470:, then a mere hamlet, is five miles away. The jail is about thirty-two feet long by twenty-four feet wide, constructed of six-inch-square rough-sawed oak timbers notched at the corners and fastened together at frequent intervals with large iron spikes. Interior partitions and ceilings are of the same construction. There are four compartments in the jail: two small cells at one end, a narrow entrance hall running the width of the building in the center, and a large cell at the other end. The interior subdivision evidently was to permit segregation of male and female slaves, and also to provide a place for the guard. Small square windows between the center hall and each of the cells permitted passage of food and water without opening the cell doors. Each cell has iron rings fastened to the walls for use in chaining prisoners. The few small exterior windows are double ironbarred, one set of bars recessed into the logs and the other bolted to the outside; the wooden-barred entrance door is also double, giving greater security. All of the hardware is made of heavy, hand-forged iron. The jail is so massive and well-constructed that breaking out of it would have been very difficult."
576:. Different markets may well have been known for different "products". One historian wrote of New Orleans, "It was in the rotunda of the St. Louis Hotel that pulchritudinous slave girls, usually far removed in complexion from the sable hue of the typical slave women, were oftenest to be obtained. The auctioneers' stands were solid blocks of masonry placed between the lofty columns which supported the domed roof. At one side of the rotunda were rooms where slaves might be confined temporarily, when necessary, or where men and women might be taken to undergo inspection by prospective purchasers more detailed than was possible in public. Hamilton, who was in the United States in 1843, and published a book about what he saw in New Orleans, adds a final touch: 'When a woman is sold, the auctioneer usually puts his audience in a good humor by a few indecent jokes...'"
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south. During this period the slaves are secured by handcuffs, fetters, and chains, and put into some place of confinement. The national prison at
Washington city, and the state prisons, are prostituted to this use when occasion requires. The more extensive slave-dealers have private prisons constructed expressly for this purpose."
234:. This meant that people were chained together with iron rings around their necks which were fastened with wooden or iron bars. Men on horseback herded the groups, or coffles, to their destination. They used dogs, guns, and whips. Railroads brought a new, simpler means of travel that did not rely on the use of coffles.
432:
Many, if not most, hotels in southern cities were also de facto slave markets and slave jails. In 1884, a former slave trader named Jack
Campbell told a reporter "Go into any Southern hotel that was built before the war and ask them to let you go down into the cellars. See if you don't find these old
173:
Dedicated marts, depots, and lockups were by no means ubiquitous, but the slave trade itself was: "The slave trade took place in nearly every town and city in the South. In most, however, the trade did not have a permanent physical location. Commonly, slaves were sold on court days, usually outdoors
414:
may be the most enduring and notable of these locations. Similarly, rather than depending on candles, kerosene, whale oil, or gaslights, the noon-to-three trading hours of the St. Louis Hotel in New
Orleans probably took advantage of the brightest hours of natural light through the rotunda windows.
