4857:
5382:
5362:
5333:
5291:
5255:
5226:
5197:
5161:
5119:
5083:
5054:
5025:
4989:
4967:
4931:
4902:
4873:
5414:
4437:
3600:
1375:
they occur as allophones. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the
Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing
1418:
as somewhat random noise caused by the turbulent airflow, upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced. Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back. The centre of gravity
1394:
of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have but lack . (Relatedly, several languages have the
323:
and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.
1336:. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of the world's languages have no phonemic fricatives at all. This is a typical feature of
1946:
118:. When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition, the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English , , , and are examples of sibilants.
1982:
1956:
1383:, i.e. a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair.
1966:
1951:
1406:
but lack , and vice versa.) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are – in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences – , , , and .
669:
at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the
1936:
1913:
1903:
688:
do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: . However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)
1898:
5480:
4790:
2847:
2593:
2861:
2854:
2600:
3075:
2833:
2579:
402:
1848:
513:
4579:
2868:
2565:
376:
4618:
4541:
4752:
4682:
2840:
2586:
1511:
410:
4625:
4522:
5423:
4958:
4747:
4446:
3609:
3370:
3277:
1862:
1746:
1721:
1571:
529:
523:
4702:
4639:
4451:
3460:
3352:
3259:
2572:
503:
389:
4646:
4592:
4548:
4974:
4795:
3985:
3940:
3447:
3384:
3291:
2742:
2498:
546:
250:
4775:
4560:
4529:
1356:
unknown in indigenous
Australian languages, most of the other languages without true fricatives do have in their consonant inventory.
4996:
3951:
3903:
3889:
3831:
3817:
3469:
3377:
3284:
1893:
617:
535:
493:
481:
471:
415:
4724:
4709:
4489:
5473:
5045:
3965:
3487:
3398:
3359:
3305:
3266:
3023:
1696:
1675:
1521:
1359:
Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and
Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as
732:
563:
508:
445:
188:
4475:
5217:
3958:
3614:
3541:
3478:
3391:
3298:
2805:
2749:
2714:
2505:
2470:
728:
552:
363:
256:
222:
208:
125:" is an older term for fricatives used by some American and European phoneticians and phonologists for non-sibilant fricatives. "
5730:
4585:
4567:
6137:
5504:
5282:
5061:
5016:
3523:
2791:
2547:
1857:
1337:
1333:
631:
498:
420:
343:
56:
38:
5703:
4495:
5233:
5188:
5074:
4441:
4436:
3868:
3796:
3604:
3599:
3405:
3312:
2958:
2917:
2653:
2320:
654:
569:
456:
193:
5698:
4503:
2056:
6142:
5246:
5032:
4893:
4392:
4252:
4220:
3548:
2812:
2728:
2721:
2484:
2477:
2306:
1401:
1396:
368:
262:
236:
214:
5710:
5693:
4481:
145:
The airflow is not completely stopped in the production of fricative consonants. In other words, the airflow experiences
5685:
5466:
5353:
5204:
5090:
4785:
4383:
4372:
4284:
3896:
3824:
3530:
2988:
2798:
2777:
2700:
2554:
2533:
2456:
1941:
1841:
353:
333:
158:
79:
close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the
5725:
5720:
4598:
5262:
4909:
4864:
4399:
3882:
3861:
3810:
3557:
2975:
2931:
2924:
2875:
2667:
2660:
2611:
2356:
2327:
2176:
2009:
1215:
697:
659:
461:
425:
5715:
4509:
1245:
311:) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed,
5990:
5418:
5413:
5324:
4922:
4413:
4335:
3217:
3110:
2997:
2903:
2819:
2735:
2639:
2491:
2338:
2313:
2292:
644:
276:
4827:
5637:
5582:
5373:
5110:
4880:
4780:
4406:
4326:
4315:
3917:
3875:
3845:
3803:
3181:
2889:
2784:
2707:
2625:
2540:
2463:
2370:
2221:
2192:
435:
338:
178:
168:
731:", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see
720:, fricative or otherwise. They may be mistaken for real glottal constrictions in a number of languages, such as
