase the number of active language learners each year.
1861:. A common prefix is the nominalizer prefix /s-/, which occurs in a large number of fixed combinations with verb stems to make nouns (e.g: /t'iq/ "to be cold" -> /s-t'iq/ "(the) cold").
3907:
2828:
Watt, Linda
Tamburri, Michael Alford, Jen Cameron-Turley, Carrie Gillon and Peter Jacobs (2000). Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish Salish) Stress: A Look at the Acoustics of /a/ and /u/,
2696:
Demirdache, Hamida, Dwight
Gardiner, Peter Jacobs and Lisa Matthewson (1994). The Case for D-Quantification in Salish: 'All' in St'át'imcets, Squamish, and Secwepmectsin,
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considered the language to be "critically endangered" and "nearly extinct", with just 10 fluent speakers. In 2011, the language was being taught using the
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The other special character is a stress mark, or accent (á, é, í or ú). This indicates that the vowel should be realized as louder and slightly longer.
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recently, specifically 2011. The language shares certain similarities with languages like
Sechelt and Halkomelem which are spoken in similar regions.
4363:
2713:
Galloway, Brent (1996). An Etymological Analysis of the 59 Squamish and Halkomelem Place Names on Burrard Inlet Analyzed in Suttles Report of 1996.
2128:
426:
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Bar-el, Leora; Watt, Linda T. (2001). "Word Internal Constituency in Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish Salish". In Gessner, S.; Oh, S.; Shiobara, K. (eds.).
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Bar-el, Leora; Jacobs, Peter; Wiltschko, Martina (2001). "A Number Feature in Squamish Salish". In Megerdoomian, Karine; Bar-el, Leora (eds.).
735:. The program, Language and Culture Certificate, is designed to let its respective students learn about the language and culture. Additionally,
3893:
2758:
Gillon, Carrie and Martina Wiltschko (2004). Missing determiners/complementizers in wh-questions: Evidence from Skwxwú7mesh and Halq’eméylem.
2688:
Déchaine, Rose-Marie; Wiltschko, Martina (2002). "The Position of Negation and its Consequences". In Bar-el, L.; Watt, L.; Wilson, I. (eds.).
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2346:
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Currently, there are 449 Active Language Learners of the Squamish language. In 2014, a Squamish-language program was made available at
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377:
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Bar-el, Leora; Davis, Henry; Matthewson, Lisa (2005). "On Non-Culminating Accomplishments". In Bateman, L.; Ussery, C. (eds.).
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272:
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2309:"Squamish language festival set : Skwxúʔmesh-speaking elders help inspire effort to ensure tongue's long-term survival"
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form (the action precedes the initiator and the initiator of an action precedes the goal). Sentences typically begin with a
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Squamish phrases that can be used around the home, as a way to reinforce the learning that takes place in the
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character glyph is not found on typewriters and did not exist in most fonts until the widespread adoption of
4205:
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109:
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398:
134:
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567:
4268:
4132:
1941:
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3438:
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2800:
Kuipers, Aert H. (1968). The categories noun-verb and transitive-intransitive in English and Squamish,
3959:
3951:
3841:
3653:
3542:
3398:
3365:
3292:
1235:
773:
619:
607:
2612:
4145:
3846:
3810:
3486:
3355:
3256:
3043:
2737:
Gillon, Carrie (2006). Deictic features: evidence from Skwxwú7mesh determiners and demonstratives.
2407:
1918:
1846:
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732:
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572:
4317:
4165:
4038:
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2232:
2141:
1156:
970:
670:
582:
450:
129:
2821:
Shipley, Dawn (1995). A structural semantic analysis of kinship terms in the Squamish language,
772:, each with phonetic variants. There is a fair amount of overlap between the vowel spaces, with
4312:
4173:
4122:
4068:
4056:
4027:
3982:
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3587:
3562:
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3192:
3166:
3156:
3108:
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Burton, Strang; Davis, Henry; Jacobs, Peter; Watt, Linda Tamburri; Wiltschko, Martina (2001).