398:" in New Orleans, Louisiana states: "In this mart the Negroes were classified and seated on benches, as goods are arranged on shelves in a well-regulated store. The cooks, mechanics, farm-hands, house-girls, seamstresses, washwomen, barbers, and boys each had their own place." During the Civil War,
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described one jail where he was held as repugnant "on account of the filth and dirt of the most disagreeable kind...there were bedbugs, fleas, lice and mosquitoes in abundance to contend with. At night we had to lie down on the floor in this filth. Our food was very scanty, and of the most inferior
449:
Some slave owners may have had jails on their land for just their own personal slaves. A photo album of historic spots in
Mississippi that was created about 1937 by the WPA Federal Writers' Project has a photo of a pleasant-looking house with a caption that reads, "Above: Sea Glen, Hancock County,
261:
of
Baltimore in the 1840s, "The procurement of from fifty to three hundred slaves is a work of days, sometimes of weeks or months. Many plantations must be visited by the trader and his agents. Then a variety of circumstances occasions necessary delays, before the gang can be put in motion for the
160:
in
Montgomery, Alabama, were important slave markets not known for their prison facilities. A number of slave jails in the Upper South were used for holding people until slave traders had enough for a shipment south, but were only rarely the site of slave sales, in part because the profit for the
361:
A negro mart was usually a type of urban retail market, usually consisting of a dedicated showroom and/or a workyard, a jail, and storerooms or kitchens for food. Negro marts were urban "clearinghouses" that both acquired enslaved people from more rural districts and sold people for use as farm,
229:
Slave traders traveled to farms and small towns to buy enslaved people to bring to market. Slave owners also delivered people they wanted to dispense with. Enslaved people were placed in pens to await being sold, and they could become quite crowded. In New
Orleans, most sales were made between
533:
in
Georgia, was commandeered by the U.S. military at the conclusion of the Civil War. It was later described as having four stars on the sign out front; the windows of the upper stories had iron grates, and among the abandoned detritus were "bills of sale for slaves by the hundreds," business
230:
September and May. Buyers visited the slave pen and inspected enslaved people prior to the sale. People were held until their means of transportation was arranged. They were transported in groups by boat, walked to their new owners, or a combination of the two. They were moved in groups in a
249:, had a network of slave depots that were located along their routes. Circa 1833, an Appalachian newspaper complained about the slave traders traveling through the region with coffles, and reported that private jails had been built by slave traders at Baltimore, Washington,
415:
Outdoor slave markets were sometimes controversial. Charleston banned outdoor sales in 1856 and the traders protested that the ban might subtly send a message that there was something wrong with buying and selling people. And in 1837 a correspondent named D wrote to the
466:, owned during slavery days by the Craig family. There are no contemporary references to the jail, but the building itself bears ample evidence of the purposes for which it was used. And it could only have been used as a plantation jail, for the nearest town,
268:, the largest in the state of Virginia, was a particularly inhumane place that resulted in people dying of starvation, illness, or beating. They were so cramped that they were sometimes on top of one another. There were no toilet facilities. Swedish writer
280:: "...Mr. Kephart was probably the largest slavedealer in the county. He had two underground jails built where he kept the unruly, as well as a brick jail above ground." Some jails may have been tidy and officious operations, but many or most were not.
135:). Many thousands of other sales took place on the steps of county courthouses (to satisfy judgments, estates and claims), on large plantations, or anywhere else there was a slave owner who needed cash in order to settle a debt or pay off a bad bet.
493:
states that "hese were sites of brutal treatment and unbearable sorrow, as callous and avaricious slave traders tore apart families, separating husbands from wives, and children from their parents." During the Civil War, slave pens were used by the
402:
wrote a complaint letter to the effect that U.S. Army troops had robbed him of his slaves, and killed or jailed his overseers; he wanted someone to check if the women and children, particularly, were "confined in the Ware house or Negro Mart."
437:, a missionary and freedman from New York, was granted permission by the U.S. Army to liberate Louisville's slave jails in February 1865 he found hundreds of people still in the pens, "many confined in leg irons," and nine more in the
54:
In addition to private jails, enslaved people were often held in public jails, such as a 40-year-old fugitive man named Monday who fought "like the Devil when arrested" and who was held in the jail of Walker County, Alabama
276:, "As a rule, in all such places, the floor was the only bed, a dirty blanket was the only covering, a miscellaneous bundle the only pillow. A 1928 history described jail cells built on the Maryland farm of trader
584:
1979:
292:
The owners or operators of private slave jails were not necessarily the legal owners of everyone incarcerated within, and the business of jailing was distinct from the business of trading. For instance
86:
to showcase the slaves offered for sale, and still others were general auction or market houses where a wide variety of business was conducted, of which "negro trading" was just one part. The term
80:, and sometimes even to "board" slaves while traveling. Slave markets were any place where sellers and buyers gathered to make deals. Some of these buildings had dedicated slave jails, others were
788:
1527:
304:
506:. In Natchez, Mississippi, the Forks of the Road slave market was used by the Union soldiers to offer the formerly enslaved protection and freedom. In 2021 the site was made part of the
1999:
1005:
321:
877:(Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.
