143:
84:
65:
232:. They took as captives those who had been defeated in war, and sometimes they took over control of persons enslaved through warfare of one tribe against another. In the first case, Spaniards imposed slavery on persons who had been free. In the second case, traditional indigenous slavery was replaced by one with certain features of European law. Slaves could be traded under the Spanish regime. To safeguard the master's property, the slaves were marked or branded on the face or body. Legally and in practice, their condition was more disadvantageous than that of the free Indians.
262:
155:
were used for heavy labor. Due to the reduction in the
Indigenous population, primarily due to infectious diseases, but also warfare and social disruption, Europeans took millions of people from Africa to be used as enslaved laborers. They disrupted numerous societies by taking their young people in their prime. Many enslaved Africans died during what became known as the
80:, they brought some Bantu African workers with them as slaves. For their part, the Dominican friars who arrived in America denounced the conditions of slavery for Native Americans. As did bishops of other orders, they opposed the unjust and illegal treatment before the audience of the Spanish king and in the Royal Commission afterwards.
506:
247:
Despite the laws, the exploitation did not disappear. With mortality high because of new infectious diseases, the native population suffered a dramatic decline. They were affected by new diseases carried by both
Europeans and Africans. The decline of the indigenous population was serious and to avoid
243:
These laws strictly forbade the practice of slavery in the future and mandated a review of existing cases of servitude. Slavery of
Indians for war and ransom was prohibited. However, freedom was granted to those in servitude, and the possibility arose that Spanish law would agree by exception to the
235:
On 14 May 1524, the royal iron arrived in New Spain, sent by the king of Spain to mark (on the leg, buttock, arm, or face) Indian slaves. It was known as the "ransom iron". Subsequently, the prohibition against enslavement of indigenous people by purchase or inheritance was successfully enforced. It
171:
Both male and female
Africans were enslaved. Males were used for field labor, and physical trades. While women were sometimes used in the fields, they also filled numerous domestic service positions, acting as wet nurses, washerwomen, cooks, maids, seamstresses, or took personal care of masters and
154:
society in Mexico, which has its origin in New Spain. The international commercial exchanges of that period included humans. Europeans traded in Africa for captives taken in warfare, and began to export them to the
Americas. Most of the African population arrived in New Spain as slaves, where they
167:
delivered 50,525 slaves to
Mexican ports once again. These slaves represented almost half of the total number of slaves brought to the Spanish West Indies. By 1810, they were about 625,000 free (a differentiation often forgotten) and 10,000 slaves distributed throughout Mexico and along the coasts
273:
People who were enslaved could buy their freedom by obtaining a loan or by being released from their masters before they died. In some cases, slaves escaped and sought refuge in jungles and mountains. As the number of escaped slaves increased, small populations emerged that would be known as
252:
advised the purchase of black slaves on behalf of the king, to distribute them at cost to miners, owners of sugarcane fields and mills and other
Spanish businessmen. From then on, the legal introduction of African slaves increased; five thousand a year were authorized for New Spain.
40:
was based mainly on the importation of slaves from
Central Africa and West Africa to work in the colony in the enormous plantations, ranches or mining areas of the viceroyalty, since their physical constitution supposedly made them suitable for working in warm areas.
507:"Mr. Hidalgo's side abolishing slavery; repealing the laws regarding taxes; imposing alcabala for national and foreign effects; prohibiting the use of sealed paper, and extinguishing the tobacco, gunpowder, colors and other tobacco shops"
190:
The second method was punitive in nature, and occurred when witnesses or the slaves denounced their owner for mistreatment before the Holy Office or audience. However, cases of protection were very rare throughout the colonial
179:
might give them relief from their harsh conditions. In the absence of effective civil courts where a complaint of mistreatment could be filed, Afro-Mexicans saw the
Inquisition as a way to alleviate this miserable situation.
162:
Slaves from Africa were considered the means to satisfy the demand for labor to develop new lands. Between 1521 and 1594, approximately 36,500 African slaves arrived on
Mexican shores. Then from 1595 to 1622, 322
212:
to allow them to send slaves from Spain for the service and sustenance of their troops. They foresaw that, since this was the land they would have to work to conquer for a long time and with many people, some
977:
604:
1307:
1312:
1302:
395:
576:"Africans and descendants in Mexico City in the 17th century" in Rina Cáceres (compiler). Rutas de la esclavitud en América Latina, Costa Rica, Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 2001
44:
The largest slave traders in Mexican territory were the Portuguese and the English. The countries that controlled the transatlantic slave market in terms of number of slaves shipped were
1255:
1250:
1094:
1037:
110:
approved the prohibition against enslavement of Indigenous peoples, but allowed it for Bantu Africans. Many slaves gained freedom by escaping and taking refuge in the mountains of
597:
947:
236:
was still permitted in the case of war captives. This category included, above all, the indigenous peoples of the north of the country who resisted Spanish rule. The so-called
932:
1099:
962:
187:
The first was preventive, consisting of unannounced and sporadic visits to a worksite to record abuses against the labor force, of which slaves formed a significant part.