2490:
2342:
1926:
1012:
992:
849:
662:
462:
406:
237:
101:
2543:. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 17. pp. 29–42.
1526:, the Squamish orthography conventionally represents the glottal stop with the number symbol
4226:
4183:
4140:
4112:
4107:
4002:
3997:
3977:
3930:
3795:
3785:
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3765:
3760:
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3669:
3635:
3577:
3524:
3471:
3433:
3378:
3340:
3300:
3270:
3161:
3087:
3027:
2992:
2676:
2539:
Bar-el, Leora (2005). "Minimal and Maximal Events". In Armoskaite, S.; Thompson, J. (eds.).
2482:
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454:
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72:
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4007:
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3775:
3734:
3643:
3610:
3567:
3514:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3453:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3393:
3345:
3335:
3022:
2956:
2233:"Squamish Language Revitalization: From the Hearts and the Minds of the Language Speakers"
2048:
1922:
982:
678:
615:
519:
514:
485:
402:
313:
180:
121:
83:
3403:
2730:
Gillon, Carrie (2006). DP structure and semantic composition in Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish).
2723:
Gillon, Carrie (2001). Negation and Subject Agreement in Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish Salish).
4291:
4231:
4090:
4073:
4046:
3987:
3724:
3674:
3648:
3547:
3408:
3350:
3216:
3069:
3032:
2981:
2470:
1412:
841:
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worked on the first comprehensive grammar of the Squamish language, later published as
611:
430:
418:
158:
1873:
216:
4332:
4245:
4095:
3714:
3320:
3315:
3017:
2832:
35: 199–217. (University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 3).
2502:
1930:
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1134:
1114:
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1024:
800:
666:
2903:
https://www.kwiawtstelmexw.com/language_resources/how-to-read-the-squamish-language/
2739:
UBCWPL, Papers for the International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages
2523:
Verbal Plurality and Adverbial Quantification: A Case Study of Skwxú7mesh (Squamish)
925:
surfaces when not in the prior conditions. Stress usually does not change the vowel.
3815:
3719:
3476:
1487:
1463:
1451:
1441:
1429:
1419:
1144:
17:
4195:
3620:
1534:; the same character glyph is also used as a digit to represent the number seven.
922:
surfaces when labial/labialized consonants are present (with the exception of /w/.
2823:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages
2816:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages
2781:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages
2620:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages
4200:
4061:
3885:
3461:
2999:
2698:
Papers for the 29th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages
1514:
954:
812:
795:
249:
229:
2705:
Prosodic and Morphological Factors in Squamish (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh) Stress Assignment
2409:
Prosodic and Morphological Factors in Squamish (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh) Stress Assignment
904:, which surface depending on adjacency relationships to consonants, or stress.
4051:
3552:
2986:
862:
805:
658:
458:
2494:
4188:
3466:
2814:
Nakayama, Toshihide (1991). On the Position of the Nominalizer in Squamish,
2779:
Jacobs, Peter (2012). Vowel harmony and schwa strengthening in Skwxwu7mesh,
2667:
Demers, Richard; Horn, George (July 1978). "Stress Assignment in Squamish".
2161:
2077:"Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages, Fourth Edition, 2022"
1049:
943:
901:
209:
193:
2725:
Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Languages of the Americas
2364:"Despite limited resources, indigenous-language programs persevere in B.C."
665:
recorded some Squamish sentences and stories. In the 1930s, anthropologist
2843:
200:
2660:
Coyote Papers: Studies on Native American Languages, Japanese and Spanish
2263:. First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council. 2010. p. 64
1937:
1513:
The following table shows the vowels and consonants and their respective
1339:
1005:
714:
technique, and a Squamish–English dictionary was also completed in 2011.
290:
278:
51:
1523:
1044:
946:
780:
577:
286:
3225:
2741:(ICSNL) 41, eds. M. Kiyota, J. Thompson and N. Yamane-Tanaka, 146–179.
1936:
The table below summarizes the general order of elements in Squamish.
911:
surfaces in non-uvular environments when /i/ is in stressed syllables.
