Parachuting - Knowledge (XXG)

1375:"chows", or fails to reach shore and sinks into the water. Swoop ponds are not deep enough to drown in under ordinary circumstances, their main danger being from the concussive force of an incorrectly executed maneuver. In order to gain distance, swoopers increase their speed by executing a "hook turn", wherein both speed and difficulty increase with the angle of the turn. Hook turns are most commonly measured in increments of 90 degrees. As the angle of the turn increases, both horizontal and vertical speed are increased, such that a misjudgement of altitude or imprecise manipulation of the canopy's control structures (front risers, rear risers, and toggles) can lead to a high-speed impact with the pond or Earth. Prevention of injury is the main reason why a pond is used for swooping rather than a grass landing area. 929:" (which separates the parachute lines into four main groups fed through grommets in the four respective corners of the slider) slows the opening of the parachute and works its way down until the canopy is fully open and the slider is just above the head of the skydiver. The slider slows and controls the deployment of the parachute. Without a slider, the parachute would inflate fast, potentially damaging the parachute fabric and/or suspension lines, as well as causing discomfort, injury or even death of the jumper. During a normal deployment, a skydiver will generally experience a few seconds of intense deceleration, in the realm of 3 to 4 g, while the parachute slows the descent from 190 km/h (120 mph) to approximately 28 km/h (17 mph). 1352: 753: 153: 327: 576: 1294: 1054: 529: 1342:

of the low angle of reflection. The lower they get, the darker the ground looks. At about 100 feet and below it may seem that they are landing in a black hole. Suddenly it becomes very dark, and the jumper hits the ground soon after. This ground rush should be explained to, and anticipated by, the first-time night jumper. Recommendations should be made to the jumper to utilize a canopy that is larger than they typically use on a day jump and to attempt to schedule their first night jump as close to a full moon as possible to make it easier to see the ground.

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packed and deployed differently; they are also designed more conservatively and built and tested to more exacting standards so they are more reliable than main parachutes, but the real safety advantage comes from the probability of an unlikely main malfunction multiplied by the even less likely probability of a reserve malfunction. This yields an even smaller probability of a double malfunction although the possibility of a main malfunction that cannot be cut away causing a reserve malfunction is a very real risk.

492: 1120: 421:. Said system is usually operated by the pilot, aircrew member, or passenger by engaging an activation device manually. In most designs, this will lead to the seat being propelled out of and away from the aircraft, carrying the occupant with it, by means of either an explosive charge or a rocket propulsion system. Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat will deploy a parachute, although some older models entrusted this step to manual activation by the seat's occupant. 1084: 1399: 1148: 745: 1140: 726: 554:

parachutes. When this occurs, the jumpers often must quickly perform emergency procedures (if there is sufficient altitude to do so) to "cut-away" (jettison) from their main canopies and deploy their reserve canopies. Canopy collisions are particularly dangerous when occurring at altitudes too low to allow the jumpers adequate time to safely jettison their main parachutes and fully deploy their reserve parachutes.

4084: 654: 1216: 951: 853: 435: 49: 1617: 913:, catching air and pulling out the main parachute or the main canopy. There are two principal systems in use: the "throw-out", where the skydiver pulls a toggle attached to the top of the pilot-chute stowed in a small pocket outside the main container: and the "pull-out", where the skydiver pulls a small pad attached to the pilot-chute which is stowed inside the container. 662:

single outstretched limb, such as a hand or foot, is extended separately from the rest of the body, causing it to sustain forces disproportional to the support structures within. This tendency is displayed in the accompanying chart, which shows the significantly higher proportion of wrist and ankle injuries among the 186 injured in a 110,000 parachute jump study.

351: 511:(AAD) that opens the reserve parachute at a predetermined altitude if it detects that the skydiver is still in free fall. Depending on the country, AADs are often mandatory for new jumpers, and/or required for all jumpers regardless of their experience level. Some skydivers wear a visual altimeter, and some use audible altimeters fitted to their helmets. 839:

feet above ground level (AGL), allowing one to reach a higher terminal velocity than normal. In AFF, one (or sometimes two) instructor(s) are dedicated to just one student, causing this method of training to be more expensive than static line progression, where one instructor can dispatch multiple students per load, initially from a lower altitude.

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holds the deployment bag is a closing loop which, during packing, is fed through the grommets of the four flaps that are used to close the container. At that point, a curved pin that is attached to the bridle is inserted through the closing loop. The next step involves folding the pilot-chute and placing it in a pouch (e.g., B.O.C pouch).

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devised to let people of varying skill levels compete for fun. "Hit and rock" is originally from POPS (Parachutists Over Phorty Society). The object is to land as close as possible to the chair, remove the parachute harness, sprint to the chair, sit fully in the chair and rock back and forth at least

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This is when skydivers have a ball that weighs 455–590 grams and release it in free fall. The ball maintains the same fall rate as the skydivers. The skydivers can pass the ball around to each other whilst in free fall. At a predetermined altitude, the "ball master" will catch the ball and hold on to

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Activation begins when the pilot-chute is thrown out. It inflates and creates drag, pulling the pin out of the closing loop and allowing the pilot-chute to pull the deployment bag from the container. The parachute lines are pulled loose from the rubber bands and extend as the canopy starts to open. A

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Accelerated freefall (AFF) (known in Canada as progressive freefall, and in Finland as Nova (NOpeutettu VApaapudotus, a literal translation) is a method of training for skydiving, called accelerated because the progression is the fastest way to experience solo freefall, normally from 10,000 to 15,000

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In the U.S. during the 1970s, the sport averaged 42.5 fatalities annually. In the 1980s, the average dropped to 34.1, and in the 1990s, the average decreased to 32.3 deaths per year. Between 2000 and 2009, the average dropped to 25.8 and over the eight years after 2009, the annual average declined to

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United States Parachute Association (USPA), July 2021. Quote: "On May 1, Don Kellner, D-572 and the Guinness World Record Holder for Most Lifetime Skydives, made eight skydives at Above the Poconos Skydivers in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, the drop zone he owned with his wife, Darlene. They were the last

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In order to justify the presence of "suspicious" content inside the parachute (explosive, vacuum, metal pieces, cables), travelers are encouraged to announce that they are traveling with a parachute when they buy their airplane ticket, and to produce the following documents when asked by the airport

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National parachuting associations exist in many countries, many affiliated with the FAI, to promote their sport. In most cases, national representative bodies, as well as local drop zone operators, require that participants carry certification attesting to their training their level of experience in

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Tracking is where skydivers take a body position to achieve a high forward speed, allowing them to cover a great distance over the ground. Tracking is also used at the end of group jumps to achieve separation from other jumpers before parachute deployment. The tracking position involves sweeping the

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Night jumpers should be made aware of the dark zone, when landing at night. Above 30 meters (98 feet) jumpers flying their canopy have a good view of the landing zone normally because of reflected ambient light/moon light. Once they get close to the ground, this ambient light source is lost, because

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Visibility to other skydivers and other aircraft is also a consideration; FAA regulations require skydivers jumping at night to be wearing a light visible for three miles (4.8 km) in every direction, and to turn it on once they are under canopy. A chem-light(glowstick) is a good idea on a night