390:
reported that the
Forrest & Jones negro mart in Memphis had collapsed and caught fire; two people died but the bills of sale for people, "amounting in the aggregate to
2004:
1984:
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complaining of being inconvenienced by the "practice which has been recently adopted by negro traders, I know not who, of parading their slaves for sale, on the narrow
1210:
297:, who was both a slave trader and jail owner in Louisville, Kentucky, submitted a bill for "boarding slaves" to the county chancery court adjudicating a dispute over
1055:"Slavery and the internal slave trade in the United States of North America; being replies to questions transmitted by the Committee of the British and Foreign ..."
156:
A slave market could operate without a dedicated jail, and a jail could operate without an associated market. For example, the grand hotels of New
Orleans, and the
1974:
1969:
174:
at a location near the courthouse, yet those cities with a large slave market had a significant infrastructure dedicated to the buying and selling of humans."
429:, Common street...I have very frequently found much difficulty in making my way through the rank and file of men, women and children, there daily exhibited."
1936:
1932:
417:
178:
was the great slave market of the lower Mississippi watershed—with hundreds of traders and a score of slave pens—but there were also markets and sales "at
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1994:
773:
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29:
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793:
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1989:
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Greatheed, Samuel; Parken, Daniel; Williams, Theophilus; Price, Thomas; Conder, Josiah; Ryland, Jonathan Edwards; Hood, Edwin Paxton (1865).
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said that it would now be "God's half acre". A slave pen in Montgomery, Alabama became Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. A site formerly called
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correspondence, "handcuffs, whips, and staples for tying, etc." The building turned into a school for formerly enslaved children.
1964:
1144:"Narrative of the life and adventures of Henry Bibb, an American slave. Written by himself. With an introd. by Lucius C. Matlack"
695:
680:
573:
507:
451:
67:
1363:
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861-1867 Selected from the Holdings of the National Archivesof the United States
478:
700:
458:. The old slave dungeon and the cotton press remain." Historian Orville W. Taylor described a surviving plantation jail in his
294:
1292:
The Confederacy's Greatest Cavalryman: Nathan Bedford Forrest By Brian Steel Wills · 1998, University Press of Kansas, page 30
1528:"73473-sb1-27.tif - Pictorial History, South Mississippi \342\200\246 WPA Mississippi Historical Research Project, 1936-1937"
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301:, while W. H. DeJarnatt advertised that four slaves he was listing for sale could "be seen at the house of M. Garrison".
99:
where many trading firms operated in close proximity. Such clusters existed on specific streets (such as Pratt Street in
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778:
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in Richmond), or in settlements seemingly dedicated to serving planters seeking new agricultural laborers (such as
1787:
1097:. Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 322–323.
659:
518:
179:
1420:
690:
426:
353:
254:
1006:"Henry Bibb and The Slave Pens of New Orleans - Stop 2 of 7 on the Urban Slavery and Everyday Resistance tour"
530:
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described slave pens she saw on her travels in America as "great garrets without beds, chairs or tables." Per
1609:
463:
434:
76:, also known as slave jails, were used to temporarily hold enslaved people until they were sold, or to hold
712:
467:
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1913:
Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America, From April, 1833, to October, 1834
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218:
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1818:
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Nineteenth-century American county courthouse architecture § County jails and sheriff's residences
611:
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quality. No gentleman's dog would eat what we were compelled to eat or starve." St. Louis slave trader
33:
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286:
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674:
627:
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in Mississippi; at every roadside tavern, county courthouse, and crossroads across the Lower South."