4278:
2911:
2716:
Gillon, Carrie (1998). Extraction from Skwxwú7mesh relative clauses.
1858:
1854:
1842:
562:
414:
257:
62:
2772:
Jacobs, Peter (1994). The Inverse in Squamish, in Talmy Givón (ed.)
2744:
Gillon, Carrie (2009). Deictic Features: Evidence from Skwxwú7mesh,
2658:
Davis, Stuart (1984b). "Squamish Stress Clash". In Davis, S. (ed.).
1841:
Squamish, like other Salish languages, has two main types of words:
701:
Bilingual road sign in Squamish and English languages, on Highway 99
2680:
2486:
777:
765:
696:
2561:. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. pp. 43–55.
2753:
The Semantics of Determiners: Domain Restriction in Skwxwú7mesh.
752:
The vowel system in Squamish phonemically features four sounds,
3889:
3229:
2915:
2867:
2901:
Stelmexw, Kwi Awt (2016)."How To Read The Squamish Language".
2830:
International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages
2054:
History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863–1963
1868:
677:, including some Squamish words. In the 1950s, Dutch linguist
661:
was the first to collect Squamish words, while anthropologist
2367:
Georgia Straight, Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly
2284:"Squamish Nation struggles to preserve a threatened language"
919:
surfaces when palatals are present (with the exception of /j/
360:
2850:"Squamish for Dummies: Cool new Squamish-English dictionary"
2258:"Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2010"
2727:
6. Memorial University of Newfoundland, March 23–25, 2001.
369:
289:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2651:
Moras, Light Syllable Stress and Stress Clash in Squamish
366:
2767:
Subordinate Clauses in Squamish: a Coast Salish Language
2718:
Proceedings of the 14th Northwest Linguistics Conference
2627:
Darnell, Michael (1990). "Squamish /-m/ Constructions".
1885:
256:
Squamish is classified as Critically Endangered by the
776:
and adjacency relationships as main contributors. The
2707:. Dissertation for University of Victoria. Retrieved
708:
First Peoples’ Heritage, Language and Culture Council
445:
but this should not be confused with the name of the
378:
357:
354:
351:
2335:
Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages
4349:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
4300:
4277:
4244:
4219:
4164:
4131:
4037:
3968:
3950:
3939:
3923:
3829:
3743:
3702:
3662:
3634:
3596:
3533:
3485:
3452:
3364:
3291:
3284:
3263:
3175:
3149:
3140:
3118:
3079:
2974:
2965:
2949:
2755:
Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2700:, 145–203. Pablo, Montana: Salish Kootenai College.
2568:"What Determines Stress in Skwxwú7mish (Squamish)?"
363:
348:
329:
319:
309:
301:
223:
207:
191:
186:
174:
169:
155:
118:
108:
94:
78:
68:
58:
46:
32:
2644:(PhD thesis). Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin.
2388:The Squamish language: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary
2732:Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society
1589:
1556:
433:. An archaic historical rendering of the native
2662:. Tucson: University of Arizona. pp. 2–18.
2469:Jelinek, Eloise; Demers, Richard (1997-07-01).
453:state. Squamish is most closely related to the
1528:
1498:
435:
387:
38:
3901:
3241:
2927:
2844:Bibliography at Yinka Dene Language Institute
2746:International Journal of American Linguistics
2669:International Journal of American Linguistics
2534:(PhD thesis). University of British Columbia.
2475:International Journal of American Linguistics
637:
8:
2525:(MA thesis). University of British Columbia.
2454:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2238:. University of British Columbia. p. 34
1845:and full words. Clitics can be articles, or
2734:35, eds. L. Bateman and C. Ussery, 231–244.
2390:. Netherlands: Mouton & Co., The Hague.
2204:
2202:
1849:Squamish words are able to be subjected to
3947:
3908:
3894:
3886:
3288:
3248:
3234:
3226:
3146:
2971:
2934:
2920:
2912:
2642:A Functional Analysis of Voice in Squamish
2425:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2146:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2071:
2069:
644:
630:
476:
248:
236:
29:
2783:47. UBC Working Papers in Linguistics 32.
