526:
1420:
1432:
134:
280:: with it the Tunisian State deprived itself of the active legation right, assigning to «French diplomatic and consular agents in foreign countries Tunisian protection and interests». The bey, in his turn, couldn't conclude any international act without informing France and obtaining an agreement first. But article 6 of the decree of 9 June allowed him to take part in the conclusion of international treaties.
869:
1444:
291:
of
Tunisia forcing the bey to «proceed to administrative, judiciary and financial reforms that the French government will retain usefully» Some decisions couldn't be taken without receiving the approval of the French general resident in Tunisia and of the French government general secretary. In the
120:
status. The international accord granted
Italians in Tunisia privileges already conceded to several Italian states pre-unification. Civil equality granted Italians freedom of commerce and extraterritoriality privileges for their factories. In fishing and navigation matters, they benefited from the
315:
The
Italian immigrants in Tunisia would have protested and caused serious difficulties for France. However, little at a time, the problem was solved and the immigrants could later opt for French nationality and benefit from the same vantages as French colonists. Italo-French relation dangerously
94:. For that reason, Britain would support the French claim to the protectorate, denying Italy the opportunity to develop a stranglehold over shipping routes going through Tunisia and Sicily. (Italians had a long history in Tunisia, tracing back to the 16th century. The Italian language was a
181:
to invite Paris to act in
Tunisia precising that, in case of action, Germany wouldn't have raised objections. While in Italy there was a debate about the reliability of the news about a possible French action in Tunisia, a twenty-thousand-men expeditionary corp was preparing in
157:
policy. However, they relied on a possible
British opposition to an enlargement of the French sphere of influence in North Africa (while, if anything, London was hostile about a single country controlling the whole
169:, who sustained that the Italians wouldn't have opposed it because some weeks before France had consented to a renewal of the Italo-French trade treaty, Italy was still paying the 600-million-
1387:
51:), was an expression used by the Italian press and historiographers from the end of the 19th century to describe an episode of the political crisis elapsed at the time between the
872:
The
Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.
190:, followed on 11 May by the rest of the forces. The episode gave an ulterior confirmation of the Italian political isolation, e rekindled the polemics that had followed the
514:
1392:
369:
that Italy could have occupied Tunis, but
Robilant rejected the invitation, and received comfort, along this line, by his Foreign Affairs minister: William L. Langer,
590:
22:
Meanwhile look: there's Tunis! … And the French are there, who have taken it by surprise! And tomorrow we could have them here, in our house, do you understand?
492:
1046:
1289:
366:
1331:
689:
292:
end, Europeans and
Tunisians were equally represented (53 members for each community) in the Grand Council, a consultative assembly elected by
1294:
507:
839:
834:
829:
1162:
898:
177:
and primarily it was Italy that was politically isolated despite its tentatives towards Berlin and Vienna. Ferry confirmed that it was
966:
1142:
1346:
1213:
639:
585:
998:
1479:
1469:
1326:
500:
90:
Tunisia had strategic importance for the
European powers when it came to ownership and controlling the flow of trade across the
1397:
1259:
951:
165:
At the beginning of 1881, France decided to militarily intervene in
Tunisia. The motivations of this action were summarised by
617:
1474:
1284:
1238:
936:
336:
1321:
1311:
1306:
956:
824:
798:
793:
730:
597:
564:
1410:
1102:
1022:
1014:
961:
946:
893:
814:
602:
554:
52:
1316:
941:
773:
622:
382:
1367:
1197:
1192:
1167:
913:
819:
612:
1377:
706:
1464:
1372:
1157:
1147:
1006:
607:
472:
467:
284:
258:
221:
resigned from office on 29 May 1881, thus avoiding that the Camera would openly distrust him; since then he
109:
304:
The European powers reacted differently depending on their interests: the United Kingdom hurried to occupy
1254:
1187:
1172:
1066:
254:
217:
However, such an inversion of the foreign policy of the last decade, couldn't be led by the same men, and
137:
Benedetto Cairoli, the prime minister who suffered the "slap of Tunis" and had to resign from his position
634:
194:
three years before. The events, in effect, demonstrated the unrealistic nature of the foreign policy of
174:
106:
56:
908:
849:
738:
269:
to attract French attentions on the Mediterranean, and distract them from the Franco-German border).