601:(, a town), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as
5748:
5567:
5500:
5340:
5152:
4938:
4464:
4342:
3910:
3838:
3566:
3163:
3137:
3086:
3006:
2938:
2882:
2618:
2398:
2363:
2203:
2183:
2162:
1456:
1371:, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as and , which are familiar to many European speakers. In some
743:
Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as
706:
430:
5951:
5946:
5857:
5389:
5302:
5126:
4356:
3752:
3224:
3057:
3048:
3031:
2910:
2826:
2646:
2384:
2345:
2299:
2235:
1834:
649:
1821:
5968:
5778:
5577:
5552:
5496:
5168:
4349:
4113:
4051:
3743:
3732:
3677:
3643:
3203:
3188:
3068:
2896:
2632:
2377:
2263:
2228:
2119:
2104:
2088:
1476:
1368:
1329:
1311:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1277:
1272:
1252:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
989:
982:
977:
969:
961:
955:
950:
944:
938:
933:
929:
924:
851:
843:
835:
815:
811:
807:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
717:
627:
613:
440:
407:
399:
386:
373:
300:
183:
72:
52:
48:
34:
5557:
5534:
5512:
4175:
4102:
4082:
4040:
4020:
3759:
3656:
3170:
3144:
3119:
3093:
2405:
2249:
2210:
2169:
2099:
2060:
1908:
1345:
800:
130:
76:
850:, appear allophonically before a nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when
5995:
5958:
5670:
4631:
4164:
4144:
4122:
4060:
3773:
3712:
3039:
2391:
2242:
2144:
1399:
681:
751:
are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants. However, phonemically
6066:
5936:
5913:
5662:
5615:
5587:
5428:
4695:
4306:
4193:
4184:
4093:
4031:
3780:
3766:
3684:
3210:
2270:
2124:
2081:
1372:
752:
674:
320:
308:
270:
1427:), may be used to determine the place of articulation of a fricative relative to that of another.
5931:
5764:
5572:
5529:
4718:
4155:
3721:
3670:
3649:
2412:
2256:
2114:
2094:
2052:
1803:
1624:
Guillaume
Jacques 2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi,
685:
670:
319:, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are
296:
1653:". In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.)
6053:
6010:
5887:
5852:
5675:
5642:
5610:
5544:
5139:
4674:
4076:
3927:
3691:
3622:
3236:
2149:
2129:
2071:
1961:
1742:
1717:
1692:
1671:
1567:
1517:
1475:
There are likely to be more aspirated, murmured and nasal fricatives than shown here. ⟨
1451:
1341:
1027:
847:
788:
312:
304:
288:
199:
6078:
6071:
5926:
5882:
5877:
5740:
5652:
5629:
5605:
5562:
5521:
4949:
4468:
4014:
3705:
3663:
2139:
2109:
2076:
2066:
1795:
1441:
1360:
1349:
839:
744:
721:
591:
316:
292:
266:
134:
6043:
5941:
5921:
5862:
5830:
5647:
5273:
5007:
4005:
3698:
3131:
2134:
2004:
1826:
1709:
1541:
1503:
1364:
764:
580:
556:
226:
84:
1666:
Maddieson, Ian. "Voicing in
Plosives and Fricatives", in Martin Haspelmath et al. (eds.)
1352:
and South
America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas is
712:
In many languages, such as
English or Korean, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied
6015:
5179:
1537:
1446:
1325:
602:
517:
98:
6131:
6101:
6061:
6038:
6005:
5978:
4838:
4366:
4208:
3626:
1807:
1507:
1423:), i.e. the average frequency in a spectrum weighted by the amplitude (also known as
606:
94:
6111:
6030:
6020:
6000:
4688:
2421:
827:
776:
666:
621:
585:
475:
467:
with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills.
6116:
6106:
6096:
5983:
5840:
5436:
4850:
4833:
4611:
4138:
2946:
2019:
1997:
1599:
John Esling (2010) "Phonetic
Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds)
597:
539:
80:
5899:
5315:
4843:
2156:
2014:
1799:
6088:
5894:
5845:
5800:
5787:
5101:
3788:
2434:
2042:
1436:
1415:
1391:
748:
713:
284:
69:
17:
5822:
5810:
5407:
4742:
4664:
4658:
4430:
3593:
2431:
1657:. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 18. Accessed on 2008-09-15.
1387:
1086:
146:
115:
103:
44:
1770:. Budapest: Department of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University.
