352:, especially when installed with continuous-welded rail. Concrete ties have a longer service life and require less maintenance than timber due to their greater weight, which helps them remain in the correct position longer. Concrete ties need to be installed on a well-prepared subgrade with an adequate depth on free-draining ballast to perform well. It is a common misconception that concrete ties amplify wheel noise. A study done as part of Euronoise 2018 proved this false, showing concrete sleepers to be an average of 2dB(A) quieter than wooden ones, however with a greater acoustic sharpness on straight stretches of track. Concrete ties were however shown to be quieter than wooden ties almost universal across the audible frequency band on curves. This causes train noise when over concrete ties to potentially be subjectively perceived as louder than train noise over wooden ties.
969:
595:
483:
continuous track stiffness. Hybrid plastic ties and composite ties also offer benefits on bridges and viaducts, because they lead to better distribution of forces and reduction of vibrations into respectively bridge girders or the ballast. This is due to better damping properties of hybrid plastic ties and composite ties, which will decrease the intensity of vibrations as well as the sound production. In 2009, Network Rail announced that it would begin replacing wooden ties with recycled plastic. but I-Plas became insolvent in
October 2012.
372:
172:
380:
on secondary or lower-speed lines in the UK where they have been found to be economical to install due their ability to be installed on the existing ballast bed. Steel ties are lighter in weight than concrete and able to stack in compact bundles unlike timber. Steel ties can be installed onto the existing ballast, unlike concrete ties which require a full depth of new ballast. Steel ties are 100% recyclable and require up to 60% less ballast than concrete ties and up to 45% less than wood ties.
529:
984:
440:
45:
331:
396:
ties. Steel ties are utilized in nearly all sectors of the worldwide railroad systems including heavy-haul, class 1s, regional, shortlines, mining, electrified passenger lines (OHLE) and all manner of industries. Notably, steel ties (bearers) have proven themselves over the last few decades to be advantageous in turnouts (switches/points) and provide the solution to the ever-growing problem of long timber ties for such use.
3965:
427:
415:
3987:
632:; in the Austrian system the track is fastened at the four corners of the frame, and is also supported midway along the frame. Adjacent frame ties are butted close to each other. Advantages of this system over conventional cross increased support of track. In addition, construction methods used for this type of track are similar to those used for conventional track.
3975:
2724:
212:
448:
1069:
In
Germany, use of wooden railroad ties as building material (namely in gardens, houses and in all places where regular contact to human skin would be likely, in all areas frequented by children and in all areas associated with the production or handling of food in any way) has been prohibited by law
602:
Bi-block (or twinblock) ties consist of two concrete rail supports joined by a steel bar. Advantages include increased lateral resistance and lower weight than monobloc concrete ties, as well as elimination of damage from torsional forces on the ties center due to the more flexible steel connections.
559:
The ZSX Twin tie is manufactured by
Leonhard Moll Betonwerke GmbH & Co KG and is a pair of two pre-stressed concrete ties longitudinally connected by four steel rods. The design is said to be suitable for track with sharp curves, track subject to temperature stress such as that operated by trains
379:
Steel ties are formed from pressed steel and are trough-shaped in section. The ends of the tie are shaped to form a "spade" which increases the lateral resistance of the tie. Housings to accommodate the fastening system are welded to the upper surface of the tie. Steel ties are now in widespread use
1042:
or pine beams of the same length (2.4m) as standard railway sleepers, but not treated with dangerous chemicals, are available specifically for garden construction. In some places, railroad ties have been used in the construction of homes, particularly among those with lower incomes, especially near
676:
The crosstie spacing of mainline railroad is approximately 19 to 19.5 inches (48 to 50 cm) for wood ties or 24 inches (61 cm) for concrete ties. The number of ties is 3,250 wooden crossties per mile (2,019 ties/km, or 40 ties per 65 feet) for wood ties or 2,640 ties per mile for concrete
536:
An unusual form of tie is the Y-shaped tie, first developed in 1983. Compared to conventional ties, the volume of ballast required is reduced due to the load-spreading characteristics of the Y-tie. Noise levels are high but the resistance to track movement is very good. For curves the three-point
1010:
and raised-bed gardens, and sometimes for building steps as well. Traditionally, the ties sold for this purpose are decommissioned ties taken from rail lines when replaced with new ties, and their lifespan is often limited due to rot. Some entrepreneurs sell new ties. Due to the presence of wood
697:
Sleepers are 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) long, 10 inches (254 mm) wide and 5 inches (127 mm) deep. The two sleepers adjacent to a joint may be 12 inches (305 mm) wide where the formation is soft or the traffic is heavy and fast. Sleepers are mostly spaced 2 ft 7 in
395:
Modern steel ties handle heavy loads, have a proven record of performance in signalized track, and handle adverse track conditions. Of high importance to railroad companies is the fact that steel ties are more economical to install in new construction than creosote-treated wood ties and concrete
383:
Historically, steel ties have suffered from poor design and increased traffic loads over their normally long service life. These aged and often obsolete designs limited load and speed capacity but can still be found in many locations globally and performing adequately despite decades of service.
490:
ordered a trial batch of "EcoTrax" brand recycled composite ties from Axion for use on turnouts and bridges, and a further three-year order in 2015, but then Axion filed for bankruptcy in
December 2015, though it continues to trade. These ties are developed by Dr. Nosker at Rutgers University.
482:
Hybrid plastic railroad ties and composite ties are used in other rail applications such as underground mining operations, industrial zones, humid environments and densely populated areas. Hybrid railroad ties are also used to be partly exchanged with rotten wooden ties, which will result in
498:, United Kingdom, in 2021. They were installed as an alternative to wooden sleepers, on a bridge where concrete sleepers would have been too heavy. Although it was the first instance of plastic sleepers being installed on mainline track in the country, they have previously been used on
1136:
190:
holding the rails fixed to those blocks. One advantage of this method of construction was that it allowed horses to tread the middle path without the risk of tripping. In railway use with ever heavier locomotives, it was found that it was hard to maintain the correct
586: in) such that there is no ballast between the ties; this wide tie increases lateral resistance and reduces ballast pressure. The system has been used in Germany where wide ties have also been used in conjunction with the GETRAC A3 ballastless track systems.