113:
1071:
1041:
928:
758:
684:
679:
674:
117:
316:
fractured. Among the hypotheses weighed by the Italian military staff, a possible invasion of the
261:, the bankruptcy of the State, become hostage of the creditors despite the effort of the reformer
1177:
1051:
844:
696:
662:
293:
250:
191:
80:
1056:
903:
854:
763:
743:
711:
701:
559:
546:
462:
362:
317:
266:
218:
199:
195:
178:
150:
142:
91:
76:
1362:
1301:
1152:
1107:
971:
753:
717:
627:
525:
159:
48:
27:
16:
Political crisis elapsed in 1881 between the Kingdom of Italy and the French Third Republic
1436:
1341:
918:
657:
309:
262:
385:, "Storia Diplomatica d'Europa 1815–1968", Editori Laterza, Bari-Roma, 1978, pp. 209–210.
202:, the impossibility of an alliance with France and the necessity of a rapprochement with
153:
before him, never considered proceeding to occupation, being generally hostile towards a
1448:
1279:
1223:
1122:
1097:
1081:
1076:
768:
649:
530:
1431:
133:
1458:
1424:
1336:
1228:
1182:
1061:
748:
95:
245:
to the south-west, was then both a French and an Italian strategical objective. The
1233:
1218:
487:
477:
287:, signed on 5 June 1883, emptied the treaty of its content and violated the intern
273:
242:
170:
102:
98:
among merchants, due partially to the existing Italian-Jewish merchant community.)
60:
340:
667:
288:
166:
868:
154:
277:
238:
1264:
785:
448:
I rapporti italo-francesi e le linee d'invasione transalpina (1859–1882)
422:
I rapporti italo-francesi e le linee d'invasione transalpina (1859–1882)
409:
I rapporti italo-francesi e le linee d'invasione transalpina (1859–1882)
396:
I rapporti italo-francesi e le linee d'invasione transalpina (1859–1882)
1117:
574:
482:
234:
187:
146:
64:
1382:
1274:
1112:
207:
203:
183:
122:
373:, The American Historical Review, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Oct. 1925), p. 60.
371:
The European Powers and the French Occupation of Tunis, 1878–1881, I
141:
The first foreign policy objective of the second government led by
1269:
305:
132:
67:, which already was a colonial objective of the Kingdom of Italy.
265:, opened doors to French occupation (hoped by German chancellor
496:
121:
same treatment as Tunisians. Moreover, the bey couldn't modify
361:
In August and again in October 1876 Austro-Hungarian minister
246:
186:. On 3 May a French contingent of two thousand men landed in
59:. In 1881, the French government forcefully established a
1388:
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
149:, to which both France and Italy aspired. Cairoli, like
125:
without preemptively consulting the Italian government.
1408:
1355:
1247:
1206:
1135:
1090:
1034:
991:
984:
927:
886:
879:
807:
784:
729:
648:
573:
544:
537:
312:didn't express dissent about the French behaviour.
249:'s weakness, the intrigues of the ministers, like
1393:Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba
20:
1082:Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)
508:
237:to the west, a French colony since 1830, and
8:
988:
883:
541:
515:
501:
493:
799:Concessions & Forts of Italy in China
1047:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara
867:
1415:
450:, Nuova Cultura, Roma, 2013, pp. 45–46.
398:, Nuova Cultura, Roma, 2013, pp. 41–42.
328:
1332:Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)
225:disappeared from the political scene.
830:Tentative to occupy French Somaliland
7:
1198:History of Italian colonial railways
365:suggested to the Italian ambassador
424:, Nuova Cultura, Roma, 2013, p. 36.
411:, Nuova Cultura, Roma, 2013, p. 43.
320:by French troops was not excluded.
101:Italy had close relations with the
257:, constant pressure from European
14:
86:The Italo-Tunisian Treaty of 1868
1442:
1430:
1418:
1347:Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)
1327:Italian Libyan Colonial Division
524:
229:Installation of the protectorate
1398:Postage stamps of Italian Libya
1260:Bands (Italian Army irregulars)
1285:Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
1123:Addis Abeba under Italian rule
794:Italian concession of Tientsin
276:was signed under the reign of
1:
1322:2nd Libyan Division Pescatori
1312:Italian 2nd Eritrean Division
1307:Italian 1st Eritrean Division
1143:Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway
1103:Mogadishu under Italian rule
603:Independent State of Croatia
1317:1st Libyan Division Sibille
1163:Railway stations in Eritrea
1023:Asmara Presidential Palace
774:Southern Military Territory
635:Italian Province of Lubiana
435:L'Afrique du Nord en marche
296:with a double-turn system.
