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focused on the issue of payment to slaves. Masters did not commonly pay their slaves a regular wage for their service or loyalty. The slaves worked so that they could either enter Egypt and hope for a better life, receive compensation of living quarters and food, or be granted admittance to work in the afterlife. Although slaves were not "free" or rightfully independent, slaves in the New
Kingdom were able to leave their master if they had a "justifiable grievance". Historians have read documents about situations where this could be a possibility but it is still uncertain if independence from slavery was attainable.
1887:
141:
2121:"I brought back in great numbers those that my sword has spared, with their hands tied behind their backs before my horses, and their wives and children in tens of thousands, and their livestock in hundreds of thousands. I imprisoned their leaders in fortresses bearing my name, and I added to them chief archers and tribal chiefs, branded and enslaved, tattooed with my name, their wives and children being treated in the same way."
2067:, a slave could be owned by both an elite individual (like the king) and a community. In addition, the community had grown in power and now held the capacity to own and administer to public property, including that of slaves, replacing some of the traditional power of the king and his private royal laborers. By this period, slaves could also sometimes become citizens. One method by which this could happen was through marriage.
42:
2027:
employed as fieldworkers, house servants, and cobblers; female laborers as hairdressers, gardeners, and weavers." If a household servant failed to adequately perform their job, they could be dismissed from the home they worked at. In some cases, servants appear to have become emotionally important to their household as depicted on the Cairo Bowl.
2163:. Self-sale into servitude was not always a choice made by the individuals' free will, but rather a result of individuals who were unable to pay off their debts. The creditor would wipe the debt by acquiring the individual who was in debt as a slave, along with his children and wife. The debtor would also have to give up all that was owned.
1937:
of war". Forms of forced labor and servitude are seen throughout all of ancient Egypt. Egyptians wanted dominion over their kingdoms and would alter political and social ideas to benefit their economic state. The existence of slavery not only was profitable for ancient Egypt, but made it easier to keep power and stability of the kingdoms.
2188:
obeyed a master and served as a laborer. The origin of this type of slavery is difficult to pinpoint but some say the slaves were willing to be held captive in return for entrance into Egypt. Entrance into Egypt could also be perceived as having been given "life". Willingness of enslavement is known as
2269:
The fluidity of a slave's occupation does not translate to "freedom". It is difficult to use the word 'free' as a term to describe slave's political or social independence due to the lack of sources and material from this ancient time period. Much of the research conducted on
Egyptian enslavement has
2211:
labor system. The laborers were conscripted for projects such as military expeditions, mining and quarrying, and construction projects for the state. These slaves were paid a wage, depending on their skill level and social status for their work. Conscripted workers were not owned by individuals, like
2170:
Some slaves were bought in slave markets near the
Asiatic area and then bonded as war prisoners. Not all were from foreign areas outside of Egypt but it was popular for slaves to be found and collected abroad. This act of slavery increased Egypt's military status and strength. Bonded laborers dreamed
2927:
Herodotus claimed that the Great
Pyramid at Giza was built with the labour of 100,000 slaves working in three-monthly shifts, a charge that cannot be substantiated. Much of the non-skilled labour on the pyramids was undertaken by peasants working during the Inundation season when they could not farm
2311:
period. Whilst the idea that the
Israelites served as slaves in Egypt features in the Bible, scholars generally agree that the story constitutes an origin myth rather than a historical reality. But the fact that the Bible's depiction of Israelite servitude accords with what it is known about slavery
2233:
that slavery had a greater impact. Slave dealing in
Ancient Egypt was done through private dealers and not through a public market. The transaction had to be performed before a local council or officials with a document containing clauses that were used in other valuable sales. However Pharaohs were
2220:
Masters of
Ancient Egypt were under obligations when owning slaves. Masters were allowed to utilize the abilities of their slaves by employing them in different manners including domestic services (cooks, maids, brewers, nannies, etc.) and labor services (gardeners, stable hands, field hands, etc.).