362:
Most
European railways also now use concrete bearers in switches and crossing layouts due to the longer life and lower cost of concrete bearers compared to timber, which is increasingly difficult and expensive to source in sufficient quantities and quality.
1598:
470:
attack, and that they can be modified with a special relief on the bottom to provide additional lateral stability. In some main track applications the hybrid plastic tie has a recessed design to be completely surrounded by ballast.
1140:
1901:
474:
Aside from the environmental benefits of using recycled material, plastic ties usually replace timber ties soaked in creosote, the latter being a toxic chemical, and are theoretically recyclable. However, plastics may shed
311:
Problems with wooden ties include rot, splitting, insect infestation, plate-cutting, also known as chair shuffle in the UK (abrasive damage to the tie caused by lateral motion of the tie plate) and spike-pull (where the
933:
of the late 1800s and early 1900s generally ran lighter rolling stock than mainline steam railways, but roadbeds were built to similar standards. Wooden ties were placed at approximately 2-foot (0.61 m) intervals.
384:
There are great numbers of steel ties with over 50 years of service and in some cases they can and have been rehabilitated and continue to perform well. Steel ties were also used in specialty situations, such as the
1550:
127:
ties are also employed, although far less than wood or concrete. As of
January 2008, the approximate market share in North America for traditional and wood ties was 91.5%, the remainder being concrete, steel,
1716:
2370:
Flint, E. P.; Richards, J. F. (1992). "Contrasting patterns of Shorea exploitation in India and
Malaysia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries". In Dargavel, John; Tucker, Richard (eds.).
135:
Tie spacing may depend on the type of tie, traffic loads and other requirements, for example 2,640 concrete ties per mile on North
American mainline railroads to 2,112 timber ties per mile on
2011:
617:
1905:
348:
Concrete ties are cheaper and easier to obtain than timber and better able to carry higher axle-weights and sustain higher speeds. Their greater weight ensures improved retention of
292:-based wood preserving technology is being employed by major US railroads in a dual treatment process in order to extend the life of wood ties in wet areas. Some timbers (such as
1541:
2115:. New Directions in Civil Engineering (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. Table 60.6 TGV Infrastructure Characteristics for Southeastern and Atlantique Routes.
607:
lines. Bi-block ties are also used in ballastless track systems. They are gauge-convertible by cutting and welding the steel bar to the dimension that suits the new gauge.
1211:
2037:
1959:
1927:
466:
rubber. Manufacturers claim a service life longer than wooden ties with an expected lifetime in the range of 30–80 years, that the ties are impervious to rot and
2415:
2152:
694:
specified 18 sleepers per 45-foot (13.72 m) rail and 24 sleepers per 60-foot (18.29 m) rail, both of which correspond to 2,112 sleepers per mile.
316:
is gradually loosened from the tie). Wooden ties can catch fire; as they age they develop cracks that allow sparks to lodge and more easily start fires.
1788:
355:
On the highest categories of line in the UK (those with the highest speeds and tonnages), pre-stressed concrete ties are the only ones permitted by
1875:
3265:
2015:
2320:
2755:
2572:
2265:
691:
136:
2650:
2063:
403:
based train detection and track integrity systems. Without insulation, steel ties may only be used on lines without block signaling and
262:
more readily, they are more susceptible to wear but are cheaper, lighter (and therefore easier to handle) and more readily available.
1676:
2706:
2687:
2518:
2499:
2478:
2457:
2425:
2404:
2383:
2360:
2330:
2120:
1370:
2659:
1417:
1701:
3228:
2289:
183:
1826:
1222:
3512:
2583:
3990:
2529:
2041:
1963:
1934:
968:
594:
1757:
547:
As of 2006, less than 1,000 km (621 mi) of Y-tie track had been built, of which approximately 90 percent is in
4021:
2836:
1070:
since 1991 because they pose a significant risk to health and environment. From 1991 to 2002, this was regulated by the
250:
being popular hardwoods, although increasingly difficult to obtain, especially from sustainable sources. Some lines use
176:
2218:
888:
The fractional inch spacing at the fishplate corresponds to the thermal expansion gap allowed between the rail ends.
3258:
1717:"Wiltshire gets first composite railway sleepers bringing environmentally friendly technology to its main line tracks"
3532:
1978:
1572:
2431:
3527:
1658:
1080:
977:
628:) comprise both lateral and longitudinal members in a single monolithic concrete casting. This system is in use in
2163:
2105:
3903:
3500:
2951:
2748:
2257:
2247:
274:
3979:
3868:
3807:
3308:
3185:
2728:
2562:
371:
1634:
537:
contact of a Y steel tie means that an exact geometric fit cannot be observed with a fixed attachment point.
3888:
3468:
3223:
2936:
2777:
2189:
651:
1677:"ECOTRAX® Composite Railroad Ties for Main Line, Road Crossings, Tunnels, Bridges, Switches & Turnouts"
4016:
4011:
3968:
3458:
3453:
3251:
3095:
2919:
2851:
1112:
452:
171:
147:
89:
2604:"A review on loading conditions for railway track structures due to train and track vertical interaction"
1795:
3605:
3507:
3403:
3075:
3055:
2821:
1879:
1307:
1102:
953:
943:
523:
187:
2641:
Taylor, H.P. (August 17, 1993). "The railway sleeper: 50 years of pretensions, prestressed concrete".
3353:
3025:
2741:
1375:
499:
342:
220:
116:
2336:
3751:
3100:
2872:
1546:
1059:
48:
Wooden ties are used on many traditional railways. In the background is a track with concrete ties.