199:
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124:
108:
37:
1883:
394: (equivalent to about $ 13,564,440 in 2023)" were salvaged. A description of "the negro mart of
553:
499:
298:
1143:
517:' slave jail was used as a Congregational church by African Americans. A freedmen's seminary, now
17:
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This is a list of notable buildings, structures, and landmarks (etc.), that were used in the
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1061:
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526:
407:
132:
96:
843:
308:"Great Negro Mart" sign: This card dates to about 1860, this building had been occupied by
1640:"Colored Baptists of Alabama, by Charles Octavius Boothe, D. D.—A Project Gutenberg eBook"
1227:
1218:
948:
726:
269:
222:
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to imprison Confederate soldiers. For instance, slave pens were used for this purpose in
583:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
1446:"The Last of His Kind: Talk with an Old Slave-Seller Who Lags Superfluous on the Stage"
914:
706:
621:
513:
Old slave pens were also repurposed for worship and education. In Lexington, Kentucky,
277:
116:
1958:
1185:
851:
783:
514:
482:
Slave markets labeled on an 1854 map of the Forks of the Road in Natchez, Mississippi
128:
1223:
1509:
560:
1911:
1337:
Battles and Victories of Allen Allensworth Lieutenant-Colonel, Retired, U.S. Army
1303:"A Double Catastrophe in Memphis. A NEGRO MARKET AND A NEWSPAPER OFFICE IN RUINS"
454:
lived during the early 1800s and where he attempted the commercial production of
1761:
The Wanderer: the last American slave ship and the conspiracy that set its sails
835:
462:(1958): "A well-preserved slave jail still stands on Yellow Bayou Plantation in
348:
175:
1474:(2nd ed.). Frankfort, Kentucky: Kentucky Historical Society. p. 164.
1190:
Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery (dlas.uncg.edu)
1942:
1505:
900:
495:
336:
281:
162:
1701:
1314:
944:
1591:"When Emancipation Finally Came, Slave Markets Took on a Redemptive Purpose"
1497:
952:
433:
cells where the servants of travelers were shut up at night." When Reverend
317:
165:, closer to the labor-hungry plantations of the cotton and sugar districts.
100:
1855:"The Notorious 'Yellow House' That Made Washington, D.C. a Slavery Capital"
1709:
1389:
Denmark Vesey's garden: slavery and memory in the cradle of the Confederacy
1479:
1922:"Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Washington's Most Notorious Slave Pen"
209:"Sale of Estates, Pictures and Slaves in the Rotunda at New Orleans" by
70:
from the founding in 1776 until the total abolition of slavery in 1865.
1472:
A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760–1891
231:
921:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 86.
818:
289:
offered jailing services to owners for 37½ cents per slave per day.
1823:
State Library of Pennsylvania. D. Appleton-Century Co. p. 134.
1945:
One-Time Slave Pen Now a Museum About the Horrors of Slavery (VOA)
1513:
1406:
1184:
Kentucky Division of Libraries and Archives, Frankfort, Kentucky.
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559:
547:
477:
406:
It was not uncommon to hold sales or auctions outdoors in the pre-
342:
327:
303:
236:
204:
137:
49:
28:
1885:
Slavery and the origins of Louisiana's prison industry, 1803–1861
1712:. LDS Film 1425689, Image Group Number (DGS) 1640025 – via
312:'s slave market for most of the 1850s but in 1859 he sold it for
1186:"Petition #20785421. Jefferson County, Kentucky, Chancery Court"
892:
525:. Known as the "devil's half acre", a founder of the seminary
316: (equivalent to $ 1,017,333 in 2023) to his former partner
919:
River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom
351:
to be held at the negro mart attached to the work house yard (
1943:
One-Time Slave Pen Now a Museum About the Horrors of Slavery
1557:. Internet Archive. 212: duke university press, durham, n. c.
1910:"E. S. Abdy description of a Washington, D.C., slave pen".
1789:
Genius of Universal Emancipation 1830-01-22: Vol 4 Iss 20
564:"A List of Runaways Confined in the Jails of this State,"
378:, et al. In the 1850s, future Confederate military leader
1792:. Internet Archive. Open Court Publishing Co. 1830-01-22.
1610:"How a Slave Market Became a National Park Service Site"
608:
Brown's Speculator House (slave jail?), Montgomery, Ala.
1820:
Slavery in Mississippi. / by Charles Sackett Sydnor ...