1763:
5795:
4515:
3726:
2286:
1992:
831:
1328:
may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including
1786:
1386:
This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from
1332:), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the
5835:
4818:
1987:
1764:"Measuring acoustic correlates of voicing in stops and fricatives"
1714:
The Sounds of
Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
1566:. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 36.
89:
5462:
5458:
4816:
2040:
1875:
1830:
1650:
1340:, where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to
1768:
VLlxx: Papers Presented to László Varga on His 70th Birthday
129:" could mean just "sibilant", but some authors include also
75:
by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two
27:
Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel
1379:
About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have
854:
occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized.
677:
may be added to specify an approximant realization, .
639:
IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants
3631:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
1670:, pp. 26–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
452:
The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives,
121:
The usage of two other terms is less standardized: "
43:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6087:
6052:
6029:
5967:
5912:
5821:
5786:
5777:
5757:
5739:
5684:
5661:
5628:
5598:
5543:
5520:
5511:
5272:
5100:
4948:
4768:
2087:
2059:
1975:
1929:
1886:
803:, which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives:
735:for a putative (and rather controversial) example.
1348:, but also occurs in some indigenous languages of
1788:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1741:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 162–3.
716:states of the glottis, without any accompanying
634:(a laterally lisped or ) (Modern South Arabian)
57:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
767:; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few
5474:
4791:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1842:
1655:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
8:
5783:
5595:
5517:
5481:
5467:
5459:
4813:
4765:
2037:
1883:
1872:
1849:
1835:
1827:
665:No language distinguishes fricatives from
114:A particular subset of fricatives are the
1904:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
403:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
93:); or the side of the tongue against the
857:
514:voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative
229:, partially palatalized), as in English
3645:
2086:
1492:
1468:
377:voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative
239:(domed, partially palatalized), as the
2070:
1668:The World Atlas of Language Structures
1612:
411:voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
4305:
4004:
3720:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2080:
2075:
2065:
530:voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
524:voiced postalveolar lateral fricative
7:
3678:
1691:. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
1564:A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
1498:
1496:
759:contrasts with a tense, unaspirated
575:The lateral fricative occurs as the
504:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
390:voiced dental non-sibilant fricative
107:). This turbulent airflow is called
47:. For the distinction between ,
4796:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3657:
3621:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1513:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1479:⟩ are not IPA transcription.
727:In addition, is usually called a "
547:voiceless palatal lateral fricative
205:voiced predorsal sibilant (laminal)
3713:
1894:International Phonetic Association
618:voiceless lateral-median fricative
536:Voiced retroflex lateral fricative
494:voiceless dental lateral fricative
472:voiceless velopharyngeal fricative
416:Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
251:voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
223:voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
25:
5388:
5372:
5352:
5339:
5323:
5301:
5281:
5261:
5245:
5232:
5216:
5203:
5187:
5167:
5151:
5138:
5125:
5109:
5089:
5073:
5060:
5044:
5031:
5015:
4995:
4973:
4957:
4937:
4921:
4908:
4892:
4879:
4863:
4723:
4708:
4701:
4681:
4657:
4645:
4638:
4624:
4617:
4591:
4578:
4566:
4559:
4547:
4540:
4528:
4521:
4502:
4488:
4474:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4382:
4371:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4325:
4314:
4283:
4251:
4219:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4163:
4154:
4143:
4121:
4112:
4101:
4092:
4081:
4059:
4050:
4039:
4030:
4019:
3984:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3939:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3742:
3731:
3685:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3540:
3529:
3522:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3446:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3358:
3351:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3265:
3258:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3187:
3180:
3169:
3162:
3143:
3136:
3118:
3109:
3092:
3085:
3074:
3067:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3022:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2974:
2957:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2420:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2344:
2337:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2209:
2202:
2191:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2145:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1601:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
733:voiceless palatal-velar fricative
707:breathy-voiced glottal transition
564:voiceless velar lateral fricative
509:voiced alveolar lateral fricative
446:voiceless palatal-velar fricative
202:, with tongue tip at lower teeth)
5412:
5380:
5360:
5331:
5289:
5253:
5224:
5195:
5159:
5117:
5081:
5052:
5023:
4987:
4965:
4929:
4900:
4871:
4855:
4435:
3671:
3650:
3598:
1947:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1716:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 129.