2194:
Others suggest that shabtis were held captive because they were foreigners. The full extent of the origins of shabtis is unclear but historians do recognize that women were paid or compensated in some way for their labor whilst men were not. However payment could come in many forms. Although men did
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traditionally refers to an orphan or poor. Methods by which slaves could attain their freedom included marriage or entering temple service (being "purified"). The latter is depicted in, for example, the
Restoration Stela of Tutankhamen. Ramesside Egypt saw a development in the institution of slavery
1962:
is "strike; hit," thus nominalized as "(one who has been) struck down"). This was not a distinct term for "slave" but for prisoners of war, as already stated. The term, 'ḥm', emerged with at least two distinct usages: 1) “Laborer” and 2) “Servant”. Documented evidence exists as early as the reign of
1936:
The word translated as "slave" from the
Egyptian language does not neatly align with modern terms or traditional labor roles. Egyptian texts refer to words 'bꜣk' and 'ḥm' that mean laborer or servant. Some Egyptian language refers to slave-like people as 'sqr-ꜥnḫ', meaning "living prisoner; prisoner
2198:
In the slave market, bonded laborers were commonly sold with a 'slave yoke' or a 'taming stick' to show that the slave was troublesome. This specific type of weaponry to torture the slave has many local names in
Egyptian documents but the preferred term is 'sheyba'. Other forms of restraint used in
2022:
If an individual coerced into labor attempted to escape or was absent from their work, they might be condemned to coerced labor for life. One of the Lahun papyri describes an example of this occurring: "Order issued by the Great Prison in year 31, third month of the summer season, day 5, that he be
1974:
Reliefs from this period depict captured prisoners of war with their hands tied behind their backs. Nubia was targeted—because of its close geographical proximity, cultural similarity, and competitiveness in imperial dominion, and then the scope of campaigns intended to acquire foreign war captives
2082:
contains a biographical text which depicts several boasts regarding the capture of foreign Asiatic slaves. Egyptian servants were treated more humanely as employees, whereas foreign slaves were the objects of trade. The foreigners captured during military campaigns are, for example, referred to in
2074:
period, the military and its expenses grew and so additional coerced labor was needed to sustain it. As such, the "New Kingdom, with its relentless military operations, is the epoch of large-scale foreign slavery". Many more slaves were also acquired via the Mediterranean slave market, where Egypt
2187:
were funerary figures buried with deceased Egyptians. Historians have concluded these figures represent an ideology of earthly persons' loyalty and bond to a master. Evidence of ushabtis shows great relevance to a slavery-type system. The captives were promised an afterlife in the beyond if they
2146:
The Chattel slaves were mostly captives of war and were brought to different cities and countries to be sold as slaves. All captives, including civilians not a part of the military forces, were seen as a royal resource. The pharaoh could resettle captives by moving them into colonies for labor,
2026:
Asiatics could often have Egyptian names but sometimes inscriptions or papyri mentioning them would still apply an ethnic qualification, such as one which mentions an "Asiatic Aduna and her son Ankhu". Both Asiatics and state-owned slaves could perform a variety of jobs: "We find royal laborers
2266:", Egyptian slaves were not tied to the land; the owner(s) could use the slave for various occupational purposes. The slaves could serve towards the productivity of the region and community. Slaves were generally men, but women and families could be forced into the owner's household service.
2250:
Many slaves who worked for temple estates lived under punitive conditions, but on average the Ancient Egyptian slave led a life similar to a serf. They were capable of negotiating transactions and owning personal property. Chattel and debt slaves were given food but probably not given wages.
1987:, slaves were first defined as men with dignity but remained treated as property. When borrowed money owed to wealthier individuals in Egyptian society could not be paid back, family members – especially women – were sold in return into slavery. During the
2018:
Slaves, especially of Syrian origin were grouped in ghetto camps to perform labor for the state where they lived in harsh conditions, often including beating by their masters. The term for "male Asiatic" in ancient Egyptian language became synonymous with "slave".
2023:
condemned with all his family to labor for life on state land, according to the decision of the court." Military expeditions continued to reduce Asiatics to slavery, and state-owned slaves (royal laborers) shared in the same status as these Asiatic slaves.
2290:, the pyramids were not built by slaves; Hawass's archeological discoveries in the 1990s in Cairo show the workers were paid laborers rather than slaves. Rather it was farmers who built the pyramids during flooding, when they could not work their lands.
2195:
not receive monetary wages, shabtis were promised life in the netherworld and that promise could be perceived as payment for them. So Shabtis are associated with bonded labor but historians speculate that there was some sort of choice for the Shabtis.