2471:"Reduplication as a Quantifier in Salish"
2415:. University of Victoria. pp. 6, 33.
2186:"How To Read The Squamish Language – KAS"
673:to collect information about traditional
2720:, eds. K.-J. Lee and M. Oliveira, 11–20.
1946:
1539:
959:
789:
261:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4369:Native American language revitalization
2692:. UBCWPL. Vol. 10. pp. 29–42.
2550:Proceedings of the 35th NELS Conference
2231:Baker-Williams, Kirsten (August 2006).
2065:
693:Use and language revitalization efforts
597:
553:
543:
505:
484:
283:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2606:. UBCWPL. Vol. 6. pp. 37–54.
2566:Bar-el, Leora; Watt, Linda T. (1998).
2447:
2442:Sḵexwts: Squamish - English Dictionary
2418:
2139:
298:
50:
27:Coast Salish language spoken in Canada
2653:. WCCFL. Vol. 3. pp. 62–74.
2590:. UBCWPL. Vol. 5. pp. 3–18.
2532:Aspectual Distinctions in Skwxwú7mesh
2440:Jacobs, P., & Jacobs, D. (2011).
2401:
2399:
2397:
2162:"Squamish language and pronunciation"
962:
7:
2786:Jacobs, Peter et al. (eds.) (2011).
2769:. M.A. thesis, University of Oregon.
2762:39, eds. J.C. Brown and T. Peterson.
2282:Holloway, Tessa (October 11, 2011).
2341:. First Peoples' Cultural Council.
2332:Dunlop, Britt; et al. (2018).
2210:"How to Read the Squamish Language"
787:with the orthography following it.
2130:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
25:
4354:First Nations languages in Canada
2790:. University of Washington Press.
2444:. University of Washington Press.
2036:R2 (other referent related term)
1993:R2 (other referent related term)
1462:
1450:
1440:
1428:
1418:
1393:
1381:
1371:
1359:
1349:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1213:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1102:
1091:
1079:
1069:
1059:
869:
848:
829:
817:
2776:, 121–146. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
2760:UBCWPL vol. 14: Papers for ICSNL
1921:noun, but may also begin with a
1872:
915:/a/ has four main allophones .
783:of Squamish are listed below in
497:
492:
344:
4364:Critically endangered languages
2622:. Vol. 31. pp. 23–28.
2212:. Kwi Awt Stelmexw. 10 Dec 2016
933:surfaces in stressed syllables.
409:. It is spoken in southwestern
230:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim (Squamish)
2406:Dyck, Ruth Anne (2004-06-04).
2362:Wood, Stephanie (2014-01-22).
687:University of Washington Press
1:
4359:Verb–subject–object languages
3917:Languages of British Columbia
2811:. Part II. The Hague: Mouton.
165:Latin (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh alphabet)
4254:American Sign Language (ASL)
3730:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
2629:Berkeley Linguistics Society
2313:Squamish Chief, Squamish, BC
1913:Squamish sentences follow a
1905:different interpretations.
114:349 Active Language Learners
52:[sqʷχʷoʔməʃsnit͡ʃim]
3852:Plains Indian Sign Language
2788:Squamish-English Dictionary
2613:"Five Sqwuxwu7mish Futures"
2307:Burke, David (2013-04-18).
2104:"2021 Census of Population"
4385:
3703:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
2611:Currie, Elizabeth (1996).
2597:"A Boy, a Dog, and a Frog"
2001:R1(referant related term)
1529:
1499:
1486:Other symbols include the
724:Sea to Sky School District
3867:
3210:
2807:Kuipers, Aert H. (1969).
2793:Kuipers, Aert H. (1967).
2710:(PDF) on January 7, 2017.
2640:Darnell, Michael (1997).
2386:Kuipers, Aert H. (1967).
2136:. Edinburgh. p. 338.
1338:
1255:
1142:
1043:
991:
986:
981:
974:
969:
964:
953:and then in the Squamish
397:meaning "language") is a
269:
247:
235:
176:Official language in
37:
3710:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
2703:Dyck, Ruth Anne (2004).