1496:
850:Ticino, Valais and Grisons
623:Principality of the Pindus
74:
1368:Italian East African lira
1168:Rail transport in Somalia
865:
640:Governorate of Montenegro
233:Tunisia, located between
1378:Italian Somaliland rupia
880:Settlers and Irredentism
707:Galla-Sidamo Governorate
145:was the colonisation of
1480:International incidents
1470:19th century in Tunisia
1373:Italian Somaliland lira
1193:Libyan Railway stations
1158:Asmara-Massawa Cableway
1148:Ethio-Djibouti Railways
473:Italian Colonial Empire
468:Conventions of La Marsa
285:conventions of La Marsa
1255:Italian African Police
1188:Italian Libya Railways
1067:Fiat Tagliero Building
887:Settlers and colonists
873:
433:Charles-André Julien,
138:
37:
1475:French Third Republic
1356:Currencies and Stamps
957:Istria-Venezia Giulia
871:
598:Islands of the Aegean
446:Antonello Battaglia,
420:Antonello Battaglia,
407:Antonello Battaglia,
394:Antonello Battaglia,
283:Two years later, the
173:debt contracted with
136:
57:French Third Republic
383:René Albrecht-Carrié
308:, while Germany and
272:On 12 May 1881, the
105:, receiving its own
32:I vecchi e i giovani
1248:Police and military
1042:Mogadishu Cathedral
685:Somalia Governorate
680:Eritrea Governorate
675:Italian East Africa
555:Southeastern France
255:Mustapha Ben IsmaĂŻl
118:most favored nation
1207:Political concepts
1178:Via della Vittoria
1052:Benghazi Cathedral
1015:Governor's Palace
1007:Governor's Palace
999:Governor's Palace
874:
697:Amhara Governorate
690:British Somaliland
663:Italian Somaliland
294:universal suffrage
251:Mustapha Khaznadar
192:Congress of Berlin
139:
81:History of Tunisia
45:Schiaffo di Tunisi
1406:
1405:
1183:Linea dell'Impero
1131:
1130:
1057:Tripoli Cathedral
980:
979:
863:
862:
808:Planned expansion
764:Benghazi Province
712:Scioa Governorate
702:Harar Governorate
463:Benedetto Cairoli
318:Italian Peninsula
267:Otto von Bismarck
219:Benedetto Cairoli
179:Otto von Bismarck
151:Agostino Depretis
143:Benedetto Cairoli
129:French occupation
92:Straits of Sicily
77:Italian Tunisians
1487:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1363:Eritrean tallero
1302:Ascari del Cielo
1224:New Roman Empire
1153:Eritrean Railway
1108:Italian Benghazi
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
989:
884:
759:Misrata Province
754:Tripoli Province
718:Italian Ethiopia
542:
529:
528:
517:
510:
503:
494:
451:
444:
438:
437:, pagg. 48 e 52.