2312:
in ancient Egypt has convinced some scholars that the story probably has some historical basis. In any case, the construction of the pyramids does not appear in the biblical story. Modern archaeologists consider that the Israelites were indigenous to
1675:
1895:
2212:
other slaves, but rather required to perform labor as a duty to the state. Conscripted labor was a form of taxation by government officials and usually happened at the local level when high officials called upon small village leaders.
2133:
where slaves could now become objects of private (rather than just public) property, and they could be bought and sold. Slaves themselves could now own some property and had a few legal protections, although they were not many.
2171:
of emancipation but never knew if it was ever achievable. Slaves foreign to Egypt had possibilities of return to homelands but those brought from Nubia and Libya were forced to stay in the boundaries of Egypt.
2075:
was the main purchaser of international slaves. This Mediterranean market appears to have been controlled by Asiatic Bedouin who would capture individuals, such as travelers, and sell them on the market.
2151:. Some chattel slaves began as free people who were found guilty of committing illicit acts and were forced to give up their freedom. Other chattel slaves were born into the life from a slave mother.
2262:
were seen as property or a commodity to be bought and sold. Their human qualities were disregarded and were merely seen as property to be used for a master's labor. Unlike the more modern term, "
1796:
1660:
1191:
1975:
expanded to Libya and Asia. Local Egyptians also entered into servitude due to an unstable economy and debts. Officials who abused their power could also be reduced to servitude.
1933:. Even these seemingly well-differentiated types of slavery are susceptible to individual interpretation. Egypt's labor culture encompassed many people of various social ranks.
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917:
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Masters also had the right to force the slave to learn a trade or craft to make the slave more valuable. Masters were forbidden to force child slaves to harsh physical labor.
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are recorded as having been captured as prisoners of war and reduced to slavery. During this period, slaves could sometimes be rented. One manuscript known as
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996:
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1971:- and Libyans all of whom would be used to perform labour—regardless of their will otherwise—or – if warranted, would be conscripted into the military.
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era, originated from foreign lands. The slaves themselves were seen as an accomplishment to Egyptian kings' reign, and a sign of power. Slaves or
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to refer to different classes of servitude over the course of dynastic history. Interpretation of the textual evidence of classes of slaves in
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Several departments in the Ancient Egyptian government were able to draft workers from the general population to work for the state with a
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Ve-'Ed Ya'aleh (Gen 2:6), Volume 1: Essays in Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Edward L. Greenstein
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their lands. In return for their services they were given rations of food, a welcome addition to the family diet.
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1984:
1921:
has been difficult to differentiate by word usage alone. There were three types of enslavement in Ancient Egypt:
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802:
307:
2012:
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1601:
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2091:). In reward for his services in the construction of temples across Egypt, Thutmose III rewarded his official
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giving them to temples, giving them as rewards to deserving individuals, or giving them to his soldiers as
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1967:, in the 26th century BC, war campaigns in the territory of Nubia, in which war-captives would be labeled
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3069:. In Machinist, Peter; Harris, Robert A.; Berman, Joshua A.; Samet, Nili; Ayali-Darshan, Noga (eds.).
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quoted in Loprieno, Antonio. "Slavery and Servitude". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2012) pg. 10
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able to bypass this, and possessed the power to give slaves to any they saw fit, usually being a
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In the Adoption Papyrus, the term "slave"/"servant" is contrasted with the term "free citizen (
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Loprieno, Antonio. "Slavery and Servitude". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2012) pp. 1-19
2004:
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1358:
1081:
1045:
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467:
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17:
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Ancient Egypt slave markets were more common than the shebya, such as ropes and cords.
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1838:
1732:
624:
302:
265:
223:
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Ancient Egyptians were able to sell themselves and children into slavery in a form of
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during the first century CE, an account that was subsequently popularized during the
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164:
2795:"Great Pyramid tombs unearth 'proof' workers were not slaves | Egypt | The Guardian"
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752:
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666:
553:
270:
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218:
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193:
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2344:
Shaw, G. J. 2012. Slavery, Pharaonic Egypt. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History.
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41:
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A statue of a kneeling captive in Ancient Egypt, Old Kingdom ca. 2246-2152 a. C
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639:
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The Legends of the Pyramids: Myths and Misconceptions about Ancient Egypt
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2008:
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One type of slavery in ancient Egypt granted captives the promise of an
2102:, coerced temple labor was only performed by male and female slaves. At
2087:
as "men in captivity" and individuals were referred to as "dependents" (
2725:
2263:
2184:
2148:
2047:
A mummy's soles depicting two Asian prisoners. Between 722 and 332 BC,
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671:
351:
168:
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were also able to sell themselves into slavery for food or shelter.