2028:R1(Initiator of action)
2868:"Squamish Language.com"
2751:Gillon, Carrie (2013).
2649:Davis, Stuart (1984a).
2559:Proceedings of WCCFL 20
2541:Proceedings of WSCLA 10
737:Simon Fraser University
480:Part of a series on the
436:
388:
39:
4344:Coast Salish languages
3875:Canadian dictionaries
3858:Maritime Sign Language
3837:American Sign Language
3326:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
2881:Joi T. Arcand (2011).
2765:Jacobs, Peter (1992).
2690:Proceedings of WSCLA 7
2588:Proceedings of WSCLA 5
2530:Bar-el, Leora (2005).
2521:Bar-el, Leora (1998).
2127:Bauer, Laurie (2007).
949:of Squamish, first in
729:
712:"Where Are Your Keys?"
702:
333:Skwxwú7mesh-ulh Temíxw
271:This article contains
4269:Plateau Sign Language
3871:Canadian style guides
3167:Thompson River Salish
2905:.Retrieved 2016-10-29
2854:Inside Vancouver Blog
2809:The Squamish Language
2795:The Squamish Language
719:
700:
683:The Squamish Language
399:Coast Salish language
181:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw
4081:North Straits Salish
3842:Quebec Sign Language
3285:Indigenous languages
2887:Pacific Rim Magazine
2797:. The Hague: Mouton.
2552:. Amherst, MA: GLSA.
1990:Verb (intransitive)
1847:predicative clitics.
389:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim
40:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim
4301:Immigrant languages
3811:Pennsylvania German
3257:Languages of Canada
2774:Voice and Inversion
1948:
1915:Verb-Subject-Object
1323:⟨x̱w⟩
1250:⟨ḵwʼ⟩
1230:⟨kwʼ⟩
1208:⟨chʼ⟩
1198:⟨tlʼ⟩
1188:⟨tsʼ⟩
733:Capilano University
506:General information
419:reserve communities
417:, centred on their
324:Skwxwú7mesh sníchim
18:Skwxwu7mesh snichim
4179:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
4151:Southern Tsimshian
3993:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
3847:Inuk Sign Language
3806:Newfoundland Irish
3771:Tagalog (Filipino)
3744:Minority languages
3616:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
3374:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
3264:Official languages
2943:Salishan languages
2883:"Language Warrior"
2188:. 10 December 2016
2008:Verb (Transitive)
1947:
1884:. You can help by
1490:and stress marks.
1468:⟨w̓⟩
1456:⟨y̓⟩
1446:⟨l̓⟩
1434:⟨n̓⟩
1424:⟨m̓⟩
1313:⟨x̱⟩
1303:⟨xw⟩
1291:⟨sh⟩
1281:⟨lh⟩
1240:⟨ḵʼ⟩
1219:⟨kʼ⟩
1178:⟨tʼ⟩
1168:⟨pʼ⟩
1139:⟨ḵw⟩
1119:⟨kw⟩
1097:⟨ch⟩
1085:⟨ts⟩
900:/i/ has four main
703:
242:Squamish territory
4326:
4325:
4240:
4239:
3924:Official language
3883:
3882:
3801:Doukhobor Russian
3698:
3697:
3223:
3222:
3217:extinct languages
3206:
3205:
3193:Colville-Okanagan
3136:
3135:
2348:978-0-9868401-9-7
2040:
2039:
1974:Noun (predicate)
1902:
1901:
1834:
1833:
1479:
1478:
1415:
1399:⟨w⟩
1387:⟨y⟩
1377:⟨l⟩
1365:⟨n⟩
1355:⟨m⟩
1346:
1333:⟨h⟩
1271:⟨s⟩
1159:
1149:⟨7⟩
1129:⟨ḵ⟩
1108:⟨k⟩
1075:⟨t⟩
1065:⟨p⟩
1056:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1001:
882:
881:
875:⟨a⟩
854:⟨e⟩
835:⟨u⟩
823:⟨i⟩
663:Charles Hill-Tout
654:
653:
407:Pacific Northwest
337:
336:
297:
296:
279:rendering support
275:phonetic symbols.