1526:
Analysis and comparison of sleeper parameters and the influence on track stiffness and performance
528:
458:
In more recent times, a number of companies are selling composite railroad ties manufactured from
3668:
3208:
3145:
3131:
3085:
3015:
2629:
1346:
1098:
930:
561:
77:
1251:
2564:
Dynamic properties of railway track and its components, Chapter 5 in: New
Research on Acoustics
3933:
3878:
3698:
3418:
3373:
3213:
2958:
2702:
2683:
2568:
2514:
2495:
2474:
2453:
2421:
2400:
2379:
2356:
2326:
2271:
2261:
2126:
2116:
1986:
1740:
1621:
1392:
1384:
1295:
1287:
1182:
1174:
1093:
991:
983:
459:
389:
270:
259:
2067:
3923:
3918:
3908:
3873:
3827:
3537:
3393:
3298:
3170:
3140:
3135:
2806:
2619:
2374:
Changing
Pacific Forests: Historical Perspectives on the Forest Economy of the Pacific Basin
1024:
564:, and bridges, and as transition track between traditional track and slab track or bridges.
439:
334:
325:
124:
69:
61:
2228:. Prepared for Railway Tie Association by ZETA-TECH Associates, Inc. August 2006. p. 4
1680:
44:
3938:
3443:
3218:
3090:
3045:
2985:
2887:
2811:
2801:
1320:
1063:
1048:
621:
93:
81:
2615:
2663:
1425:
3863:
3842:
3837:
3822:
3713:
3517:
3080:
3065:
2990:
2963:
2892:
2765:
2372:
1524:
1162:
1007:
949:
404:
349:
313:
293:
150:
screwed to the tie and secured to the rail by a proprietary fastening system such as a
143:
2293:
1858:
1352:. European Acoustics Association (E.A.A.), Hellenic Institute of Acoustics (HEL.IN.A.)
330:
269:
being the most common preservative for railway ties. Other preservatives used include
4005:
3893:
3812:
3802:
3708:
3663:
3656:
3323:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3126:
3070:
2978:
2973:
2941:
2924:
2791:
2773:
2633:
1833:
1765:
1501:
1137:"Steel Sleepers in the Rail Industry – they are still made, and have quite a history"
476:
400:
385:
129:
97:
35:
572:
Concrete monoblock ties have also been produced in a wider form (e.g. 57 cm or
494:
Composite sleepers, manufactured from various recycled plastics, were introduced in
426:
3797:
3746:
3683:
3620:
3433:
3398:
3363:
3338:
3110:
3060:
3040:
3000:
2902:
2882:
2867:
2841:
2831:
2587:
1173:(1). New York, New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company: 18–25. January 2008.
1107:
1028:
1012:
988:
957:
641:
414:
408:
399:
When insulated to prevent conduction through the ties, steel ties may be used with
356:
338:
297:
216:
28:
2537:
2489:
2468:
2447:
2394:
3943:
3928:
3913:
3577:
3463:
3318:
3035:
2995:
2907:
1576:
1075:
1003:
487:
255:
2511:
Construction in Cities: Social, Environmental, Political, and Economic Concerns
3766:
3733:
3615:
3592:
3485:
3408:
3368:
3303:
3192:
3158:
3153:
3105:
3030:
3005:
2946:
2912:
2796:
1635:"Axion secures $ 8 million contract for recycled railroad ties in New Zealand"
1052:
506:
192:
105:
17:
2130:
1990:
1388:
1291:
1178:
948:
Various methods exist for fixing the rail to the railroad ties. Historically
182:
The type of railroad tie used on the predecessors of the first true railway (
3776:
3771:
3651:
3646:
3600:
3582:
3490:
3413:
3358:
3348:
3343:
2931:
2897:
2877:
2826:
2816:
2104:
Whitford, Robert K.; Karlaftis, Matthew; Kepaptsoglou, Konstantinos (2003).
1396:
1044:
1035:
999:
973:
705:
699:
655:
495:
463:
196:
1299:
1186:
702:
rail joints where the spacing sequences are as follows with the spacing at
2723:
2275:
2106:"Chapter 60. High-Speed Ground Transportation: Planning and Design Issues"
195:. The stone blocks were in any case unsuitable on soft ground, such as at
3949:
3883:
3792:
3761:
3741:
3723:
3703:
3693:
3673:
3625:
3572:
3555:
3495:
3473:
3423:
2968:
2786:
2251:
1117:
1020:
1016:
646:
In ladder track, the ties are laid parallel to the rails and are several
603:
This tie type is in common use in France, and are used on the high-speed
479:
and leach other possibly toxic chemicals such as ultraviolet inhibitors.
305:
266:
251:
235:
231:
227:
101:
3858:
3832:
3756:
3567:
3560:
3522:
3480:
654:
baulk track; these longitudinal ties can be used with ballast, or with
629:
548:
447:
155:
151:
2733:
1762:
Some information derived from a lecture by Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karl Endmann
1038:
into gardens and are avoided by many property owners. In the UK, new
226:
Historically wooden rail ties were made by hewing with an axe, called
211:
96:. Usually laid perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the
3817:
3718:
3678:
3383:
3378:
3293:
3282:
3050:
1043:
railroad tracks, including railroad employees. They are also used as
541:
467:
419:
301:
285:
278:
243:
186:) consisted of a pair of stone blocks laid into the ground, with the
2624:
2603:
27:"Railway sleeper" redirects here. For passenger cars with beds, see
1286:. Paterson, New Jersey: Railway Tie Association. March–April 2010.
998:
In recent years, wooden railroad ties have also become popular for
3898:
3630:
3610:
3428:
3328:
3313:
982:
967:
698:(0.79 m) apart (centre-to-centre) but are closer adjacent to
647:
593:
527:
446:
438:
425:
413:
370:
329:
289:
281:
247:
210:
170:
120:
43:
3333:
3274:
3243:
1255:
1032:
112:
3247:
2737:
1985:. New York, New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation.