729:voiceless labial-velar fricative
673:to the letters, . Likewise, the
553:voiced palatal lateral fricative
364:voiceless linguolabial fricative
5505:International Phonetic Alphabet
3692:
1858:International Phonetic Alphabet
1739:Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics
1338:Australian Aboriginal languages
632:voiced lateral-median fricative
499:voiced dental lateral fricative
482:voiced velopharyngeal fricative
421:Voiced alveolar fricative trill
344:voiceless labiodental fricative
328:Central non-sibilant fricatives
257:voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
237:voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
209:voiceless postalveolar sibilant
39:International Phonetic Alphabet
4776:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3706:
3664:
1967:IPA chart for English dialects
1766:. In Szigetvári, Péter (ed.).
1588:Exploring the Spanish Language
655:voiceless pharyngeal fricative
570:voiced velar lateral fricative
457:voiceless epiglottal fricative
198:voiceless predorsal sibilant (
1:
3699:
747:("plain") fricatives. Other
369:voiced linguolabial fricative
101:(appearing twice in the name
4786:Voiceless bidental fricative
1909:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1651:Absence of Common Consonants
1637:Laver (1994: 255–256)
1267:
1243:
1213:
1165:
1083:
1025:
919:
698:voiceless glottal transition
354:voiced labiodental fricative
334:voiceless bilabial fricative
263:voiceless retroflex sibilant
215:voiced postalveolar sibilant
2010:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
660:voiced pharyngeal fricative
624:or ) (Modern South Arabian)
462:voiced epiglottal fricative
426:voiceless palatal fricative
6159:
1381:unpaired voiced fricatives
645:voiceless uvular fricative
159:voiceless coronal sibilant
5873:
5494:
5314:
5178:
5006:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4812:
4781:Nasal palatal approximant
4465:Co-articulated consonants
4365:
4310:
4273:
4241:
4206:
4137:
4075:
4013:
3974:
3926:
3854:
3787:
3725:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3502:
3424:
3331:
3235:
3130:
3030:
2945:
2772:
2676:
2528:
2430:
2285:
2155:
2049:
2036:
1882:
1871:
1800:10.1017/S0025100300004448
1538:"Definition of Frication"
1258:
1249:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1169:
1162:
1090:
1080:
928:
923:
787:), and in the (central?)
775:, in the Siouan language
436:voiceless velar fricative
339:voiced bilabial fricative
277:voiced retroflex sibilant
189:voiceless apical sibilant
179:voiceless dental sibilant
137:fricatives in the class.
1762:Kiss, Zoltán G. (2013).
1457:List of phonetics topics
431:voiced palatal fricative
87:(the final consonant of
3641:Non-pulmonic consonants
2773:Non-sibilant fricative
2529:Non-sibilant affricate
1899:History of the alphabet
1737:Johnson, Keith (2012).
1649:Maddieson, Ian. 2008. "
1639:Principles of Phonetics
650:voiced uvular fricative
448:(articulation disputed)
169:voiced coronal sibilant
35:phonetic transcriptions
6138:Manner of articulation
5497:Articulatory phonetics
1957:Sinological extensions
1369:Austronesian languages
1324:Until its extinction,
773:Oto-Manguean languages
769:Sino-Tibetan languages
755:fricatives are rare.
441:voiced velar fricative
259:(laminal, palatalized)
253:(laminal, palatalized)
194:voiced apical sibilant
184:voiced dental sibilant
32:This article contains
5671:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1822:Fricatives in English
1516:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1414:Fricatives appear in
921:central non-sibilant
830:fricatives are rare.
799:). The record may be
609:), and in Mongolian.
474:(often occurs with a
279:(apical or subapical)
6143:Fricative consonants
5996:Labio-palatalization
3425:Lateral approximant
1269:nasalized fricative
822:Nasalized fricatives
739:Aspirated fricatives
682:bilabial approximant
5686:Double articulation
2053:Pulmonic consonants
1710:Zsiga, Elizabeth C.
1562:Lodge, Ken (2009).
1373:Dravidian languages
860:
859:Types of fricative
3975:Lateral fricative
3625:, to the left are
3332:Lateral fricative
2120:Postalveolar
2105:Linguolabial
1952:Naming conventions
1915:Journal of the IPA
1689:Patterns of Sounds
858:
686:dental approximant
488:Lateral fricatives
6125:
6124:
6011:Pharyngealization
5908:
5907:
5773:
5772:
5731:Uvular–epiglottal
5624:
5623:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5399:
5398:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4761:
4760:
4586:Uvular–epiglottal
4460:
4459:
4422:
4421:
3637:
3636:
3585:
3584:
3503:Lateral tap/flap
2100:Labiodental
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
1962:World Orthography
1748:978-1-4051-9466-2
1723:978-1-4051-9103-6
1603:, 2nd ed., p 695.