102:Statistics Canada
16:(Redirected from
4376:
4264:Plains Sign Talk
3948:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3887:
3796:Hutterite German
3289:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3147:
3013:Northern Straits
2972:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2693:
2684:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2591:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2507:
2506:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2288:North Shore News
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2073:
1949:
1897:
1894:
1876:
1869:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1054:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1004:
999:
960:
897:
896:
892:
876:
873:
855:
852:
836:
833:
824:
821:
790:
771:
763:
759:
755:
675:Squamish culture
646:
639:
632:
501:
496:
477:
447:Skokomish people
439:
411:British Columbia
391:
381:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
299:
263:
252:
240:
219:
203:
196:
161:
124:
73:British Columbia
54:
42:
30:
21:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4339:Squamish people
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4296:
4273:
4236:
4215:
4160:
4156:Coast Tsimshian
4127:
4033:
3964:
3942:
3941:Oral Indigenous
3935:
3919:
3914:
3884:
3879:
3863:
3825:
3791:Canadian Gaelic
3739:
3694:
3690:Coast Tsimshian
3658:
3630:
3592:
3529:
3481:
3448:
3360:
3280:
3259:
3254:
3224:
3219:
3202:
3171:
3142:Interior Salish
3132:
3114:
3075:
2961:
2945:
2940:
2909:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2687:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2626:
2615:
2610:
2599:
2594:
2585:
2570:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2049:Squamish Nation
2045:
2025:Verb (Passive)
1911:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1882:needs expansion
1867:
1839:
1511:
1484:
1467:
1455:
1445:
1433:
1423:
1398:
1386:
1376:
1364:
1354:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1218:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1048:
977:
940:
898:
894:
890:
888:
887:
874:
853:
834:
822:
764:, as well as a
750:
745:
695:
679:Aert H. Kuipers
650:
598:Related peoples
593:
539:
486:Squamish people
475:
427:North Vancouver
403:Squamish people
379:
347:
343:
277:Without proper
265:
264:
255:
243:
215:
199:
192:
177:
170:Official status
162:
157:
151:
125:
122:Language family
120:
100:25 (2021,
97:
96:Native speakers
84:Squamish people
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4382:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4292:Chinook Jargon
4288:
4286:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4246:Sign languages
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4220:Other/isolates
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4206:Nuu-chah-nulth
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3970:Dené–Yeniseian
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3830:Sign languages
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Chinook Jargon
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3626:Nuu-chah-nulth
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3198:Montana Salish
3195:
3190:
3188:Columbia-Moses
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3102:Upper Chehalis
3098:
3095:Lower Chehalis
3091:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2878:
2864:
2846:
2839:
2838:External links
2836:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2681:10.1086/465543
2675:(3): 180–191.
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2624:
2608:
2592:
2583:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2487:10.1086/466333
2481:(3): 302–315.
2461:
2432:
2393:
2378:
2354:
2347:
2324:
2299:
2274:
2249:
2223:
2198:
2177:
2153:
2119:
2095:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1910:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1863:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
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1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
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1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
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1700:
1697:
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1690:
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1648:
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1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1510:
1507:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1002:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
973:
968:
963:
939:
936:
935:
934:
927:
926:
923:
920:
913:
912:
909:
886:
885:Vowel variants
883:
880:
879:
877:
867:
865:
859:
858:
856:
846:
844:
838:
837:
827:
825:
815:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
749:
746:
744:
741:
694:
691:
652:
651:
649:
648:
641:
634:
626:
623:
622:
604:Tsleil-Waututh
600:
599:
595:
594:
592:
591:
588:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
556:
555:
551:
550:
546:
545:
541:
540:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:
489:
488:
482:
481:
474:
471:
431:West Vancouver
401:spoken by the
335:
334:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
303:
295:
294:
281:, you may see
267:
266:
254:
253:
245:
244:
241:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
213:
205:
204:
197:
189:
188:
187:Language codes
184:
183:
178:
175:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:Writing system
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
128:
126:
119:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
98:
95:
92:
91:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
59:Native to
56:
55:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4381:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:Broken Slavey
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Coeur d’Alene
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2368:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2120:
2109:
2108:statcan.gc.ca
2105:
2099:
2096:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1880:This section
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:Reduplication
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:reduplication
1848:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
997:
994:
989:
984:
979:
972:
967:
961:
958:
956:
952:
948:
945:
937:
932:
931:
930:
924:
921:
918:
917:
916:
910:
907:
906:
905:
903:
893:
884:
878:
872:
868:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
851:
847:
845:
843:
840:
839:
832:
828:
826:
820:
816:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:
788:
786:
782:
779:
775:
767:
747:
742:
740:
738:
734:
728:
725:
718:
715:
713:
709:
699:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:Homer Barnett
664:
660:
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
627:
625:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
601:
596:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:X̱wemelch'stn
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
558:
557:
552:
549:3,893 approx.