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Previously called Canopy Relative Work, or CREW for short, is a skydive where the participants open their parachutes very quickly after leaving the aircraft with the intention of flying in close proximity to each other. The goal is to create various formations by "docking" with other parachutists on

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USPA member drop zones in the US and Canada are required to have an experienced jumper act as a "safety officer" (in Canada DSO – Drop Zone Safety Officer; in the U.S. S&TA – Safety and Training Advisor) who is responsible for dealing with jumpers who violate rules, regulations, or otherwise act

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Costs in the sport are not trivial. The market is not large enough to permit the steady lowering of prices that is seen with some other equipment like computers. A new container/harness system can cost between US$ 1,500 and US$ 3,500, main canopies for the experienced parachutist can cost between $

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The first part of any competition takes place over 8 rounds. Then in the individual competition, after these 8 selective rounds, the top 25% jump a semi-final round. After the semi-final round, the top 50% are selected for the final round. The competitor with the lowest cumulative score is declared

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In a typical civilian sport parachute system, the pilot-chute is connected to a line known as the "bridle", which in turn is attached to a small deployment bag that contains the folded parachute and the canopy suspension lines, which are stowed with rubber bands. At the bottom of the container that

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Instructor-assisted deployment (IAD) is a parachute deployment program most adequately similar to static line. The main difference is that instead of being deployed by a static line, the student's jumpmaster (who is in the plane with them) deploys the student's parachute by throwing the pilot chute

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Parachutists, especially those flying smaller sport canopies, often land with dangerous amounts of kinetic energy, and for this reason, improper landings are the cause of more than 30% of all skydiving-related injuries and deaths. Often, injuries sustained during parachute landing are caused when a

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Equipment failure may contribute to fatalities and injuries. Approximately one in 750 deployments of a main parachute result in a malfunction. Ram-air parachutes typically spin uncontrollably when malfunctioning, and must be jettisoned before deploying the reserve parachute. Reserve parachutes are

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Another risk factor is that of "canopy collisions", or collisions between two or more skydivers under fully inflated parachutes. Canopy collisions can cause the jumpers' inflated parachutes to entangle with each other, often resulting in a sudden collapse (deflation) of one or more of the involved

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On 16 August 1960 he made the final jump from the Excelsior III at 102,800 feet (31,300 m). Towing a small drogue chute for stabilization, he fell for 4 minutes and 36 seconds reaching a maximum speed of 614 mph (988 km/h) before opening his parachute at 14,000 feet (4,300 m).

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A tradition at many drop zones is the swoop and chug. As parachutists land from the last load of the day, other skydivers often hand the landing skydivers a beer that is customarily chugged in the landing area. This is sometimes timed as a friendly competition but is usually an informal, untimed,

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Parachuting is not always restricted to daytime hours; experienced skydivers sometimes perform night jumps. For safety reasons, this requires more equipment than a usual daytime jump and in most jurisdictions, it requires both an advanced skydiving license (at least a B-License in the U.S.) and a

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The more popular one is to plan the exit point upwind of the drop zone. A map and information about the wind direction and velocity at different altitudes are used to determine the exit point. This is usually set at a distance from where all the participants should be able to fly back to the drop

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The technique consists of flying diagonally with a determinate relation between angle and trajectory speed of the body, to obtain an air stream that allows for control of flight. The aim is to fly in formation at the same level and angle, and to be able to perform different aerial games, such as

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Performance is timed (from the start of the manoeuvre until its completion) and then judged in public at the end of the jump. Competition includes 4 qualifying rounds and a final for the top 8. Competitors jump from a height of 2200 m to 2500 m. They rush into an acceleration stage for 15 to 20

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Formation Skydiving (FS) was born in California, USA during the 1960s. The first documented skydiving formation occurred over Arvin, California in March 1964 when Mitch Poteet, Don Henderson, Andy Keech and Lou Paproski successfully formed a 4-man star formation, photographed by Bob Buquor. This

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Often called "Classic accuracy", this is an individual or team contest performed under an open parachute. The aim is to touch down on a target whose center is 2 cm in diameter. The target can be a deep foam mattress or an air-filled landing pad. An electronic recording pad of 32 cm in

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and the ankle mortise), it is recommended that parachutists wear supportive footwear. Supportive footwear prevents inward and outward ankle rolling, allowing the PLF to safely transfer impact energy through the true ankle joint, and dissipate it via the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

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Due to the hazardous nature of skydiving, precautions are taken to avoid parachuting injuries and death. For first-time solo-parachutists, this includes anywhere from 4 to 8 hours of ground instruction. Since the majority of parachute injuries occur upon landing (approximately 85%), the greatest

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Most parachuting equipment is ruggedly designed and is enjoyed by several owners before being retired. A rigger is trained to spot signs of damage or misuse. Riggers also keep track of industry product and safety bulletins, and can, therefore, determine if a piece of equipment is up-to-date and

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Thanks to large unpopulated areas to jump over, 'stuff' jumps become possible. These jumps consist of skydivers leaving the aircraft with some object. Rubber raft jumps are popular; where the jumpers sit in a rubber raft. Cars, bicycles, motorcycles, vacuum cleaners, water tanks, and inflatable

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Pond swooping is a form of competitive parachuting wherein canopy pilots attempt to touch down and glide across a small body of water, and onto the shore. Events provide lighthearted competition, rating accuracy, speed, distance and style. Points and peer approval are reduced when a participant

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If a skydiver experiences a malfunction of their main parachute which they cannot correct, they pull a "cut-away" handle on the front right-hand side of their harness (on the chest) which will release the main canopy from the harness/container. Once free from the malfunctioning main canopy, the

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Parachuting in poor weather, especially with thunderstorms, high winds, and dust devils can be a more dangerous activity. Reputable drop zones will suspend normal operations during inclement weather. In the United States, the USPA's Basic Safety Requirements prohibit solo student skydivers from

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Injuries and fatalities occurring under a fully functional parachute usually happen because the skydiver performed unsafe maneuvers or made an error in judgement while flying their canopy, typically resulting in a high-speed impact with the ground or other hazards on the ground. One of the most

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The jumps were made in a "rocking-chair" position, descending on his back, rather than the usual arch familiar to skydivers, because he was wearing a 60-pound (27 kg) "kit" on his behind and his pressure suit naturally formed that shape when inflated, a shape appropriate for sitting in an

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In parachuting, a drop zone or DZ is most technically the area above and around a location where a parachutist freefalls and expects to land. In common use, it often refers to the totality of a skydiving operation (a business). And the area wherein parachutists land will be referred to as the

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meeting with the local safety official covering who will be doing what on the load. A lit altimeter (preferably accompanied with an audible altimeter) is a must. Skydivers performing night jumps often take flashlights up with them so that they can check their canopies have properly deployed.

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Style can be considered as the sprint of parachuting. This individual discipline is played in free fall. The idea is to take maximum speed and complete a pre-designated series of maneuvers as fast and cleanly as possible (speed can exceed 400 km/h/250 mph). Jumps are filmed using a

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It is also the most interesting discipline for spectators due to the closeness of action (a few meters) and the possibility to be practiced everywhere (sport ground, stadium, urban place...). Today, classic accuracy is the most practiced (in competition) discipline of skydiving in the world.