1542:"Network Rail to replace wooden sleepers with recycled plastic"
1084:(Chemicals Prohibition By-law), §1 and Annex, Parts 10 and 17.
3688:
1039:
604:
239:
2351:
Cook, J. H. G. (1988). Institution of Civil Engineers (ed.).
1252:
LMS Drawings of Standard Railway Equipment Permanent Way 1928
104:, hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct
2602:
Remennikov, Alex M.; Sakdirat Kaewunruen (August 17, 2007).
2219:"Development of Comparative Cross-Tie Unit Costs and Values"
407:
or on lines that use other forms of train detection such as
230:, or sawn to achieve at least two flat sides. A variety of
2188:
Webb, David A.; Webb, Geoffrey V. Gauntt, James C. (ed.).
392:
where the dry, hot climate made wood ties unsatisfactory.
2292:(in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz. Archived from
1702:"Axion International Files for Bankruptcy to Sell Assets"
1575:. Insolvent Companies.com. 9 October 2012. Archived from
2087:
2085:
1876:"ZSX Zwillingsschwelle—die besondere Spannbetonschwelle"
1502:"Polymer rail ties being tested for the mining industry"
119:
is now also widely used, especially in Europe and Asia.
34:"Track sleeper" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2160:
Institute for Railway Engineering and Transport Economy
2038:"Image Ballastless GETRAC A3 wide sleeper track system"
1764:. oberbauhandbuch.de. February 28, 2006. Archived from
1447:
1445:
1443:
1789:
Innovative Track Systems: Criteria for their Selection
308:) are durable enough that they can be used untreated.
277:. Sometimes non-toxic preservatives are used, such as
2012:"Ballastless track system GETRAC—Asphalt in top form"
3851:
3785:
3732:
3639:
3591:
3548:
3442:
3281:
3201:
3119:
3014:
2860:
2772:
2371:
1540:
1078:By-law), and since 2002 has been regulated by the
1787:Ogilvie, Nigel; Quante, Franz (17 October 2001).
1247:
1245:
1243:
956:fixed to the tie, more recently springs (such as
2417:Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers, and Composites
142:Rails in the US may be fastened to the tie by a
2111:. In Chen, Wai-Fah; Liew, J.Y. Richard (eds.).
2153:"Fieldexperience with frame–tie-constructions"
2066:(in French). itb-tradetech.com. Archived from
1031:, railroad ties introduce an extra element of
123:ties are common on secondary lines in the UK;
3259:
2749:
1878:(in German). gleisbau-welt.de. Archived from
1347:"Influence of Sleeper Type on Train Emission"
1333:
960:) are used to fix the rail to the tie chair.
258:; while they have the advantage of accepting
8:
2396:The Railroad: The Life Story of a Technology
1979:"Wide-sleeper track gains official approval"
1266:
1264:
1205:
1203:
2680:Cost-effective maintenance of railway track
2253:The Electric Interurban Railways in America
1977:Bachmann, Hans; Unbehaun, Olaf (May 2003).
1599:"Final phase of KiwiRail turnaround funded"
658:supports on a solid non-ballasted support.
3266:
3252:
3244:
2756:
2742:
2734:
2470:Noise and Vibration from High-Speed Trains
203:ties with a tie rod are somewhat similar.
2623:
1487:
1475:
2608:Structural Control and Health Monitoring
1418:"Polywood Composite Railroad Ties Facts"
712:
111:Railroad ties are traditionally made of
41:Support for the rails in railroad tracks
2091:
1128:
2530:"They've Been Working on the Railroad"
2040:. pfleiderer-track.com. Archived from
1962:. pfleiderer-track.com. Archived from
1463:
1316:
1305:
532:Y tie track next to conventional track
132:(red ironwood) and plastic composite.
2660:"Track used on British railway lines"
2353:Urban Railways and the Civil Engineer
2199:. Railway Tie Association. p. 59
1820:
1818:
1816:
1752:
1750:
1663:US SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
1451:
1212:"Railway Engineering 101, Session 38"
7:
3974:
1210:Wilcock, David (February 19, 2013).
692:London, Midland and Scottish Railway
540:The cross section of the ties is an
199:, where timber ties had to be used.
3986:
2651:Institution of Structural Engineers
1659:"AXION INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS, INC"
1270:
158:which are commonly used in Europe.
2151:Klaus Riessberger (January 2004).
882:2 ft 7 in (0.79 m)
874:2 ft 5 in (0.74 m)
866:2 ft 4 in (0.71 m)
746:2 ft 4 in (0.71 m)
738:2 ft 5 in (0.74 m)
730:2 ft 7 in (0.79 m)
650:long. The structure is similar to
200:
25:
1902:"Wide sleepers: so far, so good!"
1794:(Report). ProMain. Archived from
1523:Van Belkom, Aran (30 June 2015).
1500:Cromberge, Peter (1 April 2005).
879:2 ft 7 in (0.79 m)
871:2 ft 7 in (0.79 m)
863:2 ft 5 in (0.74 m)
743:2 ft 5 in (0.74 m)
735:2 ft 7 in (0.79 m)
727:2 ft 7 in (0.79 m)
3985:
3973:
3964:
3963:
2722:
994:used to construct a loading dock
938:Fastening rails to railroad ties
184:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
3513:Oriented structural straw board
2509:Lancaster, Patricia J. (2001).
2290:"Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung"
2250:; Due, John Fitzgerald (1960).
1933:. RAIL.ONE GmbH. Archived from
1553:from the original on 2022-01-12
443:KLP Hybrid Plastic Railroad Tie
2491:Handbook of Plastics Recycling
2113:The Civil Engineering Handbook
2064:"Traverses béton bi-blocs VDH"
1960:"Image Ballasted wide sleeper"
1167:Railway Track & Structures
1163:"M/W Budgets To Climb in 2008"
1:
2561:Kaewunruen, Sakdirat (2008).