1121:
History of Carrollton manor, Frederick County, Maryland
322:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1980:
Lists of buildings and structures in the United States
819:"Mapping the slave trade in Richmond and New Orleans"
1763:. New York, N.Y: Saint Martin's Press. p. 127.
1272:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 56–58.
1905:. Emmis Communications. July 2004. pp. 44–48.
1888:(Ph.D. thesis). Australia: University of Adelaide.
1004:El-Shafei, Dahlia; Mason, Kate; O'Dwyer, Kathryn.
817:
64:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
1366:. Cambridge University Press. 1985. p. 285.
552:"Old Slave Market, Charleston, S.C." postcard of
556:by Detroit Publishing Co., image dated 1913–1918
92:was commonly used in New Orleans in the 1850s.
2000:19th-century architecture in the United States
1124:. Frederick, Md.: Marken & Bielfeld, Inc.
1034:Middlebury Register and Addison county Journal
8:
1937:National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
1209:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1391:. New York: The New Press. pp. 34–35.
450:Old Claiborne Plantation. It was here that
1728:"The American hotel; an anecdotal history"
1192:. University of North Carolina, Greensboro
713:Poindexter & Little § Slave depot
665:John W. Smith's jail, District of Columbia
2005:Commercial buildings in the United States
1985:Pre-emancipation African-American history
1834:Kambourian, Elizabeth Cann (2014-02-23).
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1387:Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018).
981:"Digging up the Past at a Richmond Jail"
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
774:List of African-American historic places
630:(outdoor sales, plaza north of building)
1836:"Slave traders in Richmond (1819–1864)"
805:
633:E. P. Legg's jail, District of Columbia
1817:Sydnor, Charles S. (Charles Sackett).
1795:
1560:
1202:
794:Torture of slaves in the United States
225:, sometimes called the French Exchange
111:), in specific neighborhoods (in the
1975:Economic history of the United States
1782:
1780:
362:skilled, or domestic labor. The term
7:
1970:Defunct prisons in the United States
1083:
1081:
863:
861:
764:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
655:Hamburg, South Carolina slave market
598:(outdoor sales), Montgomery, Alabama
161:trader was sure to be higher in the
1608:Mendoza, Brishette (July 3, 2021).
1269:Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography
722:Slave Auction Block, Fredericksburg
617:Charleston Workhouse and Negro Mart
245:In some cases, slave traders, like
146:'s slave pen ("The Old Negro Mart"
1926:White House Historical Association
1686:The Louisiana Historical Quarterly
25:
18:Slave markets in the United States
1680:Kendall, John S. (January 1939).
1620:from the original on July 3, 2021
718:Royal Oak, Woodville, Mississippi
686:Nashville, Tennessee slave market
386:in Memphis. In January 1860, the
1995:Slave trade in the United States
1222: This article incorporates
1217:
696:Old Market (Louisville, Georgia)
681:Mason County, Kentucky slave pen
574:slave trade in the United States
508:Natchez National Historical Park
95:Slave trading was often done in
68:slave trade in the United States
701:Old Slave Market, St. Augustine
1118:Grove, William Jarboe (1928).
1094:Slave Trading in the Old South
874:Slave Trading in the Old South
769:List of American slave traders
637:Forks of the Road slave market
544:List of American slave traders
410:South; the plaza north of the
382:operated a heavily advertised
1:
1030:"A Most Disgraceful Business"
347:Three newspaper listings for
41:
1990:Slavery in the United States
1714:FamilySearch Digital Library
1694:Louisiana Historical Society
649:Franklin and Armfield Office
221:depicts a slave sale at the
1334:Alexander, Charles (1914).
1170:Bernard M. Lynch’s Cash Box
844:10.5749/buildland.20.2.0102
836:10.5749/buildland.20.2.0102
779:Red flag (American slavery)
370:, but can also be found in
215:The Slave States of America
59:, Huntsville, July 7, 1847)
2021:
1551:Orville W. Taylor (1958).
1470:Lucas, Marion B. (2014) .
1266:Hurst, Jack (2011-06-08).