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The majority of jumpers tend to be non-competitive, enjoying the opportunity to skydive with their friends on weekends and holidays. The atmosphere of their gatherings is relaxed, sociable and welcoming to newcomers. Skydiving events, called "boogies", are arranged at local, national and

1479:(FAI), Parachuting Commission (IPC) conducts FAI's parachuting activities, in particular World Records and International Competitions. It sets globally recognised parachuting proficiency levels, international records requirements, international judging competencies and competition rules. 1582:

When traveling by plane, parachutes' owners may not want to put their parachute in the baggage hold in order to avoid possible deterioration due to possible incorrect handling by airport operators. In such case, a resulting malfunction in a future use of the parachute could be dramatic.

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seconds and then run their series of manoeuvres benefiting to the maximum of the stored speed. Those series consist of Turns and Back-Loops to achieve in a pre-designated order. The incorrect performance of the manoeuvres gives rise to penalties that are added at run time.

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On 14 October 2012, after seven years of planning, Felix Baumgartner (Austria) achieved the highest jump altitude, the highest freefall and the highest speed in freefall. He also became the first skydiver to break the sound barrier. He started from Roswell, New Mexico,

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Pressurization for his right glove malfunctioned during the ascent, and his right hand swelled to twice its normal size. He set records for highest balloon ascent, highest parachute jump, longest drogue-fall (4 min), and fastest speed by a human through the atmosphere.

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Within the sport, associations promote safety, technical advances, training and certification, competition and other interests of their members. Outside their respective communities, they promote their sport to the public and often intercede with government regulators.

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arms out to the side of the body and straightening the legs with the toes pointed. Arms can be positioned further back to drop altitude faster. This is how a skydiver adjusts his or her elevation to match other jumpers in the formation in order to "dock" smoothly.

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Throw-out pilot-chute pouches are usually positioned at the bottom of the container – the B.O.C. deployment system – but older harnesses often have leg-mounted pouches. The latter are safe for flat-flying, but often unsuitable for freestyle or head-down flying.

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at a rotational velocity of 120 rpm; the g-force at his extremities was calculated to be over 22 times that of gravity, setting another record). Three weeks later he jumped again from 74,700 feet (22,800 m). For that return jump Kittinger was awarded the

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In July 2017, 102-year-old Kenneth Meyer (born 5 February 1915) became the oldest person to skydive. As of December 2018, his achievement is under review by Guinness World Records and Hayes continues to hold the Guinness record for the oldest male tandem

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The other variation is to jump out directly above the drop zone and fly downwind as far as possible. This increases the risks of the jump substantially, as the participants must be able to find a suitable landing area before they run out of altitude.

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22.4 fatalities (roughly 7.5 fatalities per one million jumps). In 2017, members of one organization, the United States Parachute Association (USPA) reported 2,585 skydiving injuries sufficiently severe to require resort to a medical care facility.

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The oldest female tandem skydiver is Irene O'Shea. She made a tandem parachute jump on 9 December 2018 from an altitude of 4,000 m (13,000 ft) over Adelaide, Australia, at the age of 102 years. Her jump raised money and awareness for the

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jumps he was to make before his death from cancer on July 22 at age 85. In recognition of those final jumps—which put his total number of skydives at 46,355—USPA posthumously awarded him the U.S. Record for Most Lifetime Skydives on July 28."

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is a skydive where the participants open their parachutes immediately after jumping, with the intention of covering as much ground under canopy as possible. The usual distance from jump run to the drop zone can be as much as several miles.

1490:(USPA), which issues licenses and ratings, governs skydiving, publishes Parachutist Magazine, and represents skydiving to government agencies. USPA publishes the Skydivers Information Manual (SIM) and many other resources. In Canada, the 1100:

Due to the close proximity of the canopies, care has to be taken by all participants to ensure the safety of the jump. It is common for a CREW jumper to carry a hook knife to use in case they become entangled in another jumper's lines.

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Whitting, John W., Julie R. Steele, Mark A. Jaffrey, and Bridget J. Munro. "Parachute Landing Fall Characteristics at Three Realistic Vertical Descent Velocities." Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 78.12 (2007): 1135–142.

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emphasis within ground training is usually on the proper parachute landing fall (PLF), which seeks to orient the body so as to evenly disperse the impact through flexion of several large, insulating muscles (such as the medial

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Australian stunt parachutist, Captain Vincent Taylor, received the unofficial record for a lowest-level jump in 1929 when he jumped off a bridge over the San Francisco Bay whose center section had been raised to 135 feet (41

1506:. In Brazil, the Centro Nacional de Paraquedismo (CNP) sets in Boituva, where many records have been broken and where it is known for being the second-largest center in the world and the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. 1466:

This form of skydiving involves the skydivers flying in a head to Earth position. Generally, the object is to fly together with other skydivers and perform maneuvers during the free fall, for the sheer enjoyment of it all.

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2,000 and US$ 3,600, reserve canopies cost between US$ 1,500 and US$ 2,500 and AADs US$ 1,000 cost. Higher performance and tandem parachutes cost significantly more, whilst large docile student parachutes often cost less.

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it to ensure it does not impact the ground. Space balls are prohibited at many drop zones, due to risk to persons and property on the ground in the event that the ball is not caught or dropped during/after deployment

703:) in Denmark. Jumpers and pilots of the dropping aircraft similarly bear responsibility of following the other VFR elements, in particular ensuring that the air traffic at the moment of jump does not create a hazard. 1796:(U.S.) holds the record for the most parachute descents by a woman, with a total of 20,000 in August 2014, as well as the most parachute jumps made in a 24-hour period by a woman—352 jumps from 8–9 November 1995. 1590:. AADs can contain either void or pyrotechnic load, and the rest of the parachute also consists of several very uncommon metallic parts and cables, all of which could trigger scanners of the security screening. 937:(RSL) – which pulls open the reserve container faster than a manual release could. Whichever method is used, a spring-loaded pilot-chute then extracts the reserve parachute from the upper half of the container. 1324:

Two-way radios and cell-phones are often used to make sure everyone has landed safely, and, in case of a landing off the drop zone, to find out where the parachutist is so that ground crew can pick them up.

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Changing wind conditions are another risk factor. In conditions of strong winds and turbulence during hot days, the parachutist can be caught in downdrafts close to the ground. Shifting winds can cause a

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The first, from 76,400 feet (23,300 m) in November 1959 was a near tragedy when an equipment malfunction caused him to lose consciousness, but the automatic parachute saved him (he went into a

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For human skydiving, it may involve a phase of more or less free-falling (the skydiving segment) which is a period when the parachute has not yet been deployed and the body gradually accelerates to

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broke the records previously set by Kittinger for the highest free fall, the highest manned helium balloon flight, and the fastest free fall; he jumped from 128,100 feet (39,000 m), reaching

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The record was previously held by Armand Gendreau (born 24 June 1913) who made a tandem parachute jump above Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, Québec, Canada, on 27 June 2014 at the age of 101 years 3 days

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reserve canopy can be activated manually by pulling a second handle on the front left harness. Some containers are fitted with a connecting line from the main to reserve parachutes – known as a

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In the US and in most of the western world, skydivers are required to wear two parachutes. The reserve parachute must be periodically inspected and repacked (whether used or not) by a certified

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companions have also been thrown out the back of an aircraft. At a certain altitude, the jumpers break off from the object and deploy their parachutes, leaving it to smash into the ground at

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common sources of injury is a low turn under a high-performance canopy and while swooping. Swooping is the advanced discipline of gliding at high-speed parallel to the ground during landing.