2488:La Mantia, Francesco (2002).
2420:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2322:Practical Railway Engineering
2319:Bonnett, Clifford F. (2005).
2162:. trbrail.com. Archived from
2014:. railone.com. Archived from
1983:International Railway Journal
1904:. railone.com. Archived from
1715:White, Cameron (2021-06-30).
1081:Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung
722:60-foot (18.29 m) rails
2699:Civil Engineering in Context
2678:Vickers, R. A., ed. (1992).
2446:Hay, William Walter (1982).
1744:magazine, February 2012, p18
1679:. 2016-05-31. Archived from
1221:. p. 15. Archived from
1101:, inventor of the Gang-Nail
1062:has used recycled ties from
909:60-foot (18.29 m) rails
893:45-foot (13.72 m) rails
719:45-foot (13.72 m) rails
418:Wagons with new woodties in
177:Kilmarnock and Troon Railway
3388:
2414:Harper, Charles A. (2002).
1704:. WSJ.com. 2 December 2012.
505:Ties may also be made from
4038:
3904:Non-timber forest products
3528:Structural insulated panel
2964:Transfer table (traverser)
2467:Krylov, Victor V. (2001).
2325:. Imperial College Press.
978:Northfield railway station
941:
714:Sleeper spacing at joints
639:
521:
513:Non-conventional tie forms
323:
265:Softwood is treated, with
238:timbers are used as ties,
33:
26:
3959:
2952:ground-level power supply
2378:. Duke University Press.
2258:Stanford University Press
1334:Flint & Richards 1992
275:chromated copper arsenate
3869:Destructive distillation
2697:Wood, Alan Muir (2004).
2393:Grant, H. Roger (2005).
1383:(23): 800. 7 June 1907.
972:Wooden ties recycled as
858: in (0.699 m)
782: in (0.699 m)
3889:Green building and wood
2937:Railway electrification
2643:The Structural Engineer
1827:"Advanced track design"
841: in (0.699 m)
821: in (0.618 m)
802: in (0.616 m)
765: in (0.699 m)
3533:Wood–plastic composite
3459:Glued laminated timber
3454:Cross-laminated timber
2528:Schut, Jan H. (2004).
1113:Track (rail transport)
995:
980:
952:gave way to cast iron
921: in (7.9 mm)
905: in (6.4 mm)
662:Dimensions and spacing
625:
599:
533:
455:
453:Hyannis, Massachusetts
444:
431:
423:
376:
345:
223:
179:
49:
3606:Corrugated fiberboard
3508:Oriented strand board
3076:Platform screen doors
2731:at Wikimedia Commons
1864:. moll-betonwerke.de.
1371:"The Hedjaz Railroad"
1103:truss connector plate
1066:in several projects.
987:Stone block from the
986:
971:
944:Rail fastening system
597:
531:
524:Y-shape steel sleeper
500:narrow-gauge railways
450:
442:
430:Old worn out woodties
429:
417:
374:
333:
214:
175:Stone block from the
174:
47:
3991:WikiProject Forestry
3026:Anti-trespass panels
2658:Smith, Mike (2005).
2494:. Rapra Technology.
2449:Railroad Engineering
1928:"Wide sleeper track"
1376:The Railroad Gazette
343:La Crosse, Wisconsin
221:La Crosse, Wisconsin
117:prestressed concrete
4022:Rail infrastructure
3752:Ramial chipped wood
2873:Classification yard
2582:Oaks, Jeff (2006).
2534:Plastics Technology
2399:. Greenwood Press.
1058:The Spanish artist
1006:, both in creating
931:Interurban railways
715:
86:rectangular support
3669:Cellulosic ethanol
3132:Motive power depot
3086:Signalling control
2701:. Thomas Telford.
2682:. Thomas Telford.
2473:. Thomas Telford.
2355:. Thomas Telford.
2018:on 18 January 2010
1859:"ZSX Twin Sleeper"
1622:Track & Signal
1579:on 26 January 2013
1273:, pp. 437–438
1228:on August 23, 2020
1143:on August 10, 2017
1099:John Calvin Jureit
996:
981:
822:
803:
713:
709:
600:
598:Twin block sleeper
534:
456:
445:
432:
424:
377:
346:
224:
180:
50:
3999:
3998:
3934:Wood preservation
3879:Engineered bamboo
3699:Pyroligneous acid
3241:
3240:
2959:Railway turntable
2780:
2727:Media related to
2574:978-1-60456-403-7
2567:. Nova Sciences.
2267:978-0-8047-4014-2
2248:Hilton, George W.
1839:on 24 August 2011
1825:Budisa, Miodrag.
1768:on 14 August 2007
1758:"Y-Stahlschwelle"
1428:on 9 October 2017
1315:Missing or empty
1094:Ballastless track
992:Ardrossan Railway
886:
885:
806:
787:
703:
390:Arabian Peninsula
271:pentachlorophenol
139:jointed track.
125:plastic composite
16:(Redirected from
4029:
3989:
3988:
3977:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3924:Timber recycling
3919:Reclaimed lumber
3909:Natural building
3874:Dry distillation
3828:Split-rail fence
3268:
3261:
3254:
3245:
3136:Railway workshop
2852:Transition curve
2822:Fastening system
2776:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2712:
2693:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2662:. Archived from
2654:
2637:
2627:
2616:Wiley & Sons
2598:
2596:
2595:
2586:. Archived from
2584:"Date Nail Info"
2578:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2536:. Archived from
2524:
2505:
2484:
2463:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2430:. Archived from
2410:
2389:
2377:
2366:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2335:. Archived from
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2256:. Stanford, CA:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1832:. Archived from
1831:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1754:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1631:
1625:
1624:Autumn 2013, p23
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1573:"I-Plas Limited"
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1529:. Edinburgh, UK.