1573:978-0-8264-8873-2
1452:Laminal consonant
1317:
1316:
1150:
1136:
1071:
1063:
1028:lateral fricative
994:
987:
974:
966:
848:Coatzospan Mixtec
838:and Kwangali and
789:Chumash languages
692:Pseudo-fricatives
97:, in the case of
16:(Redirected from
6150:
6079:Voice onset time
5784:
5704:Labial–retroflex
5596:
5518:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5460:
5440:
5416:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5306:
5305:
5293:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5237:
5236:
5228:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5208:
5207:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5172:
5171:
5163:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5143:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5094:
5093:
5085:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5065:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5035:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5000:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4978:
4977:
4969:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4942:
4941:
4933:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4913:
4912:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4884:
4883:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4828:
4814:
4766:
4727:
4712:
4705:
4685:
4661:
4649:
4642:
4628:
4621:
4595:
4582:
4570:
4563:
4554:Labial–retroflex
4551:
4544:
4532:
4525:
4506:
4496:Labial–retroflex
4492:
4478:
4439:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4386:
4375:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4329:
4318:
4289:
4257:
4225:
4196:
4189:
4180:
4169:
4160:
4149:
4127:
4118:
4107:
4098:
4087:
4065:
4056:
4045:
4036:
4025:
4011:bottom: uvular)
3988:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3943:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3746:
3735:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3632:
3602:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3544:
3533:
3526:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3450:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3362:
3355:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3269:
3262:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3191:
3184:
3173:
3166:
3147:
3140:
3122:
3113:
3096:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3026:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2978:
2961:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2348:
2341:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2213:
2206:
2195:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2057:
2038:
1884:
1873:
1866:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1810:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1706:
1700:
1687:Maddieson, Ian.
1685:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1586:Pountain (2014)
1584:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1504:Ladefoged, Peter
1500:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1442:Apical consonant
1405:
1397:voiced affricate
1361:Mandarin Chinese
1331:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1254:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1167:apical sibilant
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
992:
991:
985:
984:
979:
972:
971:
967:
964:
963:
957:
952:
947:
946:
940:
935:
931:
926:
861:
853:
845:
837:
817:
813:
809:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
762:
758:
700:, as in English
629:
622:laterally lisped
615:
409:
401:
392:, as in English
388:
379:, as in English
375:
356:, as in English
346:, as in English
171:, as in English
161:, as in English
54:
50:
21:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6083:
6048:
6025:
5970:
5963:
5904:
5869:
5817:
5769:
5753:
5735:
5699:Labial–alveolar
5680:
5657:
5638:Alveolo-palatal
5620:
5594:
5583:Palato-alveolar
5539:
5507:
5501:Co-articulation
5490:
5487:
5457:
5448:
5438:
5437:unrounded
5433:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5322:
5308:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5280:
5268:
5267:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5186:
5174:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5108:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5014:
5002:
5001:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4956:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4862:
4856:
4821:
4800:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:Labial–alveolar
4728:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4643:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4535:Labial–alveolar
4533:
4526:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4482:Labial–alveolar
4479:
4471:
4461:
4456:
4286:
4254:
4242:Voiced lateral
4222:
4197:
4186:
4177:
4166:
4157:
4146:
4124:
4115:
4104:
4095:
4084:
4062:
4053:
4042:
4033:
4022:
4010:
4008:
3630:
3619:
2125:Retroflex
2045:
2024:
1983:ASCII encodings
1971:
1925:
1878:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1818:
1813:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:121.9:1518-1538
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1542:Merriam-Webster
1536:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1433:
1412:
1390:of plosives or
1322:
1216:fricative trill
1205:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1157:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1098:
1065:
1057:
1046:
1019:
1000:
988:
968:
960:
943:
932:
912:
901:
896:
888:
880:
875:
870:
856:
840:Souletin Basque
824:
741:
694:
641:
555:(allophonic in
545:or or extIPA
490:
330:
155:
143:
83:in the case of
62:
61:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6156:
6154:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6130:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6058:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6016:Glottalization
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5991:Palatalization
5988:
5987:
5986:
5975:
5973:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5749:Velopharyngeal
5745:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5711:Labial–palatal
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5694:Labial–coronal
5690:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5570:
5568:Denti-alveolar
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5379:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5359:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5337:
5330:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5259:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5230:
5223:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5201:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5165:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5123:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5058:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4993:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4971:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4906:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4877:
4870:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4729:
4722:
4717:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4663:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4636:
4632:Labial–palatal
4630:
4623:
4616:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4597:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4501:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4274:Nasal lateral
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Bilabial
2092:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1930:Special topics
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1816:External links
1814:
1812:
1811:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1754:
1747:
1729:
1722:
1701:
1680:
1659:
1642:
1630:
1617:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1529:
1522:
1508:Maddieson, Ian
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Hush consonant
1444:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1411:
1408:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1246:fricative flap
1242:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1119:
1108:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1009:
1004:
995:
980:
975:
958:
953:
948:
941:
936:
927:
922:
918:
917:
914:
909:
906:
903:
898:
893:
890:
885:
882:
877:
872:
867:
864:
823:
820:
740:
737:
710:
709:
704:
693:
690:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
640:
637:
636:
635:
625:
573:
572:
566:
560:
549:
543:
532:
526:
521:
511:
506:
501:
496:
489:
486:
485:
484:
479:
465:
464:
459:
450:
449:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
405:
397:
384:
371:
366:
361:
351:
341:
336:
329:
326:
281:
280:
274:
260:
254:
248:
234:
220:
219:
218:
212:
206:
203:
196:
191:
186:
181:
166:
154:
151:
142:
139:
55:⟩, see
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6155:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Uvularization
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5979:Labialization
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5726:Coronal–velar
5724:
5722:
5721:Labial–uvular
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5484:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5443:
5442:
5441: rounded
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5391:
5375:
5368:
5355:
5348:
5342:
5326:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5304:
5297:
5284:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5248:
5241:
5235:
5219:
5212:
5206:
5190:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5154:
5147:
5141:
5134:
5128:
5112:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5076:
5069:
5063:
5047:
5040:
5034:
5018:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4960:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4924:
4917:
4911:
4895:
4888:
4882:
4866:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4726:
4720:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4676:
4669:
4667:
4660:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4609:
4600:
4599:Labial–uvular
4594:
4587:
4581:
4569:
4562:
4550:
4543:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4497:
4491:
4483:
4477:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3642:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Case variants
1940:
1938:
1937:Cursive forms
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:0-521-26536-3
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:0-19-925591-1
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1523:0-631-19815-6
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1425:spectral mean
1422:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1201:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1153:
1120:
1109:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1015:
1010:
1005:
996:
981:
976:
959:
954:
949:
942:
937:
920:
915:
910:
907:
904:
899:
894:
891:
886:
883:
878:
873:
868:
865:
863:
862:
855:
849:
841:
833:
829:
826:Phonemically
821:
819:
802:
790:
778:
774:
770:
766:
754:
750:
746:
738:
736:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
703:
699:
696:
695:
691:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
633:
626:
623:
619:
612:
611:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:
594:
593:
588:
587:
582:
578:
571:
567:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
525:
522:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
473:
470:
469:
468:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
406:
404:
398:
395:
391:
385:
382:
378:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
327:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:, but may be
290:
286:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:in English vi
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
156:
152:
150:
148:
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
112:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
58:
46:
42:
40:
36:
19:
6031:Tongue shape
6021:Nasalization
6001:Velarization
5971:articulation
5805:
5741:Pathological
5716:Labial–velar
5599:Active place
5578:Postalveolar
5553:Linguolabial
5489:Articulation
5434:
4715:Labial–velar
4665:
4652:Labial–velar
4607:
4573:Labial–velar
4510:Labial–velar
4463:
4009:(top: velar;
3855:
3640:
3620:
2678:
2051:
1918:
1914:
1794:(2): 91–93,
1791:
1787:
1767:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1713:
1704:
1688:
1683:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1613:Laufer (1991
1608:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1532:
1512:
1471:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1358:
1353:
1346:approximants
1323:
945:θ̟ð̟(θ̪͆ð̪͆)
825:
801:Cone Tibetan
742:
726:
711:
701:
679:
667:approximants
664:
596:
590:
584:
576:
574:
476:cleft palate
466:
451:
393:
380:
357:
347:
301:postalveolar
282:
244:
240:
230:
172:
162:
144:
126:
122:
120:
113:
108:
102:
88:
77:articulators
65:
63:
51:and ⟨
33:
5841:Approximant
5558:Interdental
5535:Labiodental
4677:approximant
4612:approximant
2947:Approximant
2020:IPA Braille
1998:Kirshenbaum
1376:contrasts.