1652:) holds the official FAI record for the longest free-fall parachute jump after falling for 24,500 metres (80,400 ft) from an altitude of 25,458 metres (83,524 ft) near the city of 1899:, Poland. Polish skydivers broke a record when 102 people created a formation in the air during the Big Way Camp Euro 2010. The skydive was their fifteenth attempt at breaking the record. 603:

have a higher risk factor due to the lower mobility of the jumper and the greater risk of entanglement. For this reason, these disciplines are generally practised by experienced jumpers.

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A parachutist's equipment consists of at least three, usually four components, a container/harness system, a main canopy, a reserve canopy and frequently an automatic activation device (

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Competitors jump in teams of 5 maximum, exiting the aircraft at 1,000 or 1,200 meters and opening their parachutes sequentially to allow each competitor a clear approach to the target.

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In 1929, U.S. Army Sergeant R. W. Bottriell held the world's record for the most parachute jumps with 500. At that number, Bottriell stopped parachuting and became a ground instructor.

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This form of skydiving involves the skydivers flying in a feet-to-Earth position. With less surface area being presented to the wind these skydivers can generate more free-fall speed.

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There are now two competitive Artistic Events, Freestyle and Freefly. Freestyle teams consist of a performer and a videographer, Freefly teams have two performers and a videographer.

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In addition, in order to mitigate problems seeing the target, people on the ground often park their cars with their headlights on around the target circle facing toward the center.

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The parachute's constructor book detailing the anatomy of the whole bag. Similarly to the AAD's card, it can help showing the purpose of all what could raise awareness of the staff

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In September 1980, the world record night dive was performed at Perris, California, USA, as the last night world record before it was eliminated as a separate category by the

1566:) as well. Other items may include a helmet, goggles, jumpsuit, altimeter, and gloves. An increasing number of skydivers wear cameras, like GoPros, to record their skydives. 1076:

This sport is unpredictable because weather conditions play a very important part. So classic accuracy requires high adaptability to aerology and excellent steering control.

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activities. Drop zone staff may include the DZO (drop zone operator or owner), manifest, pilots, instructors, coaches, cameramen, packers, riggers and other general staff.

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the jump. The dock is often accomplished by placing one's feet into the lines of another person's parachute. Formations require at least 2 people, but can have many more.

1198:'Wingsuit flying' or 'wingsuiting' is the sport of flying through the air using a wingsuit, which adds surface area to the human body to enable a significant increase in 1520:

international scale each year, which attracting both young jumpers and their elders – Parachutists Over Phorty (POPs), Skydivers Over Sixty (SOS) and even older groups.

3438: 2869: 1687:), as part of research into high altitude bailout, he made a series of three parachute jumps wearing a pressurized suit, from a helium balloon with an open gondola. 1348:

While more dangerous than regular skydiving and more difficult to schedule, two night jumps are required by the USPA for a jumper to obtain their D (expert) license.

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The oldest solo United States skydiver is Milburn Hart from Seattle, Washington. He was 96 years old when achieved this feat by making a solo jump in February 2005.

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However, almost all parachutes contain an automatic activation device (AAD), thus bringing a parachute to the plane's cabin might cause issues when going through

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World Championships are held every two years both Indoor and Outdoor in the competition disciplines Artistic Events (Freestyle and Freefly, indoor and outdoor),

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broke the record previously set by Baumgartner for the highest fall. He jumped from a height of 135,908 feet (41,425 m) and fell with a drogue chute for

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In many countries, either the local regulations or the liability-conscious prudence of the drop zone owners require that parachutists must have attained the

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Ellitsgaard, N. "Parachuting Injuries: A Study of 110,000 Sports Jumps." British Journal of Sports Medicine 21.1 (1987): 13–17. NCBI. Web. 30 November 2014.

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The performance of the athlete is defined in seconds and hundredths of a second. The competitor with the lowest cumulative time is declared the winner.

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World's record for the most tandem parachute jumps in a 24-hour period is 403. This record was set at Skydive Hibaldstow on 10 July 2015, in memory of

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Don Kellner holds the record for the most parachute jumps up to 2021, with a total of 46,355 jumps. He made his last eight skydives on May 1, 2021, in

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Angle flying was presented for the first time in 2000 at the World Freestyle Competitions, the European Espace Boogie, and the Eloy Freefly Festival.

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is no longer a competitive event after insufficient competitors entered in two successive World Championships. The history of these events is on this

1812:. On 13 April 2013 she carried out the oldest solo parachute jump by a woman from Langar Airfield, Nottingham, UK when she was 80 years and 315 days. 4718: 4125: 752: 2116: 1441:

one time. The contestant is timed from the moment that feet touch the ground until that first rock is completed. This event is considered a race.

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where a student skydiver is connected to an instructor via a harness. The instructor guides the student through the whole jump from exit through

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Lightning Bolts Army Parachute Display Team lands. The red smoke that gives the parachutists the wind direction during the jump is still running.

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Documents from a country, airplane company, or airport officials themselves, that denote the exclusion of such devices from the forbidden items

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Competitions are organized at regional, national and international levels in most of these disciplines. Some of them offer amateur competition.

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to simulate free fall has become a discipline of its own and is not only used for training but has its own competitions, teams, and figures.

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The oldest civilian parachute club in the USA is The Peninsula Skydivers Skydiving Club, founded in 1962 by Hugh Bacon Bergeron, located in

1817: 2029: 679:

jumping in winds exceeding 14 mph while using ram-air equipment. However, maximum ground winds are unlimited for licensed skydivers.

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the sport, and their proven competence. Anyone who cannot produce such bona-fides is treated as a student, requiring close supervision.

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due to the risks involved. In 2018, there were 3.3 million jumps in the US. Modern militaries utilize parachuting for the deployment of

152: 4087: 3468: 3044: 2044: 1864:

World's largest formation in free-fall at night: 1 November 2017 at Skydive Arizona in Eloy, Arizona (64 linked persons in freefall).

390:, use parachuting as a means of rapidly inserting themselves near forest fires in especially remote or otherwise inaccessible areas. 2200: 1255: 990: 892: 474: 132: 326: 1066:

diameter is set in the middle. It measures score in 1 cm increments up to 16 cm and displays result just after landing.

409:

that could not otherwise land safely. While this method of escape is relatively rare in modern times, it was occasionally used in

2997: 3397: 2984: 2482: 575: 504: 2533: 1293: 3446: 3120: 1696: 1656:, on 1 November 1962. Although later on jumpers would ascend higher altitudes, Andreev's record was set without the use of a 1237: 972: 874: 456: 70: 1919:

The oldest civilian parachute club in the world is The Irish Parachute Club, founded in 1956 by Freddie Bond and located in

1799:

Erin Hogan became the world's youngest sky diver as of 2002, when she tandem jumped at age 5. (Beaten in 2003 by age 4 Kiwi)

3145: 1503: 1053: 113: 3373: 3078: 4118: 3166: 1233: 1131:

discipline was formerly referred to in the skydiving community as Relative Work, often abbreviated to RW, Relly or Rel.