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1497:
1491:
1488:La Mantia (2002)
1485:
1479:
1476:La Mantia (2002)
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1424:. Archived from
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1219:www.ltrc.lsu.edu
1216:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1139:. Archived from
1133:
1072:Teerölverordnung
1060:AgustĂn Ibarrola
920:
919:
915:
904:
903:
899:
857:
856:
852:
849:
840:
839:
835:
832:
820:
819:
815:
812:
801:
800:
796:
793:
781:
780:
776:
773:
764:
763:
759:
756:
716:
681:Historical usage
620:
585:
584:
580:
577:
460:recycled plastic
326:Concrete sleeper
215:Wood tie on the
70:Canadian English
62:American English
21:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3955:
3939:Wood processing
3847:
3781:
3728:
3635:
3587:
3544:
3474:parallel strand
3445:
3438:
3286:
3277:
3272:
3242:
3237:
3197:
3115:
3091:Structure gauge
3046:Defect detector
3018:
3010:
2856:
2812:Clip and scotch
2802:Breather switch
2768:
2762:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2696:
2690:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2640:
2625:10.1002/stc.227
2601:
2593:
2591:
2581:
2575:
2560:
2556:
2554:Further reading
2551:
2543:
2541:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2369:
2363:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2268:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2190:"The Tie Guide"
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2070:on 13 July 2011
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2044:on 15 July 2011
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1940:on 7 March 2012
1937:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1908:on 3 March 2012
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1801:on 27 July 2011
1798:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:. May 18, 2016.
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1639:Recycling Today
1633:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1603:Railway Gazette
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1504:. Mining Weekly
1499:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1314:
1304:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1256:The LMS Society
1250:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1090:
1008:retaining walls
966:
946:
940:
928:
917:
913:
912:
901:
897:
896:
854:
850:
847:
845:
837:
833:
830:
828:
817:
813:
810:
808:
798:
794:
791:
789:
778:
774:
771:
769:
761:
757:
754:
752:
688:
683:
674:
669:
664:
644:
638:
616:
613:
592:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
557:
526:
520:
515:
437:
405:level crossings
369:
328:
322:
209:
169:
164:
94:railroad tracks
82:British English
74:railway sleeper
42:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4035:
4033:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3971:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Certified wood
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3838:Timber framing
3835:
3830:
3825:
3823:Sawdust brandy
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Sandalwood oil
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Particle board
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Railway signal
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Level crossing
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Track geometry
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:overhead lines
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Gauntlet track
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Minimum radius
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2770:
2769:
2766:infrastructure
2763:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2719:
2718:External links
2716:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2694:
2688:
2675:
2655:
2638:
2599:
2579:
2573:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2525:
2519:
2506:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2464:
2458:
2443:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2367:
2361:
2348:
2331:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2281:
2266:
2239:
2210:
2180:
2143:
2121:
2096:
2092:Bonnett (2005)
2081:
2055:
2029:
2003:
1969:
1966:on 2011-07-15.
1951:
1919:
1893:
1867:
1850:
1812:
1779:
1746:
1732:
1707:
1693:
1668:
1650:
1626:
1614:
1590:
1564:
1549:. 4 May 2009.
1532:
1515:
1492:
1490:, p. 277.
1480:
1478:, p. 145.
1468:
1466:, p. 742.
1456:
1454:, p. 145.
1439:
1409:
1362:
1338:
1326:
1275:
1260:
1239:
1199:
1154:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1086:
965:
962:
942:Main article:
939:
936:
927:
924:
923:
922:
906:
884:
883:
880:
876:
875:
872:
868:
867:
864:
860:
859:
842:
824:
823:
804:
784:
783:
766:
748:
747:
744:
740:
739:
736:
732:
731:
728:
724:
723:
720:
687:
686:United Kingdom
684:
682:
679:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
640:Main article:
637:
634:
626:Rahmenschwelle
612:
609:
591:
588:
569:
566:
556:
553:
522:Main article:
519:
516:
514:
511:
451:Tie placer in
436:
433:
368:
365:
350:track geometry
324:Main article:
321:
318:
284:or micronized
208:
205:
168:
165:
163:
160:
144:railroad spike
40:
24:
18:Sleeper (rail)
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4034:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Wood products
4015:
4013:
4012:Permanent way
4010:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:List of woods
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Billet (wood)
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Hemicellulose
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Railroad ties
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:Wood products
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Coaling tower
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Signal bridge
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Loading gauge
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2979:refuge siding
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:tramway track
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:Railroad ties
2725:
2717:
2710:
2708:0-7277-3257-9
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2689:0-7277-1930-0
2685:
2681:
2676:
2666:on 2017-09-18
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2590:on 2014-04-21
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2540:on 2009-01-31
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2520:0-8493-7486-3
2516:
2513:. CRC Press.
2512:
2507:
2503:
2501:1-85957-325-8
2497:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2480:0-7277-2963-2
2476:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2459:0-471-36400-2
2455:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2434:on 2009-08-28
2433:
2429:
2427:0-07-138476-6
2423:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2406:0-313-33079-4
2402:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2385:0-8223-1263-8
2381:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2362:0-7277-1337-X
2358:
2354:
2349:
2339:on 2014-08-21
2338:
2334:
2332:1-86094-515-5
2328:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2296:on 2010-09-05
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2169:on 2011-07-17
2165:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:0-8493-0958-1
2118:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2094:, p. 64.