2628:
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Ancient Egypt was a peasant-based economy and it was not until the
1954:
Period, prisoners of war captured by the Egyptian army were called
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1893:
1885:
548:
534:
509:
145:
139:
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2015:
also shows forced labor being performed on arable state land.
2531:"The Dark Side of a Model Community: The 'Ghetto' of el-Lahun"
1913:
in Pharaonic Egypt are complicated by terminology used by the
35:
2297:
slaves built the pyramids was first made by Jewish historian
2011:
papyri depict prisoners being employed in state enterprises.
2316:
and never resided in ancient Egypt in significant numbers.
2282:
were not built by slaves. According to noted archeologists
2917:
Watterson, Barbara (1997). "The Era of Pyramid-builders".
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
1991:, records show that coerced laborers included conscripts (
2893:"Journeys of the Pyramid Builders - Archaeology Magazine"
2449:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
2629:"Slavery in Egypt during the Saite and Persian Periods"
3067:"Exodus 1, Akkadian pilku, and Israelite Corvée Labor"
2118:
claiming to have captured innumerable foreign slaves:
2745:
2743:
2704:
Aldred, Cyril (1977). "The Sheyba in Ancient Egypt".
2941:"Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids"
1546:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2447:Silver, Morris (2009). "What Makes Shabti Slave?".
66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2918:
2847:Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids
2278:There is a consensus among Egyptologists that the
29:For slavery in Egypt in post-classical times, see
2600:"Ancient Egypt: Slavery, its causes and practice"
2128:) of the land of the pharaoh". Often, the phrase
3048:"Were Hebrews Ever Slaves in Ancient Egypt? Yes"
1661:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2367:
2365:
2356:The Ancient Egyptians (Beliefs & Practices)
2868:"NOVA Online/Pyramids/Who Built the Pyramids?"
2767:Builders of the Pyramids | National Geographic
2633:Revue Internationale des droits de l'antiquité
2482:Altägyptisches Wörterbuch (24 November 2023).
1867:
8:
3029:"For You Were [Not] Slaves in Egypt"
2819:Archaeology, Current World (24 March 2022).
2754:. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 160–174.
2538:The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture
1979:First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom
1890:A figurine from Egypt of a semitic slave (2)
1666:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2990:
2988:
2031:Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom
1874:
1860:
151:
2672:
2254:Egyptian slaves, specifically during the
1958:("living prisoners"; the root meaning of
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
3000:"Why Are the Pyramids Not in the Bible?"
2657:"Work and Compensation in Ancient Egypt"
2568:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
1671:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1536:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1516:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
3100:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide
3006:. Red Lightning Books. pp. 31–32.
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2337:
163:
144:An Ancient Egyptian slave market, with
2419:Loprieno, Antonio (21 November 2012).
2385:
2383:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2622:
2620:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2392:"Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt"
1558:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1235:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
2576:10.1093/acref/9780195102345.001.0001
2442:
2440:
2438:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2372:Everett, Susanne (24 October 2011).
2358:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 91.
1750:Slave marriages in the United States
1354:Human trafficking in the Middle East
64:adding citations to reliable sources
2706:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2661:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2627:Cruz-Uribe, Eugene (January 1982).
1089:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2376:. Chartwell Books. pp. 10–11.
2274:Great Pyramids not built by slaves
1743:last survivors of American slavery
25:
3098:. In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.).
2821:"Records of the pyramid builders"
2570:. Oxford University Press. 2001.
704:Field slaves in the United States
571:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
2461:10.1163/002249909X12574071439813
581:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
576:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
405:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
175:
40:
2425:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
2390:Dunn, Jimmy (24 October 2011).
2354:David, Rosalie (1 April 1998).
1531:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1082:East, Southeast, and South Asia
51:needs additional citations for
2098:During and after the reign of
1230:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2063:show that by the time of the
3102:. Harvard University Press.
2049:Late Period of ancient Egypt
1521:Temporary Slavery Commission
1182:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
2488:Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae
1905:existed at least since the
1541:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
586:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
3166:
3073:. SBL Press. p. 406.