968: 870: 692: 691:, it is generally illegal to jump in or through clouds, according to the relevant rules governing the airspace, such as 528: 452: 85: 66: 3567: 2558: 1166:

Notice the complete sequence is performed by leading international experts in just over 6 seconds, penalties included.

3269: 1955: 1563: 508: 1984: 92: 2400: 2163: 1226: 961: 863: 813:

A static line is a fixed cord attached to a large, stable object. It is used to open parachutes automatically for

445: 266:

to the ground or ocean surface with the aid of gravity, involving the control of speed during the descent using a

59: 4644: 4611: 335: 33: 3494: 3243: 1550:"landing area". The drop zone is usually situated beside a small airport, often sharing the facility with other 650:, and semitendinosus), as opposed to individual bones, tendons, and ligaments which break and tear more easily. 545:

or downwind landing which have a higher potential for injury due to the wind speed adding to the landing speed.

4789: 4583: 4016: 2834: 1910: 1640: 414: 37: 1516:

Many of the more photogenic/videogenic variants also enjoy sponsored events with prize money for the winners.

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forces commonly employ parachuting, especially free-fall parachuting, as a method of insertion. Occasionally,

1202:. The common type of wingsuit creates an extra surface area with fabric between the legs and under the arms. 99: 4111: 3681: 2627: 799:, and landing. The student needs only minimal instruction before making a tandem jump with the instructor. 733: 410: 3094: 2508: 1999: 1824: 1782: 1298: 2348:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, §105.17 Flight visibility and clearance from cloud requirements" 1608:

National skydiving associations usually list on their websites a piece of advice concerning this matter.

4260: 4031: 3759: 172: 81: 1802:

Bill Dause holds the record for the most accumulated freefall time with over 420 hours (30,000+ jumps).

3549: 1962:. The song has been adapted with various versions of the lyrics, one of which uses as its first line " 342:, Paris. He used a silk parachute to descend approximately 3,000 feet (910 m) from a hot air balloon. 4784: 4601: 4427: 4295: 4006: 3943: 3936: 3696: 3424: 2375: 1959: 1691: 1672: 1181: 1175: 926: 765: 631: 293: 2192: 2186: 1916:

Largest all-blind skydiving formation: 2, with Dan Rossi and John "BJ" Fleming on 13 September 2003.

491: 4794: 4528: 4455: 4355: 4350: 4318: 3711: 3589: 2004: 1947: 1110: 1012: 934: 688: 398: 1398: 1119: 4659: 4422: 3916: 3701: 3667: 2963: 2326: 2280: 1878:, 181 women from 26 countries who jumped from nine planes at 17,000 feet (5,200 meters), in 2009. 1875: 1286: 379: 375: 2584: 1888:

Largest female head down formation (vertical formation): 30 November 2013 at Skydive Arizona in

1023:

Flying (outdoor only). Continental Championships and World Cups can be held in alternate years.

2425: 4417: 4165: 3991: 3354: 2713:"New Custom and Stock Skydiving Parachute Canopies from ChutingStar Skydiving Gear SuperStore" 2712: 2692: 2673: 2646: 2272: 2249:

Mele, Federica; Mandarelli, Gabriele; Bottari, Giampiero; Solarino, Biagio (1 November 2021).

2196: 1731: 1720: 1680: 1421: 1147: 1083: 635: 584: 297: 274: 1881:

World's largest head down formation (vertical formation): 31 July 2015 at Skydive Chicago in

4799: 4708: 4692: 4682: 4649: 4460: 4333: 4180: 4064: 3981: 3911: 3721: 3347: 2262: 1989: 1971: 1882: 1727: 1708: 1668: 1620: 1587: 1551: 1437: 1302: 1199: 1058: 1048: 1004: 906: 500: 309: 247: 243: 197: 2215:"Become a Skydiver." USPA. United States Parachute Association, n.d. Web. 30 November 2014. 4738: 4723: 4578: 4545: 4405: 2738:"Custom and Stock Skydiving Rigs, Parachutes and AADs at ChutingStar Skydiving Gear Store" 2019: 1653: 1369: 1193: 1020: 1008: 796: 769: 643: 611: 596: 417:. In modern times, the most common means of escape from an aircraft in distress is via an 371: 2930: 1896: 106: 3217: 2608: 744: 4748: 4639: 4623: 4606: 4467: 4400: 4393: 4383: 3996: 3901: 3785: 3739: 2858: 2788: 1994: 1927: 1858: 1793: 1645: 1632: 647: 639: 580: 3622: 3617: 2943: 2809: 2585:"New Custom and Stock Skydiving Containers from ChutingStar Skydiving Gear SuperStore" 1139: 725: 4778: 4758: 4571: 4477: 4412: 4230: 4195: 4185: 4150: 4134: 4069: 4053: 3926: 2737: 2284: 1889: 1716: 418: 387: 367: 228: 3636: 2475: 1671:

of the United States was assigned to the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories at

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The AAD's explanation card that shows and describes what is seen on X-ray monitors

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freestyle, three-dimensional flight formation with grip, or acrobatic free-flying.

905:

At a sport skydiver's deployment altitude, the individual manually deploys a small

814: 618: 592: 383: 339: 2298: 653: 3628: 1623:

starting his record-breaking skydive in 1960. His record was broken only in 2012.

4753: 4535: 4523: 4482: 4472: 4328: 4313: 4303: 4242: 4220: 4160: 3906: 3775: 2024: 2009: 1951: 1809: 1742: 1215: 950: 852: 808: 600: 564: 434: 301: 289: 238: 48: 4103: 2267: 2250: 1805:

Jay Stokes holds the record for most parachute descents in a single day at 640.

1635:

deployed her chute manually, thus becoming the first person to jump free-fall.

768:

are used to practise for free fall ("indoor skydiving" or "bodyflight"), while

393:

Manually exiting an aircraft and parachuting to safety has been widely used by

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Free fall accidents, mathematics of free fall - detailed research on the topic

2906: 1903: 1868: 1684: 1384: 1306: 1036: 738: 359: 305: 263: 2276: 334:

The first parachute jump in history was made on 22 October 1797 by Frenchman

4677: 4378: 4265: 4215: 4026: 4021: 3971: 3816: 3754: 3614:- a slightly tongue-in-cheek look at surviving free-fall without a parachute 2881: 1628: 1616: 1544: 773: 542: 321: 267: 27:

Action sport of exiting an aircraft and returning to Earth using a parachute

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airplane cockpit. For the series of jumps, Kittinger was decorated with an

2764:"Travel nightmares: What to do if an airline damages your checked luggage" 1156:

ground-based camera (with an exceptional lens to record the performance).

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Data of the stratospheric balloon launched on 8/16/1960 For EXCELSIOR III

2039: 1114: 792: 406: 394: 17: 4513: 4360: 4225: 4001: 3852: 3837: 3801: 3706: 2141: 1494:

is the lead organization. In South Africa, the sport is managed by the

1240: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 975: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 877: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 459: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 402: 285: 1411: 4713: 3847: 3806: 3605: 3498: 2451:"United States Parachute Association > Find > FAQs > Safety" 2092:"United States Parachute Association > Find > FAQs > Safety" 1087:

Two parachutists perform a dock on a Canopy Relative Work (CReW) jump

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certificated parachute rigger every 180 days). Many skydivers use an

2450: 2091: 2064: 3297:"102-year-old woman skydives to raise awareness for the disease..." 1902:

World's largest canopy formation: 100, set on 21 November 2007 in

1785:, before his death from cancer on the following July 22, aged 85. 1615: 1527: 1410: 1397: 1350: 1292: 1146: 1138: 1118: 1082: 1052: 751: 743: 732: 724: 666: 574: 527: 490: 363: 349: 325: 3633:

Detailed account of origins and development of EXCELSIOR project.