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1882:on 2012-03-07
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1683:on 2018-08-02
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1547:The Telegraph
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:Harper (2002)
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:preservatives
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
990:
985:
979:
975:
970:
963:
961:
959:
958:Pandrol clips
955:
951:
945:
937:
935:
932:
926:United States
925:
910:
907:
894:
891:
890:
889:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
843:
826:
825:
805:
786:
785:
767:
750:
749:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
733:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
717:
711:
707:
701:
695:
693:
685:
680:
678:
672:North America
671:
667:Current usage
666:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
643:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
610:
608:
606:
596:
590:Bi-block ties
589:
587:
567:
565:
563:
554:
552:
550:
545:
543:
538:
530:
525:
518:Y-shaped ties
517:
512:
510:
508:
503:
501:
497:
492:
489:
484:
480:
478:
477:microplastics
472:
469:
465:
461:
454:
449:
441:
434:
428:
421:
416:
412:
410:
409:axle counters
406:
402:
401:track circuit
397:
393:
391:
387:
386:Hejaz railway
381:
373:
366:
364:
360:
358:
353:
351:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
319:
317:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
222:
218:
213:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
178:
173:
166:
161:
159:
157:
153:
149:
146:; iron/steel
145:
140:
138:
133:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
98:track ballast
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
37:
36:Truck sleeper
30:
19:
3978:
3948:
3843:Wooden masts
3813:Dugout canoe
3798:Bavin (wood)
3747:Black liquor
3684:Liquid smoke
3434:Utility pole
3419:Timber truss
3339:Log building
3111:Wayside horn
3061:Interlocking
3041:Catch points
3001:Water trough
2903:Passing loop
2883:Pocket track
2868:Balloon loop
2846:
2832:Ladder track
2721:
2698:
2679:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2646:
2642:
2611:
2607:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:the original
2563:
2542:. Retrieved
2538:the original
2533:
2510:
2490:
2469:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2432:the original
2416:
2395:
2373:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2321:
2300:23 September
2298:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2284:
2252:
2242:
2232:February 18,
2230:. Retrieved
2225:
2213:
2203:February 18,
2201:. Retrieved
2196:
2183:
2173:22 September
2171:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2159:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2112:
2099:
2074:23 September
2072:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2058:
2048:23 September
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2006:
1996:23 September
1994:. Retrieved
1982:
1972:
1964:the original
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1935:the original
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:the original
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1870:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1805:23 September
1803:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1782:
1772:18 September
1770:. Retrieved
1766:the original
1761:
1739:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:the original
1671:
1662:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1617:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1535:
1525:
1518:
1508:23 September
1506:. Retrieved
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1452:Grant (2005)
1430:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1422:Polywood Inc
1421:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1380:
1374:
1365:
1354:. Retrieved
1341:
1336:, p. 92
1329:
1317:|title=
1308:cite journal
1283:
1278:
1258:– Resources)
1232:February 19,
1230:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1218:
1190:. Retrieved
1170:
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1131:
1108:Ladder track
1079:
1071:
1068:
1057:
1029:heavy metals
997:
989:Scotch gauge
947:
929:
908:
892:
887:
696:
689:
675:
645:
642:Ladder track
636:Ladder track
615:Frame ties (
614:
601:
571:
558:
546:
539:
535:
504:
493:
485:
481:
473:
457:
398:
394:
382:
378:
361:
357:Network Rail
354:
347:
339:BNSF Railway
335:Concrete tie
310:
264:
254:, including
225:
217:BNSF Railway
181:
141:
134:
110:
85:
73:
65:
57:
54:railroad tie
53:
51:
29:sleeping car
3944:Woodworking
3929:Wood drying
3914:Papermaking
3734:By-products
3640:Derivatives
3578:Pellet fuel
3319:Flitch beam
3036:Buffer stop
2996:Water crane
2908:Track gauge
2847:Tie/Sleeper
2618:: 281–288.
2226:www.rta.org
2197:www.rta.org
2136:24 December
2022:24 December
1944:23 December
1912:23 December
1886:23 December
1843:23 December
1583:21 December
1557:21 December
1402:23 December
1192:23 December
1076:Carbolineum
1004:landscaping
708:highlighted
562:eddy brakes
488:New Zealand
462:resins and
359:standards.
256:Douglas fir
167:Stone block
66:railway tie
4006:Categories
3786:Historical
3767:Wood flour
3616:Paperboard
3486:Fiberboard
3444:Engineered
3304:Bressummer
3209:Industrial
3193:Water stop
3154:for trains
3146:Roundhouse
3120:Structures
3106:Train stop
3056:Guard rail
3031:Block post
3019:and safety
3016:Signalling
2947:third rail
2920:Rail track
2913:dual gauge
2797:Baulk road
2670:2007-11-05
2653:: 281–288.
2594:2007-11-03
2544:2007-11-05
2438:2017-09-10
2343:2017-09-10
2312:References
1726:2021-06-30
1721:RailAdvent
1687:2018-08-01
1644:2018-08-01
1608:2018-08-01
1356:2022-03-12
1053:boathouses
974:sculptures
964:Other uses
844:2 ft
827:2 ft
807:2 ft
788:2 ft
768:2 ft
751:2 ft
700:fishplated
611:Frame ties
507:fiberglass
375:Steel ties
148:baseplates
78:Australian
3808:Clapboard
3777:Woodchips
3772:Wood wool
3652:Cellulose
3647:Birch-tar
3601:Cardboard
3583:Wood fuel
3491:hardboard
3394:Reclaimed
3359:Panelling
3349:Log house
3344:Log cabin
3159:for goods
3101:Tell-tale
2932:Rail yard
2898:Guide bar
2878:Headshunt
2861:Trackwork
2827:Fishplate
2817:Date nail
2778:(history)
2634:110498984
2452:. Wiley.