548:
547:
542:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
510:
509:
504:
500:
495:
491:
490:
487:
483:
479:
478:
473:Documentation
472:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
438:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
384:
383:
374:
341:
332:
328:
325:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
274:
268:
262:
259:
251:
246:
239:
234:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
211:
206:
202:
198:
195:
190:
185:
182:
179:
173:
168:
164:
160:
154:
144:
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
127:
123:
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
47:Pronunciation
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4117:
4026:
4019:
3869:
3856:
3816:Plautdietsch
3582:
3477:Inuvialuktun
3212:
3125:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3068:
3063:
3051:
3042:
3037:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2967:Coast Salish
2908:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:
2871:. Retrieved
2857:. Retrieved
2853:
2829:
2822:
2818:18: 293–300.
2815:
2808:
2804:21: 610–626.
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2603:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2514:Bibliography
2478:
2474:
2464:
2441:
2435:
2408:
2387:
2381:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2334:
2327:
2316:. Retrieved
2312:
2302:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2190:. Retrieved
2180:
2169:. Retrieved
2166:omniglot.com
2165:
2156:
2129:
2122:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2098:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:
1935:
1931:passive verb
1927:intransitive
1912:
1903:
1893:October 2018
1890:
1886:adding to it
1881:
1840:
1552:Orthography
1546:Orthography
1536:
1527:
1515:orthographic
1512:
1497:
1492:
1488:glottal stop
1485:
941:
928:
914:
899:
751:
730:
720:
716:
704:
682:
669:worked with
655:
620:Coast Salish
529:
467:
442:
437:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh
434:
394:
386:
339:
338:
323:
314:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh
305:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh
270:
208:
142:
135:Coast Salish
4133:Tsimshianic
3960:Plains Cree
3654:Assiniboine
3543:Bella Coola
3462:Inuinnaqtun
3000:Lushootseed
2950:Bella Coola
2748:75.1: 1–27.
2216:28 February
1859:prefixation
1855:suffixation
1590:Consonants
1509:Orthography
1413:glottalized
955:orthography
671:Jimmy Frank
587:Ch’iyáḵmesh
554:Communities
465:languages.
443:Sko-ko-mish
285:instead of
4333:Categories
4259:Francosign
4052:Halkomelem
3952:Algonquian
3553:Halkomelem
3366:Athabaskan
3356:Potawatomi
3293:Algonquian
2987:Halkomelem
2892:2012-08-08
2873:2012-08-08
2859:2012-08-08
2581:: 407–427.
2372:2014-02-27
2318:2013-04-25
2293:2012-12-02
2192:2022-11-13
2171:2022-11-15
2113:2024-05-29
2089:2024-05-29
2060:References
1923:transitive
938:Consonants
902:allophones
659:Franz Boas
568:X̱wáýx̱way
544:Population
459:Halkomelem
451:Washington
4318:Ukrainian
4285:and mixed
4196:Kwakʼwala
4189:Oowekyala
4013:Chilcotin
3943:languages
3821:Ukrainian
3756:Cantonese
3621:Kwakʼwala
3520:Tuscarora
3487:Iroquoian
3467:Inuktitut
3439:Tsuutʼina
3389:Chipewyan
3384:Chilcotin
3311:Blackfoot
3306:Algonquin
3215:indicate
3127:Tillamook
3119:Tillamook
3053:Pentlatch
3038:Semiahmoo
2503:144078606
2495:0020-7071
2450:cite book
2421:cite book
2267:March 12,
2242:March 12,
2142:cite book
1938:Referents
1919:predicate
1482:Modifiers
1257:Fricative
1050:Affricate
944:consonant
743:Phonology
689:in 2011.