578:
541:
418:New Orleans Times-Picayune
384:negro mart on Adams Street
368:Charleston, South Carolina
366:was most commonly used in
1842:. Virginia. pp. A12.
1554:Negro Slavery in Arkansas
824:Building & Landscapes
660:John Montmollin Warehouse
538:Notable markets and jails
519:Virginia Union University
460:Negro Slavery in Arkansas
445:Home and plantation jails
149:Memphis Commercial Appeal
66:were places used for the
1567:: CS1 maint: location (
1452:. 1884-05-24. p. 12
1450:St. Louis Globe-Democrat
691:New Orleans slave market
374:, multiple locations in
354:Charleston Daily Courier
131:, across the river from
1965:Antebellum architecture
1853:Magazine, Smithsonian.
1840:Richmond Times-Dispatch
1759:Calonius, Erik (2006).
1740:2027/mdp.39015004273754
1427:. 1837-02-22. p. 2
1248:. 1850-04-22. p. 2
1132:– via HathiTrust.
1130:2027/mdp.39015024834841
1066:2027/nyp.33433075911457
1036:. 1833-01-22. p. 3
566:Mississippi Free Trader
396:Poindexter & Little
333:Slaves Waiting for Sale
247:Franklin & Armfield
115:in New Orleans, and at
1802:: CS1 maint: others (
1682:"Shadow Over the City"
1010:New Orleans Historical
639:, Natchez, Mississippi
569:
557:
483:
380:Nathan Bedford Forrest
358:
340:
325:
310:Nathan Bedford Forrest
259:Nile's Weekly Register
242:
226:
153:
144:Nathan Bedford Forrest
107:, or Cherry Street in
60:
47:
36:, "dealers in slaves"
34:Price, Birch & Co.
1882:Birch, Kelly (2017).
624:, Lexington, Kentucky
563:
551:
542:Further information:
531:A. Bryan's Negro Mart
521:, was established in
481:
346:
331:
307:
240:
219:James Silk Buckingham
208:
141:
53:
32:
1859:Smithsonian Magazine
1595:Smithsonian Magazine
1480:10.2307/j.ctt1w76tk3
1226:available under the
985:Smithsonian Magazine
585:adding missing items
504:Alexandria, Virginia
211:William Henry Brooke
125:Natchez, Mississippi
38:Alexandria, Virginia
1933:A slave pen journey
1902:Cincinnati Magazine
1666:The Eclectic Review
1589:White, Jonathan W.
1340:. Sherman, French.
1246:The Courier-Journal
628:Charleston Exchange
568:, December 11, 1835
554:Charleston Exchange
500:St. Louis, Missouri
412:Charleston Exchange
357:, January 29, 1841)
152:, January 27, 1907)
1692:(1). New Orleans:
1614:The New York Times
1425:The Times-Picayune
1307:The New York Times
1242:"Negroes for Sale"
1089:Bancroft, Frederic
869:Bancroft, Frederic
814:McInnis, Maurie D.
753:, Washington, D.C.
612:Bruin's Slave Jail
570:
558:
484:
452:J. F. H. Claiborne
372:Memphis, Tennessee
359:
341:
326:
243:
227:
154:
103:, Adams Street in
61:
48:
1770:978-0-312-34347-7
1644:www.gutenberg.org
1510:Project MUSE
1373:978-0-521-13213-8
1347:978-0-598-48524-3
1279:978-0-307-78914-3
1104:978-1-64336-427-8
979:Tucker, Abigail.
884:978-1-64336-427-8
675:Lynch's slave pen
603:St. Charles Hotel
456:sea island cotton
274:Frederic Bancroft
190:in Louisiana; at
121:Forks of the Road
97:business clusters
16:(Redirected from
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751:The Yellow House
741:, Lynchburg, Va.