2718:10.1177/030751337706300130
2674:10.1177/030751330709300109
2065:Second Intermediate Period
1726:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1563:Anti-Slavery International
1328:North Africa and West Asia
75:"Slavery in ancient Egypt"
28:
3094:Collins, John J. (2004).
2967:"Who Built the Pyramids?"
2925:. Blackwell. p. 63.
2655:Warburton, David (2007).
2484:""sqr" (Lemma ID 146200)"
1985:First Intermediate Period
1822:Emancipation Proclamation
1494:Opposition and resistance
1252:Sex trafficking in Europe
1240:Blackbirding in Polynesia
803:Trans-Saharan slave trade
148:slaves waiting to be sold
3130:Ancient Egyptian society
2750:Cooney, Kathlyn (2007).
2095:over 150 "dependents".
2013:Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446
1903:Slavery in ancient Egypt
1602:Compensated emancipation
813:Indian Ocean slave trade
18:Slavery in Ancient Egypt
2421:"Slavery and Servitude"
2304:Antiquities of the Jews
1999:), and royal laborers (
1909:period. Discussions of
1526:1926 Slavery Convention
1282:Germany in World War II
899:North and South America
421:Contract of manumission
2137:Types of coerced labor
2056:
2040:
1899:
1891:
1007:British Virgin Islands
559:Circassian slave trade
525:Safavid imperial harem
520:Ottoman Imperial Harem
149:
3065:Zevit, Ziony (2021).
2046:
2038:
1897:
1889:
1246:Europe and North Asia
1206:Australia and Oceania
906:Pre-Columbian America
478:Slave raid of Suðuroy
410:Slavery in al-Andalus
332:Black Sea slave trade
261:21st-century jihadism
143:
3150:Slavery in antiquity
3135:New Kingdom of Egypt
3046:Bohstrom, Philippe.
2326:Slavery in the Bible
2293:The allegation that
1898:A slave being beaten
1701:Indentured servitude
1629:Underground Railroad
1429:United Arab Emirates
818:Zanzibar slave trade
785:By country or region
598:Atlantic slave trade
500:Ma malakat aymanukum
384:Venetian slave trade
60:improve this article
2897:www.archaeology.org
2799:amp.theguardian.com
2604:www.reshafim.org.il
1787:Slave Route Project
918:Americas indigenous
808:Red Sea slave trade
798:Contemporary Africa
661:Topics and practice
431:Crimean slave trade
426:Bukhara slave trade
379:Genoese slave trade
256:Contemporary Africa
236:Forced prostitution
2752:The Egyptian World
2374:History of Slavery
2231:Greco-Roman period
2057:
2041:
1900:
1892:
1568:Blockade of Africa
875:Somali slave trade
791:Sub-Saharan Africa
483:Turkish Abductions
441:Khivan slave trade
436:Khazar slave trade
389:Balkan slave trade
347:Prague slave trade
150:
3109:978-0-674-01517-3
3080:978-0-88414-484-7
2998:(3 August 2021).
2825:World Archaeology
2175:The term "Shabti"
1884:
1883:
1834:Freedmen's Bureau
1656:Third Servile War
1651:International law
1218:Human trafficking
980:Human trafficking
655:Thirteen colonies
473:Sack of Baltimore
241:Human trafficking
136:
135:
128:
110:
16:(Redirected from
3157:
3140:Slavery in Egypt
3114:
3113:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2971:Harvard Magazine
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2947:. 2 January 2010
2937:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2564:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2112:Papyrus Harris I
1876:
1869:
1862:
1846:Emancipation Day
1679:
1646:Slave Trade Acts
337:Byzantine Empire
179:
152:
131:
124:
120:
117:
111:
109:
68:
44:
36:
31:Slavery in Egypt
21:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2996:Colavito, Jason
2994:
2993:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2446:
2445:
2436:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2322:
2276:
2248:
2227:
2218:
2205:
2177:
2157:
2155:Bonded laborers
2144:
2142:Chattel slavery
2139:
2033:
2005:Reisner Papyrus
1981:
1948:
1943:
1923:chattel slavery
1880:
1851:
1850:
1755:Slave narrative
1711:Fugitive slaves
1691:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1641:Slave rebellion
1496:
1486:
1485:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1256:United Kingdom
1192:Yankee princess
786:
778:
777:
505:Avret Pazarları
451:Avret Pazarları
320:Medieval Europe
286:
276:
275:
214:Forced marriage
189:
132:
121:
115:
112:
69:
67:
57:
45:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3086:
3079:
3057:
3038:
3027:Ariel, David.