2131:248368514
1991:2161-7376
1389:0097-6679
1292:0097-4536
1284:Crossties
1179:0033-9016
1147:August 9,
1036:pollution
1000:gardening
706:fishplate
656:elastomer
618:‹See Tfd›
568:Wide ties
555:Twin ties
496:Wiltshire
486:In 2012,
260:treatment
252:softwoods
197:Chat Moss
3969:Category
3950:Yakisugi
3884:Forestry
3852:See also
3793:Axe ties
3762:Tall oil
3742:Barkdust
3724:Wood gas
3704:Pine tar
3694:Methanol
3626:Pulpwood
3573:Firewood
3556:Charcoal
3549:Fuelwood
3496:Masonite
3424:Treenail
3324:Flooring
3214:Military
3171:building
3141:Platform
3051:Derailer
2969:Roll way
2888:Junction
2787:Axe ties
1551:Archived
1432:20 March
1397:15110419
1271:Hay 1982
1118:Sun kink
1088:See also
1045:cribbing
1021:creosote
1017:coal tar
1015:such as
677:ties.
652:Brunel's
464:recycled
435:Plastics
320:Concrete
267:creosote
236:hardwood
232:softwood
228:axe ties
201:Bi-block
102:subgrade
88:for the
58:crosstie
3980:Commons
3859:Biomass
3833:Tanbark
3757:Sawdust
3568:Firelog
3561:biochar
3523:Plywood
3481:I-joist
3399:Shingle
3354:Molding
3224:station
3219:Private
3166:Station
2842:Profile
2792:Ballast
1300:1565511
1187:1763403
916:⁄
900:⁄
853:⁄
836:⁄
816:⁄
797:⁄
777:⁄
760:⁄
630:Austria
581:⁄
549:Germany
388:in the
337:on the
156:Pandrol
152:Vossloh
84:) is a
3818:Potash
3719:Tannin
3679:Lignin
3593:Fibers
3538:lumber
3464:veneer
3404:Siding
3384:Rafter
3379:Purlin
3294:Batten
3287:timber
3283:Lumber
2986:Switch
2974:Siding
2774:Tracks
2705:
2686:
2649:(16).
2632:
2571:
2517:
2498:
2477:
2456:
2424:
2403:
2382:
2359:
2329:
2276:237973
2274:
2264:
2129:
2119:
1989:
1741:Trains
1395:
1387:
1298:
1290:
1185:
1177:
954:chairs
950:spikes
648:meters
622:German
542:I-beam
468:insect
422:, 2016
420:Sweden
302:jarrah
288:. New
286:copper
279:copper
244:jarrah
207:Wooden
188:chairs
115:, but
3899:Mulch
3709:Pitch
3631:Rayon
3611:Paper
3429:Truss
3369:Plate
3364:Plank
3329:Joist
3314:Cruck
3202:Types
3181:ghost
3176:clock
3150:Shed
2764:Rail
2630:S2CID
2614:(2).
2222:(PDF)
2193:(PDF)
2167:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2109:(PDF)
1938:(PDF)
1931:(PDF)
1862:(PDF)
1837:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1124:Notes
1064:Renfe
1049:docks
1025:salts
560:with
367:Steel
314:spike
306:azobé
290:boron
282:azole
248:karri
193:gauge
162:Types
130:azobé
121:Steel
106:gauge
90:rails
72:) or
3674:Dyes
3657:nano
3621:Pulp
3446:wood
3414:Stud
3409:Sill
3374:Post
3334:Lath
3299:Beam
3229:list
3186:list
2807:Cant
2703:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2302:2010
2272:OCLC
2262:ISBN
2234:2019
2205:2019
2175:2010
2138:2011
2127:OCLC
2117:ISBN
2076:2010
2050:2010
2024:2011
1998:2010
1987:ISSN
1946:2011
1914:2011
1888:2011
1845:2011
1807:2010
1774:2010
1585:2012
1559:2012
1510:2010
1434:2012
1404:2011
1393:OCLC
1385:ISSN
1321:help
1296:OCLC
1288:ISSN
1234:2019
1194:2011
1183:OCLC
1175:ISSN
1149:2017
1051:and
1047:for
1033:soil
1002:and
704:the
690:The
298:mora
273:and
246:and
234:and
113:wood
100:and
80:and
3689:Lye
3501:MDF
3469:LVL
3309:CLS
3006:Wye
2620:doi
1171:104
1040:oak
1027:of
1023:or
976:at
605:TGV
341:in
304:or
294:sal
240:oak
219:in
154:or
137:LMS
92:in
64:),
4008::
2647:71
2645:.
2628:.
2612:15
2610:.
2606:.
2532:.
2270:.
2260:.
2224:.
2195:.
2158:.
2125:.
2084:^
1981:.
1815:^
1760:.
1749:^
1719:.
1661:.
1637:.
1601:.
1545:.
1442:^
1420:.
1391:.
1381:42
1379:.
1373:.
1312::
1310:}}
1306:{{
1294:.
1263:^
1242:^
1217:.
1202:^
1181:.
1169:.
1165:.
1055:.
1019:,
918:16
911:–
895:–
818:16
710:.
624::
574:22
551:.
544:.
509:.
502:.
411:.
300:,
296:,
242:,
108:.
56:,
52:A
3285:/
3267:e
3260:t
3253:v
3134:/
2757:e
2750:t
2743:v
2711:.
2692:.
2673:.
2636:.
2622::
2597:.
2577:.
2547:.
2523:.
2504:.
2483:.
2462:.
2441:.
2409:.
2388:.
2365:.
2346:.
2304:.
2278:.
2236:.
2207:.
2177:.
2140:.
2078:.
2052:.
2026:.
2000:.
1948:.
1916:.
1890:.
1847:.
1809:.
1776:.
1729:.
1690:.
1647:.
1611:.
1587:.
1561:.
1512:.
1436:.
1406:.
1359:.
1323:)
1319:(
1302:.
1254:(
1236:.
1196:.
1151:.
1074:(
914:5
902:4
898:1
855:2
851:1
848:+
846:3
838:2
834:1
831:+
829:3
814:5
811:+
809:0
799:4
795:1
792:+
790:0
779:2
775:1
772:+
770:3
762:2
758:1
755:+
753:3
583:2
579:1
576:+
76:(
68:(
60:(
38:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