779:

Beginning skydivers seeking training have the following options:

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by German military aviators, and utilized extensively throughout

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USPA Posthumously Awards Don Kellner His Final Most-Jumps Record

2401:"Flight-1 :: Safety Code – How to Avoid a Canopy Collision" 1649: 1415:

A skydiver sits in a rubber raft steadied by three other jumpers

1123: 617:

The first skydive performed without a parachute was by stuntman

533: 162: 4107: 3640: 1683:(meaning "ever upward", a name given to the project by Colonel 665:

Due to the possibility of fractures (commonly occurring on the

4561: 3193:"101-Year-Old D-Day Veteran Claims Record For Oldest Skydiver" 1209: 944: 846: 657:

The percent of injuries caused by an improper landing position

428: 158: 42: 3536:"Skydive @ IPC | Experience the Adrenaline of Skydiving" 1968:

They scraped him off the tarmac like a lump of strawberry jam

2870:

French document excluding AADs from forbidden items in cabin

32:"Skydiver" and "Skydive" redirect here. For other uses, see 1867:

World's largest formation in free-fall: 8 February 2006 in

787:

Tandem skydiving or tandem parachuting refers to a type of

3608:- from the history of the sport through to modern advances 1660:

during the jump and therefore remains the longest genuine

1015:(indoor and outdoor), Paraski (outdoor only), Style & 296:

where an object is descending "under parachute" following

3270:"NJ man skydives at 102, becomes world's oldest skydiver" 3535: 3021:"Parachutist's Record Fall: Over 25 Miles in 15 Minutes" 1885:, U.S. (164 linked skydivers in head to Earth attitude): 1436:

Another example of this is "hit and rock", a variant of

607:

in a fashion deemed unsafe by the appointed individual.

308:

entry phase and initial deceleration that occurs due to

3629:"Joseph W. Kittinger and the Highest Step in the World" 1964:

He jumped without a parachute from twenty thousand feet

1892:, U.S. (63 linked skydivers in head to Earth attitude). 3321:"Ellensburg Daily Record – Google News Archive Search" 1818:

Motor Neuron Disease Association of Southern Australia

2985:

Joseph W. Kittinger – USAF Museum Gathering of Eagles

2882:"USPA's FAQ : Traveling with Parachutes section" 2426:"Identifying the Dangers – The 2013 Fatality Summary" 2225: 2223: 2221: 830:

downward and clear of the door as the student exits.