431:
425:
418:
412:
405:
399:
392:
386:
380:
374:
359:
353:
352:
350:
348:
339:. Archived from
333:
160:Strait of Sicily
53:Kingdom of Italy
35:
28:Luigi Pirandello
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1351:
1342:Legione Redenta
1290:Eritrean Ascari
1243:
1202:
1127:
1118:Italian Massaua
1098:Italian Tripoli
1086:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
976:
923:
875:
859:
803:
780:
725:
658:Italian Eritrea
644:
569:
533:
523:
521:
459:
454:
445:
441:
432:
428:
419:
415:
406:
402:
393:
389:
381:
377:
360:
356:
346:
344:
343:on 8 March 2008
335:
334:
330:
326:
310:Austria-Hungary
302:
263:Hayreddin Pasha
231:
131:
88:
83:
73:
36:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Italian Empire
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1136:Infrastructure
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Italian Asmara
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:Asmara Theatre
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
995:
993:
986:
982:
981:
978:
977:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
933:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
890:
888:
881:
877:
876:
866:
864:
861:
860:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
811:
809:
805:
804:
802:
801:
796:
790:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
777:
776:
771:
769:Derna Province
766:
761:
756:
746:
741:
735:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
722:
721:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
693:
692:
682:
672:
671:
670:
660:
654:
652:
650:Horn of Africa
646:
645:
643:
642:
637:
632:
631:
630:
628:Ionian Islands
625:
620:
618:Hellenic State
610:
605:
600:
595:
594:
593:
588:
579:
577:
571:
570:
568:
567:
562:
557:
551:
549:
539:
535:
534:
531:Italian Empire
522:
520:
519:
512:
505:
497:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
458:
455:
453:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
387:
375:
363:Gyula Andrássy
354:
327:
325:
322:
301:
298:
230:
227:
130:
127:
87:
84:
72:
69:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Maletti Group
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:Somali Ascari
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Spazio vitale
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Greater Italy
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:Cinema Impero
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
990:
987:
983:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
930:
926:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
889:
885:
882:
878:
870:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
810:
806:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
787:
783:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:Italian Libya
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
734:
732:
728:
720:
719:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
691:
688:
687:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
653:
651:
647:
641:
638:
636:
633:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
580:
578:
576:
572:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
550:
548:
547:Mediterranean
543:
540:
536:
532:
527:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
498:
495:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
449:
443:
440:
436:
430:
427:
423:
417:
414:
410:
404:
401:
397:
391:
388:
384:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
358:
355:
342:
338:
332:
329:
323:
321:
319:
313:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
212:obtorto collo
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
135:
128:
126:
124:
119:
116:), giving it
115:
111:
108:
104:
99:
97:
96:lingua franca
93:
85:
82:
78:
70:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:Slap of Tunis
33:
29:
23:
19:
1234:Fourth Shore
1219:Mare Nostrum
1001:(Mogadishu)
992:Governmental
985:Architecture
739:Tripolitania
716:
591:World War II
538:Subdivisions
488:Bardo Treaty
478:Protectorate
447:
442:
434:
429:
421:
416:
408:
403:
395:
390:
378:
370:
357:
345:. Retrieved
341:the original
331:
314:
303:
300:Consequences
282:
274:Bardo Treaty
271:
243:Tripolitania
232:
222:
216:
211:
164:
140:
107:capitulation
103:Bey of Tunis
100:
89:
61:protectorate
44:
40:
38:
31:
21:
18:
1072:Marble Arch
967:Switzerland
929:Irredentism
668:Oltre Giuba
586:World War I
347:18 December
289:sovereignty
167:Jules Ferry
1459:Categories
1239:Third Rome
1173:Via Balbia
1009:(Tripoli)
899:Dodecanese
324:References
210:, even if
155:militarist
75:See also:
71:Background
1025:(Asmara)
1017:(Asmara)
744:Cyrenaica
278:Sadok Bey
239:Cyrenaica
206:and with
1437:Politics
1091:Urbanism
1035:Civilian
952:Dalmatia
909:Ethiopia
786:Far East
608:Dalmatia
582:Albania
545:Western
457:See also
367:Robilant
223:de facto
200:Depretis
55:and the
25:—
1449:History
1411:Portals
937:Corsica
919:Somalia
904:Eritrea
894:Albania
855:Tunisia
825:Majorca
575:Balkans
565:Corsica
483:Tunisia
259:consuls
235:Algeria
198:and of
196:Cairoli
188:Bizerte
147:Tunisia
123:tariffs
110:in 1868
65:Tunisia
49:Italian
1425:Africa
1383:Somalo
1280:Spahis
1275:Savari
1265:Zaptié
815:Adalia
613:Greece
560:Monaco
208:Vienna
204:Berlin
184:Toulon
175:France
34:, 1913
1270:Dubat
972:Corfu
962:Malta
947:Savoy
914:Libya
845:Malta
840:Sudan
835:Kenya
820:Egypt
731:Libya
306:Egypt
63:over
942:Nice
349:2007
253:and
241:and
171:lire
79:and
39:The
337:"L"
247:bey
162:).
47:in
1461::
214:.
114:it
30:,
1413::
516:e
509:t
502:v
351:.
112:(
43:(
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