598:Machynlleth
568:or extIPA
562:or extIPA
551:or extIPA
534:or extIPA
528:or extIPA
131:labiodental
81:soft palate
6132:Categories
5969:Secondary
5959:Percussive
5927:Ingressive
5900:Continuant
5424:full chart
4950:Near-close
4748:full chart
4670:(variable)
4447:full chart
3930:affricate
3610:full chart
3239:affricate
2043:Consonants
2015:IPA number
1877:IPA topics
1487:References
1367:, and the
1350:New Guinea
1320:Occurrence
771:, in some
749:phonations
18:Fricatives
6089:Phonation
6067:Aspirated
6062:Voiceless
5937:Implosive
5922:Egressive
5914:Airstream
5895:Occlusive
5846:Semivowel
5806:Fricative
5801:Affricate
5788:Obstruent
5663:Laryngeal
5616:Subapical
5588:Retroflex
5274:Near-open
5008:Close-mid
4696:Implosive
4689:Velarized
4608:Fricative
4367:Voiceless
4307:Implosive
3856:Fricative
3789:Affricate
3627:voiceless
2679:fricative
2677:Sibilant
2435:affricate
2082:Laryngeal
1976:Encodings
1808:145231104
1437:Affricate
1416:waveforms
1410:Acoustics
1392:fortition
1062:(laminal)
986:(laminal)
965:(laminal)
902:retroflex
828:nasalized
753:aspirated
714:phonation
630:or and
616:or and
321:subapical
309:retroflex
285:sibilants
271:subapical
217:(laminal)
211:(laminal)
153:Sibilants
116:sibilants
109:frication
70:consonant
66:fricative
5984:Rounding
5952:Ejective
5947:Pulmonic
5932:Ejective
5858:Tap/flap
5823:Sonorant
5811:Sibilant
5765:Bidental
5573:Alveolar
5530:Bilabial
5435:Legend:
5429:template
5408:IPA help
5180:Open-mid
4753:template
4743:IPA help
4719:Ejective
4691:alveolar
4452:template
4431:IPA help
3722:Ejective
3615:template
3594:IPA help
3032:Tap/flap
2432:Sibilant
2115:Alveolar
1712:(2013).
1510:(1996).
1431:See also
1388:lenition
1354:entirely
1342:plosives
1149:(closed)
1087:sibilant
1085:laminal
1070:(apical)
993:(apical)
973:(apical)
916:glottal
900:palatal/
897:alveolar
892:alveolar
889:alveolar
866:bilabial
852:/fvszʃʒ/
675:downtack
592:Llewelyn
583:, as in
297:alveolar
147:friction
127:Strident
104:Llanelli
73:produced
49:/ /
45:Help:IPA
6102:Breathy
5888:Lateral
5853:Vibrant
5796:Plosive
5676:Glottal
5643:Palatal
5611:Laminal
5545:Coronal
5439:•
4839:Central
4675:Lateral
4516:Plosive
4311:Voiced
4209:lateral
4207:Tenuis
4198:
3928:Lateral
3237:Lateral
2287:Plosive
2150:Glottal
2130:Palatal
2072:Coronal
1993:X-SAMPA
1779:Sources
1590:, p. 18
1135:(domed)
978:ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔
911:pharyn-
874:linguo-
832:Umbundu
722:Finnish
313:laminal
305:palatal