1226:
1190:
1025:
590:
1015:
1342:
1332:
1402:
982:
142:
168:
and in tropical areas. They worked on crops such as sugar cane but also in a variety of trades. Slave societies yielded high profits for the major planters.
992:
967:
1447:
1170:
333:
ratified the abolition of slavery through presidential decrees, respectively during their terms of office, on September 16, 1825, and September 15, 1829.
240:
of 1542 changed conditions for Indians. The Indians were considered to be physically weaker than the Africans, and so attempts were made to protect them.
1160:
888:
672:
76:
established a system of concessions by which his subjects in the Americas could use slaves, thus starting the slave trade. When the Spaniards settled in
1124:
1032:
952:
1442:
1392:
1205:
564:
1352:
1195:
822:
787:
1397:
1347:
1337:
1042:
862:
767:
727:
83:
64:
1275:
827:
817:
812:
792:
1387:
1104:
1067:
742:
657:
1020:
1047:
957:
777:
772:
647:
249:
1407:
867:
832:
737:
712:
857:
1052:
852:
802:
782:
757:
747:
732:
722:
707:
687:
662:
652:
642:
554:
1260:
1139:
1134:
847:
752:
692:
667:
637:
627:
1412:
1265:
1010:
987:
972:
924:
907:
702:
632:
613:
357:
313:
on December 6, 1810, in the same square. When Hidalgo died, the abolition of slavery was ratified by LĂłpez RayĂłn in the
1290:
837:
282:
30:
1457:
1077:
1494:
1364:
1295:
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762:
677:
1489:
1417:
1270:
717:
682:
286:
266:
217:
would resist them and would not convert to Catholicism. Cortes asked to be allowed to take and distribute slaves
290:
159:, and others in the New World because of harsh conditions, especially in Caribbean colonies and South America.
1211:
321:
45:
298:
1237:
1180:
529:, work prepared by the Centro de Estudios HistĂłricos (1st edition). Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico. pp. 506.
410:"African women and descendants in Mexico City in the 17th century" pp. 215–216, in Rina Cáceres (compiler).
315:
200:
The conquest gave rise to the first cases of slavery in New Spain, due to Spanish laws. Before the army of
1280:
1244:
902:
1185:
1175:
1089:
942:
119:
29:"Slavery in Mexico" redirects here. For slavery in what is now Mexico before Spanish colonization, see
289:
directed that this provision was published by JosĂ© MarĂa Anzorena on October 19, 1810, in Morelia, by
1437:
1072:
205:
1432:
352:
53:
201:
1484:
1427:
1379:
326:
107:
73:
1452:
560:
347:
49:
1057:
882:
330:
1216:
1144:
1082:
573:
Zavala, Silvio (1981). Indian Slaves in New Spain. Edition of the National College. Mexico
261:
156:
1478:
1369:
1119:
1062:
527:
Villoro, Luis (2006). "The revolution of independence". Historia general del MĂ©xico
455:
342:
104:
150:
In addition to the Indians and the Spaniards, Africans constitute the third root of
367:
17:
1221:
1114:
1109:
306:
294:
278:. Freed slaves who feared being subjugated again began to arrive at such sites.
229:
176:
582:
281:
The abolition of slavery was part of the ideology of the insurgents during the
1422:
1358:
164:
96:
92:
183:
Judicial protection was offered two ways to enslaved Africans in New Spain:
305:
on November 17, 1810, and by Miguel Hidalgo through a pamphlet published in
225:
172:
mistresses. Elite families usually had male servants to attend to the men.)
77:
37:
549:
Moreno, Salvador (1995). History of Mexico. Mexico: Ediciones PedagĂłgicas.
362:
275:
237:
209:
123:
100:
325:
in September 1813. Once Mexico gained independence, former insurgents
214:
151:
131:
111:
219:"as is customary in the land of infidels, for it is a very just thing"
475:. Mexico City: Edition of the National College. Mexico, 1981. p. 181.
115:
309:
on November 29, 1810, who also published and ordered to print the
82:
63:
99:
on 22 April 1639 prohibited slavery in the colonies of Spain and
586:
978:
Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863
543:
Carbajal Huerta, Elizabeth "History 2" Third grade. Larousse.
414:, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 2001
386:
Treviño, Héctor (1997). History of Mexico. Mexico: Castillo.
311:
Decreto contra la esclavitud, las gabelas y el papel sellado
546:
Esquivel, Gloria (1996). History of Mexico. Oxford: Harla.
87:
Slaves embarked to America from 1450 until 1866 by country
244:
captivity of Indians who were hostile to the colonists.
68:
Slaves shipped to America from 1450 to 1800 by country
948:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
146:
Slaves landed in Mexico by country from 1450 to 1810
1378:
1321:
1153:
1001:
923:
916:
895:
881:
620:
963:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
1227:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
1016:Slavery as a positive good in the United States
319:in April 1812 and by JosĂ© MarĂa Morelos in the
224:Spanish settlers acquired indigenous slaves in
983:Slavery at American colleges and universities
598:
487:, Mexico, El Colegio de MĂ©xico, 2000, p. 319.