601:Bar-room of the
589:reliable sources
527:James B. Simmons
425:in front of the
408:air-conditioning
400:Gideon J. Pillow
393:
315:
295:Matthew Garrison
287:Bernard M. Lynch
188:East Baton Rouge
133:Augusta, Georgia
113:American Quarter
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745:Woolfolk's jail
739:Woodroof's jail
727:St. Louis Hotel
592:
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391:
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270:Fredrika Bremer
257:. According to
223:St. Louis Hotel
171:
78:fugitive slaves
44:
40:, photographed
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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523:Lumpkin's Jail
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388:New York Times
278:George Kephart
266:Lumpkin's Jail
255:Fredericksburg
180:Donaldsonville
170:
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158:Artesian Basin
142:Claimed to be
117:Shockoe Bottom
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816:(Fall 2013).
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784:Tavern trader
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515:Lewis Robards
511:
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474:After slavery
473:
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464:Chicot County
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35:
31:
27:
19:
1939:, Cincinnati
1925:
1912:
1901:
1884:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:
1848:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1812:
1788:
1760:
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1613:
1603:
1594:
1553:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1498:j.ctt1w76tk3
1471:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1388:
1382:
1362:
1356:
1336:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1250:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1216:
1194:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1150:. p. 91
1147:
1138:
1120:
1113:
1092:
1069:. Retrieved
1057:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
999:
988:. Retrieved
984:
918:
909:
872:
827:
823:
808:
709:, Charleston
651:, Alexandria
581:dynamic list
571:
565:
512:
488:
485:
468:Lake Village
459:
448:
435:Thomas James
431:
422:
416:
405:
387:
363:
360:
352:
349:estate sales
332:
291:
264:
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214:
172:
155:
148:
94:
88:
87:
82:
81:
72:
71:
63:
62:
57:The Democrat
56:
26:
1696:: 142–165.
747:, Baltimore
677:, St. Louis
489:Smithsonian
392:US$ 400,000
253:, and near
241:Coffle gang
176:New Orleans
89:slave depot
83:negro marts
45: 1862
1959:Categories
1864:2023-12-10
1745:2023-11-07
1732:HathiTrust
1649:2024-07-28
1537:2024-08-28
1506:1007290645
1456:2024-06-25
1431:2023-12-11
1407:2017041546
1320:2023-05-04
1252:2024-06-26
1196:2024-06-24
1154:2024-06-29
1148:HathiTrust
1071:2023-09-11
1058:HathiTrust
1040:2023-09-18
1015:2021-05-06
990:2021-05-06
937:2012030065
901:1153619151
800:References
735:, Richmond
703:(disputed)
671:, Richmond
662:, Savannah
579:This is a
496:Union Army
427:City Hotel
364:negro mart
337:Eyre Crowe
314:US$ 30,000
282:Henry Bibb
217:(1842) by
163:Deep South
123:market in
73:Slave pens
1798:cite book
1702:0095-5949
1563:cite book
1315:0362-4331
1228:CC BY 2.0
1091:(2023) .
953:26179618M
945:827947225
871:(2023) .
852:160472953
645:, Memphis
318:Byrd Hill
196:Vicksburg
127:, and at
109:Nashville
101:Baltimore
1618:Archived
1230:license.
1205:cite web
917:(2013).
893:95020493
758:See also
733:The Cage
491:magazine
423:trottoir
1950:YouTube
1710:1782268
1624:July 5,
376:Georgia
251:Norfolk
200:Jackson
192:Natchez
184:Clinton
169:History
105:Memphis
1767:
1708:
1700:
1512:
1504:
1496:
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339:(1853)
232:coffle
198:, and
186:, and
1494:JSTOR
848:S2CID
840:JSTOR
587:with
213:from
1804:link
1765:ISBN
1706:OCLC
1698:ISSN
1626:2021
1569:link
1502:OCLC
1484:ISBN
1403:LCCN
1393:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1311:ISSN
1274:ISBN
1224:text
1211:link
1099:ISBN
941:OCLC
933:LCCN
923:ISBN
897:OCLC
889:LCCN
879:ISBN
502:and
486:The
1948:on
1736:hdl
1476:doi
1126:hdl
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832:doi
335:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