289:coronal
200:laminal
123:Spirant
37:in the
6112:Creaky
6072:Tenuis
6039:Sulcal
5883:Rhotic
5878:Liquid
5779:Manner
5653:Uvular
5630:Dorsal
5606:Apical
5563:Dental
5522:Labial
5417:
4819:Vowels
4668:-sound
4440:
4077:Voiced
4015:Tenuis
3623:voiced
3603:
2594:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2140:Uvular
2110:Dental
2089:Manner
2077:Dorsal
2067:Labial
1806:
1745:
1720:
1695:
1674:
1626:Lingua
1570:
1547:27 May
1520:
1477:s̄ ṣ ŝ
1365:Korean
1190:s̺̠z̺̠
1173:s̺̪z̺̪
1126:s̻̠z̻̠
1117:s͇ʰz͇ʱ
1094:s̻̪z̻̪
908:uvular
887:denti-
884:dental
881:dental
879:inter-
876:labial
871:dental
869:labio-
814:, and
765:Korean
757:/s~sʰ/
745:tenuis
718:manner
671:uptack
595:, and
557:Jebero
317:apical
293:dental
267:apical
135:uvular
95:molars
85:German
53:
6117:Stiff
6107:Slack
6097:Modal
6054:Voice
6044:Domed
5942:Click
5863:Trill
5836:Vowel
5831:Nasal
5758:Other
5648:Velar
5513:Place
5419:audio
4851:Close
4834:Front
4769:Other
4703:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4469:Nasal
4442:audio
4139:Nasal
4006:Click
3605:audio
3132:Trill
2601:d̠ɹ̠˔
2157:Nasal
2135:Velar
2061:Place
1988:SAMPA
1863:chart
1804:S2CID
1463:Notes
1404:]
1400:[
1326:Ubykh
1253:ɾ̞̊ɾ̞
1232:ʀ̝̊ʀ̝
1223:r̝̊r̝
1199:ʃʰ ʒʱ
990:ɻ̝̊ɻ̝
970:ɹ̝̊ɹ̝
905:velar
895:post-
846:. In
842:have
680:(The
603:Xhosa
586:Lloyd
581:Welsh
518:Mehri
315:, or
303:, or
227:domed
141:Types
99:Welsh
68:is a
41:(IPA)
5316:Open
4844:Back
4725:t͡pʼ
3966:q𝼄ʼ
3959:k𝼄ʼ
3952:c𝼆ʼ
3818:t̠ʃʼ
3804:t̪θʼ
3797:p̪fʼ
3727:Stop
3182:ɽ̊r̥
2848:ɹ̠̊˔
2580:tɹ̝̊
2005:TIPA
1919:JIPA
1743:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1615::91)
1568:ISBN
1549:2021
1518:ISBN
1299:ʃ̃ʒ̃
1294:s̃z̃
1287:θ̃ð̃
1273:ɸ̃β̃
1207:ʂʰʐʱ
1196:ʃ̺ʒ̺
1180:s̺z̺
1159:ɕʰʑʱ
1132:ʃ̻ʒ̻
1122:s̠z̠
1112:s͇z͇
1104:s̟z̟
1100:s̄z̄
1075:𝼄ʟ̝
1059:𝼆ʎ̝
1053:ɬ̠ɮ̠
1048:ɬʰɮʱ
1037:ɬ̪ɮ̪
1012:ħ̝ʕ̝
1007:χ̝ʁ̝
1002:xʰɣʱ
962:θ͇ð͇
956:θ̠ð̠
939:θ̼ð̼
934:fʰvʱ
913:geal
844:/h̃/
834:has
816:/xʰ/
812:/ʂʰ/
808:/ɕʰ/
805:/sʰ/
797:/ʃʰ/
795:and
793:/sʰ/
785:/fʰ/
783:and
781:/sʰ/
761:/s͈/
684:and
607:Zulu
605:and
538:(in
287:are
283:All
133:and
90:Bach
5102:Mid
4710:ɠ͡ɓ
4593:q͡p
4580:q͡ʡ
4568:ɡ͡b
4561:k͡p
4549:ɖ͡b
4542:ʈ͡p
4530:d͡b
4523:t͡p
4504:ŋ͡m
4490:ɳ͡m
4476:n͡m
4178:ɴ𝼊
4176:ŋ𝼊
4116:ɢ𝼊
4114:ɡ𝼊
4054:q𝼊
4052:k𝼊
3941:tɬʼ
3846:qχʼ
3839:kxʼ
3832:tɕʼ
3825:tʂʼ
3811:tsʼ
3542:𝼈̥
3313:ɡʟ̝
3306:k𝼄
3299:ɟʎ̝
3292:c𝼆
3285:d𝼅
2862:ɻ̊˔
2855:ɹ̠˔
2587:dɹ̝
2573:d̪ð
2566:t̪θ
2555:b̪v
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