265:Leather copy of the original of the bando of
8:
968:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
1448:Family reunification ads after emancipation
462:. Mexico City: The National College, p. 11.
1161:Slavery and the United States Constitution
920:
605:
591:
583:
1251:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution
412:Rutas de la esclavitud en América Latina
260:
175:Slaves believed that complaining to the
141:
953:Indentured servitude in British America
379:
1393:Slavery during the American Civil War
1206:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
396:"The African population in New Spain"
248:stopping production in 1580, Viceroy
7:
553:Villar, Ernesto de la Torre (2000).
208:, the soldiers asked the crown from
1398:End of slavery in the United States
1276:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
509:. 500 años de México en documentos
25:
1443:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
1388:Origins of the American Civil War
1095:African American founding fathers
1038:Education during the slave period
1191:History of slavery by U.S. state
958:Slave trade in the United States
1053:List of American slave traders
933:Slavery among Native Americans
400:Encyclopedia of the SEP Mexico
1:
1261:George Washington and slavery
1140:American Colonization Society
1135:African-American slave owners
269:abolishing slavery in America
126:, where they became known as
1266:Thomas Jefferson and slavery
1011:American proslavery movement
973:Slave states and free states
614:Slavery in the United States
358:Slavery in the United States
1291:Abraham Lincoln and slavery
283:Mexican War of Independence
31:Slavery in the Aztec Empire
1511:
1365:Children of the plantation
1296:Andrew Johnson and slavery
1286:Zachary Taylor and slavery
1232:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1201:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
1166:American slave court cases
1130:Amerindian slave ownership
485:Historia General de MĂ©xico
473:Indian Slaves in New Spain
460:Indian slaves in New Spain
250:MartĂn EnrĂquez de Almanza
228:, just as they did in the
28:
1418:Emancipation Proclamation
1343:Sexual relations and rape
1271:James Madison and slavery
287:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
267:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1403:Compensated emancipation
322:Sentiments of the Nation
297:on October 24, 1810, by
1238:Partus sequitur ventrem
1181:Three-fifths Compromise
556:Temas de la insurgencia
496:Torre Villar, 2000; 406
440:Slaves of the White God
424:Slaves of the White God
316:Constitutional Elements
1313:Supreme Court Justices
1281:John Tyler and slavery
1256:Presidents and slavery
1245:Dred Scott v. Sandford
442:, 90-2; and Davidson,
426:, 90-2; and Davidson,
270:
147:
88:
69:
1186:Slave and free states
1176:Fugitive Slave Clause
1090:List of abolitionists
943:Slavery in New France
303:Bando del Aguacatillo
264:
145:
86:
67:
1212:Gag rule (1836–1840)
1073:Underground Railroad
1048:Domestic slave trade
1033:Mandatory illiteracy
938:Slavery in New Spain
889:District of Columbia
559:(in Spanish). UNAM.
95:promulgated by Pope
1433:Radical Republicans
1380:Civil War and after
1308:Members of Congress
1125:List of plantations
908:U.S. Virgin Islands
353:Slavery in Colombia
291:Ignacio LĂłpez RayĂłn
1428:Reconstruction era
327:Guadalupe Victoria
299:JosĂ© MarĂa Morelos
271:
196:Indigenous slavery
148:
108:Philip IV of Spain
89:
70:
1495:Slavery in Mexico
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1438:Freedmen's Bureau
566:978-968-36-7804-1
348:Slavery in Brazil
18:Slavery in Mexico
16:(Redirected from
1502:
1490:Slavery in Spain
1154:Law and politics
1078:Freedmen's towns
1058:Runaway slave ad
921:
883:Federal district
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471:Zavala, Silvio.
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331:Vicente Guerrero
122:in the state of
103:in America. The
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1503:
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1500:
1499:
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1453:Freedmen's town
1374:
1353:Slave marriages
1326:and procreation
1325:
1323:
1317:
1303:Vice presidents
1217:Nullifier Party
1196:Fugitive slaves
1149:
1145:Slave narrative
1083:Black Canadians
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138:African slavery
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1413:Colored Troops
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1367:
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1355:
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1348:Slave breeding
1345:
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1338:Female slavery
1335:
1333:Sexual slavery
1329:
1327:
1324:sexual slavery
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1043:Slave quarters
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1004:social history
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823:South Carolina
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788:North Carolina
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365:
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258:
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197:
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157:Middle Passage
139:
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61:
58:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1507:
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1370:Shadow family
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1199:
1197:
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1171:Freedom suits
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1128:
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1123:
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1120:Planter class
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1088:
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1063:Slave catcher
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863:West Virginia
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768:New Hampshire
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728:Massachusetts
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428:Negro Slave
307:Guadalajara
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230:West Indies
177:Holy Office
165:slave ships
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1408:Contraband
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648:California
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456:Zavala, S.
374:References
204:went into
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1322:Marriage,
1021:Treatment
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713:Louisiana
430:, 240- 41
276:Palenques
257:Abolition
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458:(1981).
363:New Laws
337:See also
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215:caciques
210:Veracruz
124:Veracruz
101:Portugal
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1359:Plaçage
925:History
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