3019:
3012:
2984:
2958:
2932:
2909:
2884:
2859:
2837:
2811:
2779:
2757:
2739:
2696:
2642:
2616:
2591:
2584:
2552:
2543:
2522:
2500:
2474:
2434:
2404:
2379:
2361:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2280:Great Pyramids
2275:
2272:
2247:
2244:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2176:
2173:
2156:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2083:the Annals of
2032:
2029:
1995:), fugitives (
1989:Middle Kingdom
1980:
1977:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1733:List of slaves
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1277:Dutch Republic
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
984:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
927:
926:
925:
915:
914:
913:
902:
901:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
878:
877:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
821:
820:
810:
805:
800:
794:
793:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
748:
744:
743:
738:
736:Child soldiers
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
712:
711:
701:
696:
691:
686:
685:
684:
679:
674:
663:
662:
658:
657:
652:
647:
645:Spanish Empire
642:
637:
632:
627:
625:Middle Passage
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
600:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
487:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
455:
454:
453:
446:Ottoman Empire
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
407:
401:
400:
394:
393:
392:
391:
381:
376:
371:
370:
369:
364:
359:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
323:
322:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
294:
293:
287:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
266:Sexual slavery
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
232:
231:
226:
224:Child marriage
221:
211:
206:
201:
199:Child soldiers
196:
190:
185:
184:
181:
180:
172:
171:
161:
160:
134:
133:
48:
46:
39:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3162:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3013:9781684351497
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2973:. 1 July 2003
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2921:The Egyptians
2913:
2910:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2585:9780195102345
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:Berlin papyri
2054:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:ancient Egypt
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Slave catcher
1775:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Forced labour
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:Abolitionists
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:comfort women
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:Chukri System
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Latin America
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
981:
978:
976:
975:interregional
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:prison labour
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
930:United States
928:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:
896:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
789:
788:
782:
781:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
742:
741:White slavery
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Slave raiding
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
710:
707:
706:
705:
702:
700:
699:Corvée labour
697:
695:
692:
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49:This article
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3145:Debt bondage
3099:
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3003:
2975:. Retrieved
2970:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
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2455:(4/5): 4–8.
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2161:bonded labor
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2104:Medinet Habu
2100:Amenhotep II
2097:
2088:
2085:Thutmose III
2078:The tomb of
2077:
2069:
2058:
2053:Museo Egizio
2025:
2021:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1935:
1931:forced labor
1927:bonded labor
1902:
1901:
1782:Slave patrol
1619:Freedom suit
1595:Sierra Leone
1585:Colonization
1501:Abolitionism
1481:Baháʼí Faith
1454:Christianity
1404:Saudi Arabia
1260:Penal Labour
1225:Blackbirding
1131:Debt bondage
1119:penal system
945:Contemporary
935:Field slaves
923:U.S. Natives
882:South Africa
753:Galley slave
726:Slave market
716:House slaves
689:Blackbirding
667:Conscription
591:21st century
554:Umm al-walad
398:Muslim world
367:Emancipation
297:
271:Wage slavery
251:Penal labour
229:Wife selling
219:Bride buying
204:Conscription
194:Child Labour
187:Contemporary
137:
122:
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
26:
2872:www.pbs.org
2712:: 176–177.
2309:Renaissance
2288:Zahi Hawass
2284:Mark Lehner
2256:New Kingdom
2108:Sea Peoples
2106:, defeated
2072:New Kingdom
2070:During the
2059:One of the
1983:During the
1952:Old Kingdom
1950:During the
1946:Old Kingdom
1907:Old Kingdom
1797:court cases
1674: [
1624:Slave Power
1612:Manumission
1459:Catholicism
1334:Afghanistan
1075:Puerto Rico
987:The Bahamas
965:Slave codes
768:Shanghaiing
758:Impressment
650:Slave Coast
530:Qajar harem
490:Concubinage
463:slave trade
3124:Categories
2977:6 February
2902:6 February
2877:6 February
2853:6 February
2830:6 February
2804:6 February
2773:6 February
2332:References
2246:Slave life
2190:self-sale.