3244:"British WWII veteran, 101, breaks skydiving record" 2251:"Parachuting fatality: A case report video-recorded" 4701: 4668: 4632: 4594: 4554: 4496: 4443: 4369: 4294: 4251: 4141: 4041: 3964: 3882: 3861: 3830: 3794: 3732: 3674: 237: 227: 219: 214: 206: 196: 188: 183: 170: 73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3346: 2374:(in Danish). Dansk Faldskærmsunion. Archived from 1486:The sole organization in the United States is the 1313:There are two variations of a cross-country jump: 262:is a method of transiting from a high point in an 711:A collision with another canopy is a statistical 687:As parachuting is an aviation activity under the 1970:", where it has been used as a campfire song by 2859:TSA's special instructions regarding parachutes 2835:"TSA comment on checked bags and carry-on bags" 1909:Largest wingsuit formation: 22 September 2012, 3374:"Parachute Jumper Leaps 135 Feet from Bridge." 2933:. Stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 1823:The oldest male tandem skydiver, according to 4119: 3652: 2987:. Web.archive.org. Retrieved on 31 July 2016. 8: 2559:"Teem – Inspired Accuracy: Swoop & Chug" 2321: 2319: 1871:, Thailand (400 linked persons in freefall). 1627:In 1914, while doing demonstrations for the 764:Skydiving can be practised without jumping. 292:, or be significantly delayed, such as in a 145: 2164:"The Safest Year—The 2009 Fatality Summary" 567:failures pose risks of towed paratroopers. 284:may begin immediately, such as a parachute- 157:Four skydivers with deployed parachutes in 4126: 4112: 4104: 3659: 3645: 3637: 2998:"Official: Skydiver Breaks Speed of Sound" 772:parachute simulators are used to practise 151: 144: 3390:"Most tandem parachute jumps in 24 hours" 3084:, November 1929, p. 65, mid page article. 2944:"Speed of a Skydiver (Terminal Velocity)" 2789:"Vigil » Airport Security Documents" 2266: 2117:"Countries with AAD rules (forum thread)" 1256:Learn how and when to remove this message 991:Learn how and when to remove this message 893:Learn how and when to remove this message 475:Learn how and when to remove this message 133:Learn how and when to remove this message 1730:mission took place. On 14 October 2012, 1305:lifts skydivers to the jump altitude at 925:rectangular piece of fabric called the " 652: 595:or those that involve equipment such as 3218:"Man, 100, marks birthday with skydive" 3146:"Oldest tandem parachute jump (female)" 2255:Forensic Science International: Reports 2056: 1937:. It has since been reinstated in 2017. 1874:World's largest female-only formation: 1011:(outdoor only), Dynamic (indoor only), 2697:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2690: 2651:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2644: 1935:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 1492:Canadian Sport Parachuting Association 1477:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 1433:kick-off for the night's festivities. 178:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4093:International World Games Association 3295:Post, Washington (12 December 2018). 3167:"Oldest tandem parachute jump (male)" 3121:"Oldest solo parachute jump (female)" 2369:"Faldskærmsbestemmelser, §5.c Ansvar" 1496:Parachute Association of South Africa 1016: 7: 3419:"181 women break skydiving record". 3095:"Skydiving Ultra-Marathon Challenge" 2959:"20-Year Journey for 15-Minute Fall" 2299:"USPA Skydiver's Information Manual" 2030:The First School of Modern SkyFlying 1808:The oldest female solo skydiver was 1238:adding citations to reliable sources 973:adding citations to reliable sources 875:adding citations to reliable sources 825:Instructor-assisted deployment (IAD) 457:adding citations to reliable sources 71:adding citations to reliable sources 3097:. Mostjumps2006.com. Archived from 2070:United States Parachute Association 1502:, and in the United Kingdom by the 1488:United States Parachute Association 2045:High-altitude military parachuting 25: 3668:Sports of the World Games program 3497:. CF World Record. Archived from 3191:Domonoske, Camila (16 May 2017). 3019:Markoff, John (24 October 2014). 2488:from the original on 6 April 2003 1895:European record: 13 August 2010, 1126:loading; plus 'dirt diving'; 1977 4083: 4082: 1612:Record free fall parachute jumps 1355:A UK parachuting aircraft – the 1214: 949: 851: 591:Parachuting disciplines such as 495:Reserve parachute (right) in use 433: 312:with the thin upper atmosphere. 47: 3520:Adam Rushforth (30 June 2011). 2142:"Skydiving Fatalities Database" 1667:During the late 1950s, Captain 1225:needs additional citations for 1032: 960:needs additional citations for 862:needs additional citations for 444:needs additional citations for 330:Garnerin by Edward Hawke Locker 304:, and may begin only after the 58:needs additional citations for 3631:. Greg Kennedy. 17 March 2010. 3566:. 4 March 2006. Archived from 2907:"Sauter à l'étranger (French)" 2534:"The History of Atmonauti Fly" 2476:"How to prevent hard openings" 2327:"FAA Safety Library Resources" 2188:Guinness World Book or Records 1913:, U.S. (100 wingsuit jumpers). 1825:Guinness Book of World Records 1697:A. Leo Stevens parachute medal 614:before engaging in the sport. 405:) and passengers to escape an 366:, and is widely considered an 358:Parachuting is performed as a 1: 3606:An in-depth look at skydiving 2957:Higgins, Matt (24 May 2008). 2810:"CYPRES AAD Travel Documents" 2609:PD Price List – Main Canopies 1504:British Parachute Association 1500:French Parachuting Federation 1151:Style – Thomas Jeannerot 2013 748:A parachutist above Venezuela 579:Parachutists jumping from an 4135:Extreme and adventure sports 2481:. Performance Designs, Inc. 1631:, a parachute pioneer named 415:the air wars of World War II 3349:Guinness World records 2014 3079:"Made 500 Parachute Jumps." 1956:Battle Hymn of the Republic 1952:parachuting in the military 1206:Other skydiving disciplines 509:automatic activation device 362:activity and a competitive 280:For cargo parachuting, the 4816: 3550:"NameBright - Coming Soon" 3353:. The Jim Pattison group. 2268:10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100220 1985:List of paratrooper forces 1966:", and includes the line " 1713:Distinguished Flying Cross 1578:Traveling with a parachute 1542: 1382: 1367: 1191: 1173: 1108: 1046: 806: 756:Parachuting simulator on " 319: 31: 4612:Aggressive inline skating 4088:Sports at the World Games 4078: 3675:Artistic and dance sports 1911:Perris Valley, California 621:on 23 May 2012 at 732 m. 290:lower atmosphere of Earth 150: 34:Skydiver (disambiguation) 3623:Chuteless jump survivors 3522:"Blind Skydiving Record" 3300:www.brainerddispatch.com 1641:Guinness Book of Records 1594:security's staff : 1143:Style – Thomas Jeannerot 322:Parachute § History 38:Skydive (disambiguation) 3682:Artistic roller skating 3469:"Day in Photos Gallery" 3379:, September 1929, P. 59 3377:Popular Science Monthly 3345:Glenday, Craig (2013). 3082:Popular Science Monthly 2185:Glenday, Craig (2013). 3394:Guinness World Records 3171:Guinness World Records 3125:Guinness World Records 2000:Parachute landing fall 1954:, is sung to the tune 1923:, Co. Offaly, Ireland. 1783:Hazleton, Pennsylvania 1624: 1540: 1416: 1403: 1360: 1310: 1299:Technoavia SM92 Finist 1152: 1144: 1127: 1088: 1062: 761: 749: 741: 730: 701:Parachuting Ordinances 697:Faldskærmsbestemmelser 658: 588: 537: 496: 355: 336:André-Jacques Garnerin 331: 220:Country or region 4488:Parachuting/Skydiving 3564:"Blood on the Risers" 2430:parachutistonline.com 1619: 1538: 1414: 1401: 1354: 1296: 1150: 1142: 1122: 1086: 1056: 807:Further information: 766:Vertical wind tunnels 755: 747: 736: 728: 656: 578: 532:A parachutist of the 531: 494: 353: 329: 320:Further information: 4602:Freestyle scootering 4428:Traditional climbing 3965:Past official sports 3944:Competition climbing 3927:Speed roller skating 3697:Acrobatic gymnastics 3590:"Scouting Resources" 3501:on 30 September 2007 3449:on 10 September 2015 3427:. 30 September 2009. 3425:The Arizona Republic 3400:on 24 September 2015 2679:on 20 September 2015 2166:. Parachutist Online 1749:On 24 October 2014, 1673:Wright-Patterson AFB 1234:improve this article 1182:vertical wind tunnel 1176:Vertical wind tunnel 969:improve this article 871:improve this article 843:Parachute deployment 834:Accelerated freefall 625:Most common injuries 453:improve this article 294:planetary atmosphere 67:improve this article 4529:Powered paragliding 4356:Whitewater kayaking 4351:Whitewater canoeing 4042:Invitational sports 3712:Rhythmic gymnastics 3612:Unplanned Freefall? 2742:www.chutingstar.com 2717:www.chutingstar.com 2589:www.chutingstar.com 2513:starcrestawards.com 2381:on 4 September 2014 2005:Parachuting animals 1948:Blood on the Risers 1539:A parachute landing 1498:, in France by the 1111:Formation skydiving 1105:Formation skydiving 1057:Accuracy Landing – 1019:(outdoor only) and 1013:Formation Skydiving 935:reserve static line 797:piloting the canopy 689:visual flight rules 380:forest firefighters 246: – 173:governing body 147: 4660:Ski mountaineering 4423:Free solo climbing 4361:Whitewater rafting 3702:Aerobic gymnastics 3421:Valley & State 3025:The New York Times 2964:The New York Times 2946:. Hyper Text Book. 2762:Gilbertson, Dawn. 2565:. 4 September 2012 2563:iloveskydiving.org 2509:"First RW Records" 2065:"Skydiving Safety" 1942:In popular culture 1876:Jump for the Cause 1625: 1541: 1417: 1404: 1361: 1311: 1287:cross-country jump 1153: 1145: 1128: 1089: 1063: 762: 750: 742: 731: 659: 589: 538: 497: 376:Special operations 356: 354:Tandem in freefall 332: 4772: 4771: 4418:Big wall climbing 4166:Kite landboarding 4101: 4100: 3495:"CF World Record" 3360:978-1-908843-15-9 2633:on 3 October 2018 1960:John Brown's Body 1732:Felix Baumgartner 1721:Dwight Eisenhower 1681:Project Excelsior 1638:According to the 1536: 1422:terminal velocity 1266: 1265: 1258: 1001: 1000: 993: 903: 902: 895: 707:Canopy collisions 695:105 in the US or 636:tibialis anterior 585:Ukraine Air Force 558:Equipment failure 549:Canopy collisions 485: 484: 477: 399:military aviators 298:atmospheric entry 282:parachute descent 275:terminal velocity 253: 252: 143: 142: 135: 117: 16:(Redirected from 4807: 4709:Adventure racing 4683:Extreme sledding 4650:Freestyle skiing 4461:Ski-BASE jumping 4334:Technical diving 4181:Mountainboarding 4128: 4121: 4114: 4105: 4086: 4085: 4065:Wheelchair rugby 3982:Beach volleyball 3843:Billiards sports 3831:Precision sports 3661: 3654: 3647: 3638: 3632: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3475:. 