210:Glottolog
194:ISO 639-3
79:Ethnicity
4201:Liqʼwala
4184:Heiltsuk
4174:Ditidaht
4166:Wakashan
4123:Lillooet
4118:Squamish
4069:Okanagan
4062:Scw'exmx
4057:Thompson
4039:Salishan
4028:Tsetsaut
3983:Dane-zaa
3751:Mandarin
3606:Ditidaht
3598:Wakashan
3588:Thompson
3583:Squamish
3573:shíshálh
3563:Okanagan
3558:Lillooet
3535:Salishan
3510:Onondaga
3444:Tutchone
3399:Gwichʼin
3176:Southern
3157:Lillooet
3150:Northern
3109:Quinault
3080:Tsamosan
3064:Squamish
3059:shíshálh
3044:T'Sou-ke
3028:Songhees
3007:Nooksack
2635:: 19–31.
2604:ICSNL 36
2043:See also
2031:Subject
2013:Subject
1996:Subject
1979:Subject
1549:Phoneme
1543:Phoneme
1340:Sonorant
1157:ejective
1006:sibilant
978:alveolar
971:Alveolar
947:phonemes
842:Open-mid
781:phonemes
616:Nooksack
612:Shishalh
608:Musqueam
583:Stawamus
530:Language
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4086:Saanich
4003:Tlingit
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3931:English
3786:Italian
3766:Spanish
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3525:Wyandot
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2993:Klallam
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3336:Munsee
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3033:Samish
2957:Nuxálk
2802:Lingua
2501:
2493:
2345:
1909:Syntax
1819:/qʷʼ/
1763:/kʷʼ/
1707:/tʃʼ/
1679:/tɬʼ/
1665:/tsʼ/
1037:labial
1025:labial
988:Uvular
966:Labial
889:": -->
774:stress
768:sound
748:Vowels
520:Nation
515:People
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310:People
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82:4,700
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4096:Lummi
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3988:Kaska
3675:Haida
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3649:Sioux
3548:Comox
3454:Inuit
3409:Kaska
3070:Twana
3018:Lummi
2982:Comox
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2600:(PDF)
2575:ICSNL
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2499:S2CID
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2339:(PDF)
2261:(PDF)
2236:(PDF)
2134:(PDF)
2080:(PDF)
1929:, or
1805:/qʷ/
1797:/χʷ/
1791:/qʼ/
1769:/xʷ/
1749:/kʷ/
1741:/ˀj/
1735:/kʼ/
1693:/tʃ/
1685:/ˀl/
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1643:/ˀn/
1637:/tʼ/
1615:/ˀm/
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1345:plain
1055:plain
1031:plain
1019:plain
1000:plain
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778:vowel
766:schwa
382:-mish
380:SKWAW
3321:Innu
3316:Cree
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2427:link
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2269:2012
2244:2012
2218:2017
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1940:are
1827:/ʔ/
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1800:x̱w
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1671:/l/
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1657:/s/
1629:/n/
1623:/t/
1601:/m/
1595:/p/
1582:/a/
1576:/ə/
1568:/u/
1562:/i/
1204:t͡ʃʼ
1194:t͡ɬʼ
1184:t͡sʼ
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929:/u/
891:edit
813:High
806:Back
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2825:30.
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1520:/ʔ/
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1226:kʷʼ
1093:t͡ʃ
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951:IPA
863:Low
785:IPA
770:/ə/
762:/u/
758:/a/
754:/i/
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
449:of
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421:in
273:IPA
225:ELP
201:squ
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1464:w̰
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1442:l̰
1430:n̰
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1319:χʷ
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