2116:Ramses III
1812:J.Q. Adams
1802:Washington
1772:Slave name
1721:convention
1696:Common law
1069:Encomienda
865:Seychelles
850:Mauritania
773:Slave ship
640:Panyarring
635:New France
284:Historical
86:newspapers
2734:192308721
2691:141358997
2295:Israelite
2181:afterlife
1956:sqr.w-ꜥnḫ
1915:Egyptians
1807:Jefferson
1464:Mormonism
1399:Palestine
1213:Australia
1143:Indonesia
1034:Lei Áurea
1017:Code Noir
997:Caribbean
970:Treatment
709:Treatment
682:Devshirme
544:Odalisque
362:In Russia
303:Babylonia
291:Antiquity
116:July 2019
3096:"Israel"
2683:40345836
2639:: 47–71.
2493:23 April
2469:25651197
2320:See also
2299:Josephus
2185:Ushabtis
2165:Peasants
2114:records
2080:Ahmose I
2055:, Turin.
2009:El Lahun
1969:skrw-ꜥnḫ
1839:Iron bit
1829:40 acres
1792:breeding
1607:Freedman
1442:Religion
1302:Portugal
1187:Thailand
1177:Maldives
1172:Malaysia
1165:Kwalliso
1109:Booi Aha
1061:Restavek
1041:Colombia
1012:Trinidad
1002:Barbados
892:Zanzibar
840:Ethiopia
721:Saqaliba
615:Database
566:Saqaliba
327:Ancillae
157:a series
155:Part of
3052:Haaretz
3033:Haaretz
2951:9 April
2945:US News
2726:3856322
2667:: 1–5.
2609:4 March
2397:9 April
2225:Economy
2216:Masters
2093:Minmose
2003:). The
2001:hmw-nsw
1965:Sneferu
1941:History
1911:slavery
1817:Lincoln
1690:Related
1590:Liberia
1476:Judaism
1414:Tunisia
1389:Morocco
1379:Lebanon
1344:Bahrain
1339:Algeria
1307:Romania
1272:Denmark
1265:Slavery
1199:Vietnam
870:Somalia
860:Nigeria
835:Comoros
763:Pirates
672:Ghilman
605:Bristol
495:history
468:pirates
357:History
246:Peonage
169:slavery
100:scholar
3106:
3077:
3010:
2732:
2724:
2689:
2681:
2582:
2467:
2314:Canaan
2236:vizier
2209:corvée
1929:, and
1738:owners
1374:Kuwait
1369:Jordan
1322:Sweden
1312:Russia
1297:Poland
1292:Norway
1114:Laogai
1099:Brunei
1094:Bhutan
1056:revolt
1029:Brazil
992:Canada
955:partus
940:female
825:Angola
694:Coolie
677:Mamluk
630:Nantes
610:Brazil
539:Cariye
374:Thrall
342:Kholop
308:Greece
146:Nubian
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
2730:S2CID
2722:JSTOR
2687:S2CID
2679:JSTOR
2534:(PDF)
2465:JSTOR
2240:noble
1765:songs
1760:films
1678:]
1634:songs
1471:Islam
1449:Bible
1424:Yemen
1419:Qatar
1409:Syria
1384:Libya
1349:Egypt
1317:Spain
1287:Malta
1160:Korea
1148:Japan
1126:India
1104:China
1051:Haiti
911:Aztec
887:Sudan
855:Niger
747:Naval
620:Dutch
549:Qiyan
535:Jarya
510:Harem
352:Serfs
298:Egypt
107:JSTOR
93:books
3104:ISBN
3075:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2979:2023
2953:2016
2904:2023
2879:2023
2855:2023
2832:2023
2806:2023
2775:2023
2637:XXIX
2611:2018
2580:ISBN
2495:2024
2431:(1).
2399:2016
2286:and
2264:serf
2149:loot
2130:nmhj
2126:nmhj
2007:and
1997:tsjw
1993:hsbw
1716:laws
1578:U.S.
1573:U.K.
1511:U.S.
1506:U.K.
1394:Oman
1364:Iraq
1359:Iran
1046:Cuba
950:maps
845:Mali
830:Chad
416:Baqt
313:Rome
209:Debt
167:and
79:news
2714:doi
2669:doi
2572:doi
2457:doi
2301:in
2260:bak
2238:or
2089:mrj
1960:sqr
62:by
3126::
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