13 August 2010 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3445:. 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Archived from 2625: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2270: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2061: 1990:Banzai skydiving 1958:, also known as 1883:Ottawa, Illinois 1776:Individual jumps 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1728:Red Bull Stratos 1715:and awarded the 1709:oak leaf cluster 1669:Joseph Kittinger 1621:Joseph Kittinger 1588:airport security 1552:general aviation 1537: 1462:Head down flying 1438:accuracy landing 1303:Target Skysports 1261: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1218: 1210: 1092:Canopy formation 1059:Thomas Jeannerot 1049:Accuracy landing 1043:Accuracy landing 1017:Accuracy Landing 1007:(outdoor only), 1005:Canopy Formation 996: 989: 985: 982: 976: 953: 945: 909:which acts as a 898: 891: 887: 884: 878: 855: 847: 729:Static line jump 515:Unsafe maneuvers 501:parachute rigger 480: 473: 469: 466: 460: 437: 429: 155: 148: 138: 131: 127: 124: 118: 116: 75: 51: 43: 21: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4790:Military sports 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4739:Obstacle racing 4724:Extreme ironing 4697: 4664: 4628: 4590: 4579:Mountain biking 4550: 4546:Wingsuit flying 4492: 4439: 4406:Alpine climbing 4365: 4290: 4247: 4137: 4132: 4102: 4097: 4074: 4037: 3960: 3878: 3862:Strength sports 3857: 3826: 3790: 3728: 3670: 3665: 3627: 3602: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3570:on 4 March 2006 3562: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3467: 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2664: 2660: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2621:"Archived copy" 2619: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2020:Speed skydiving 1980: 1944: 1906:, Florida, U.S. 1854: 1778: 1773: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1654:Saratov, Russia 1614: 1580: 1560: 1547: 1528: 1526: 1473: 1464: 1456: 1447: 1430: 1409: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1372: 1370:Canopy piloting 1366: 1331: 1283: 1271: 1262: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1231: 1219: 1208: 1196: 1194:Wingsuit flying 1190: 1188:Wingsuit flying 1178: 1172: 1137: 1117: 1109:Main articles: 1107: 1094: 1051: 1045: 1029: 1027:Artistic events 1009:Canopy Piloting 997: 986: 980: 977: 966: 954: 943: 899: 888: 882: 879: 868: 856: 845: 836: 827: 811: 805: 785: 770:virtual reality 723: 709: 685: 676: 644:vastus medialis 627: 612:age of majority 597:wingsuit flying 573: 560: 551: 526: 517: 503:(in the US, an 481: 470: 464: 461: 450: 438: 427: 372:airborne forces 348: 324: 318: 270:or parachutes. 184:Characteristics 166: 139: 128: 122: 119: 76: 74: 64: 52: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4813: 4811: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4719:Cheese rolling 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4640:Extreme skiing 4636: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4624:Roller skating 4621: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4607:Inline skating 4604: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4468:Bungee jumping 4465: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4401:Mountaineering 4398: 4397: 4396: 4394:Mixed climbing 4386: 4384:Crane climbing 4381: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3997:Indoor cycling 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902:Canoe marathon 3899: 3898: 3897: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3740:Beach handball 3736: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3601: 3600:External links 3598: 3596: 3595: 3581: 3555: 3541: 3527: 3512: 3486: 3460: 3430: 3411: 3381: 3366: 3359: 3337: 3312: 3287: 3276:. 28 July 2017 3261: 3235: 3224:. 9 April 2016 3209: 3183: 3158: 3137: 3112: 3086: 3071: 3059:"43,000 Jumps" 3050: 3037: 3011: 2989: 2977: 2949: 2935: 2923: 2898: 2873: 2862: 2851: 2826: 2801: 2780: 2754: 2729: 2704: 2658: 2612: 2601: 2576: 2550: 2525: 2499: 2467: 2442: 2417: 2392: 2360: 2339: 2315: 2290: 2241: 2231: 2217: 2208: 2201: 2177: 2154: 2133: 2108: 2083: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1995:Dolly Shepherd 1992: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1928:West Point, VA 1924: 1917: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1862: 1859:Stephen Sutton 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794:Cheryl Stearns 1791: 1790: 1789: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1646:Eugene Andreev 1633:Tiny Broadwick 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1579: 1576: 1559: 1556: 1543:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1429: 1428:Swoop and chug 1426: 1408: 1405: 1402:Spaceball Jump 1391: 1388: 1383:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1330: 1327: 1282: 1279: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1222: 1220: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1192:Main article: 1189: 1186: 1174:Main article: 1171: 1168: 1136: 1133: 1106: 1103: 1093: 1090: 1047:Main article: 1044: 1041: 1028: 1025: 999: 998: 957: 955: 948: 942: 939: 901: 900: 859: 857: 850: 844: 841: 835: 832: 826: 823: 804: 801: 784: 781: 722: 719: 708: 705: 684: 681: 675: 672: 648:biceps femoris 640:rectus femoris 626: 623: 581:Ilyushin Il-76 572: 569: 559: 556: 550: 547: 525: 522: 516: 513: 483: 482: 441: 439: 432: 426: 423: 374:and supplies. 347: 344: 317: 314: 251: 250: 241: 235: 234: 231: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 200: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 181: 180: 175: 168: 167: 156: 141: 140: 123:September 2009 55: 53: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4812: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4759:Ultramarathon 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4572:Freestyle BMX 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4478:Cliff jumping 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4413:Rock climbing 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4231:River surfing 4229: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4221:Street luging 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196:Skateboarding 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4186:Riverboarding 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Bellyboarding 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4054:Flag football 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4032:Weightlifting 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4007:Roller hockey 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848:Boules sports 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760:Inline hockey 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3474: 3473:New York Post 3470: 3464: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439:"User Log In" 3434: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3341: 3338: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3301: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3250:. 15 May 2017 3249: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3012: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2755: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2484: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2202:9781908843159 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1890:Eloy, Arizona 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1771:Other records 1770: 1768: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1739:(1342 km/h) - 1733: 1729: 1726:In 2012, the 1724: 1722: 1719:by President 1718: 1717:Harmon Trophy 1714: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1574:serviceable. 1571: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1471:Organizations 1470: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1413: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1364:Pond swooping 1363: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1281:Cross-country 1280: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1260: 1257: 1249: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1223:This section 1221: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1177: 1170:Tunnel flying 1169: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 995: 992: 984: 974: 970: 964: 963: 958:This section 956: 952: 947: 946: 940: 938: 936: 930: 928: 922: 918: 914: 912: 908: 897: 894: 886: 876: 872: 866: 865: 860:This section 858: 854: 849: 848: 842: 840: 833: 831: 824: 822: 820: 816: 810: 802: 800: 798: 794: 790: 782: 780: 777: 775: 771: 767: 759: 754: 746: 740: 735: 727: 720: 718: 716: 714: 706: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 682: 680: 673: 671: 668: 663: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:gastrocnemius 624: 622: 620: 615: 613: 608: 604: 602: 598: 594: 586: 582: 577: 570: 568: 566: 557: 555: 548: 546: 544: 535: 530: 523: 521: 514: 512: 510: 506: 502: 493: 489: 479: 476: 468: 458: 454: 448: 447: 442:This section 440: 436: 431: 430: 424: 422: 420: 419:ejection seat 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 388:United States 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 368:extreme sport 365: 361: 352: 345: 343: 341: 337: 328: 323: 315: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 249: 245: 242: 240: 236: 232: 230: 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