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supply, many of the single-celled amoebae congregate and start moving as a single body, called a 'slug'. The ability of the single celled organisms to aggregate into multicellular forms are why they are also called the social amoebae. In this state they are sensitive to airborne chemicals and can detect food sources. They readily change the shape and function of parts, and may form stalks that produce fruiting bodies, releasing countless spores, light enough to be carried on the wind or on passing animals. The cellular slime mold
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is often seen as a slimy yellow network in and on rotting logs. The amoebae and the plasmodia engulf microorganisms. The plasmodium grows into an interconnected network of protoplasmic strands. Within each protoplasmic strand, the cytoplasmic contents rapidly stream, periodically reversing direction.
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Slime molds share some similarities with neural systems in animals. The membranes of both slime molds and neural cells contain receptor sites, which alter electrical properties of the membrane when it is bound. Therefore, some studies on the early evolution of animal neural systems are inspired by
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The cellular slime molds are a group of approximately 150 described species. They occur primarily in the humus layer of forest soils and feed on bacteria but also are found in animal dung and agricultural fields. They exist as single-celled organisms while food is plentiful. When food is in short
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observed that slime molds were highly conspicuous and distinct within the Fungi, the group to which they were then classified. He concurred with
Lindsay S. Olive's proposal to reclassify the Gymnomycota, which includes slime molds, as part of the Protista. Whittaker placed three phyla, namely the
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too serve to attract slime mold amoebae, at least at short distances. It has been suggested that acrasins may be taxon-specific, since specificity is required to form an aggregation of genetically similar cells. Many dictyostelid species indeed do not respond to cyclic AMP, but as of 2023 their
1765:, a professor of ecology known for his studies of slime molds, argues that they are "no more than a bag of amoebae encased in a thin slime sheath, yet they manage to have various behaviors that are equal to those of animals who possess muscles and nerves with ganglia – that is, simple brains."
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Tsui, Clement K. M.; Marshall, Wyth; Yokoyama, Rinka; Honda, Daiske; Lippmeier, J Casey; Craven, Kelly D.; Peterson, Paul D.; Berbee, Mary L. (January 2009). "Labyrinthulomycetes phylogeny and its implications for the evolutionary loss of chloroplasts and gain of ectoplasmic gliding".
1071:
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1659:). Further, both the (macroscopic) dictyostelids and the (microscopic) protostelids have a phase with motile amoebae and a phase with a stalk; in the protostelids, the stalk is tiny, supporting just one spore, but the logic of airborne spore dispersal is the same.
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avoids bright light, light was used to simulate mountains, water and other obstacles in the dish. The mold first densely filled the space with plasmodia, and then thinned the network to focus on efficiently connected branches. The network closely resembled
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amoebae communicate with each other using traveling waves of cyclic AMP. There is an amplification of cyclic AMP when they aggregate. Pre-stalk cells move toward cyclic AMP, but pre-spore cells ignore the signal. Other acrasins exist; the acrasin for
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was used in experimental laboratory approximations of motorway networks of 14 geographical areas: Australia, Africa, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Iberia, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, the
Netherlands, UK and US. The filamentary structure of
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C genes, allowing over 500 possible variations. It is advantageous for organisms with this type of reproductive cell to have many mating types because the likelihood of the cells finding a partner is greatly increased, and the risk of
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gives a higher estimate, from 1200 to 1500 species. These are diverse both taxonomically and in appearance, the largest and most familiar species being among the
Myxogastria. The growth forms most commonly noticed are the
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and colleagues studies slime molds and their abilities to solve mazes by placing nodes at two point separated by a maze of plastic film. The mold explored all possible paths and solves it for the shortest path.
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placed the
Mycetozoa (the myxomycetes and plasmodiophorids) and the Sarkodina (the labyrinthulids and the cellular slime molds) in a phylum called Protoplasta, which he placed alongside the fungi and the
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in a flat wet dish, placing the mold in a central position representing Tokyo, and oat flakes surrounding it corresponding to the locations of other major cities in the
Greater Tokyo Area. As
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Zhulidov, Daniel A.; Robarts, Richard D.; Zhulidov, Alexander V.; Zhulidova, Olga V.; Markelov, Danila A.; Rusanov, Viktor A.; Headley, John V. (2002). "Zinc accumulation by the slime mold
2117:
Schnittler, M.; Mitchell, D. W. (2001) . "Species
Diversity in Myxomycetes based on the morphological species concept – a critical examination". In Nowotny, Wolfgang; Aescht, Erna (eds.).
1655:, as the habit of forming a stalk with a sporangium that can release spores into the air, off the ground, has evolved repeatedly, such as in myxogastria (eukaryotes) and in myxobacteria (
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is ready to make its reproductive cells, it grows a bulbous extension of its body to contain them. Each cell has a random combination of the genes that the slime mold contains within its
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Spiegel, Frederick W.; Steven L. Stephenson; Harold W. Keller; Donna L Moore; James C. Cavendar (2004). "Mycetozoans". In
Gregory M. Mueller; Gerald F. Bills; Mercedes S. Foster (eds.).
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Carr, William E. S. (1989). "Chemical
Signaling Systems in Lower Organisms: A Prelude to the Evolution of Chemical Communication in the Nervous System". In Anderson, Peter A.V. (ed.).
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Life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold. Haploid gametes undergo sexual fusion to form a diploid cell. Its nucleus divides (but the cell does not) to form a multinucleate plasmodium.
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gathered on trips into the forest in the rainy season. One of its local names is "cheese mushroom", so called for its texture and flavor when cooked. It was salted, wrapped in a
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ring. By 2022, more than 100 pigments had been isolated from slime molds, mostly from sporophores. It has been suggested that the many yellow-to-red pigments might be useful in
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Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota, and
Labyrinthulomycota in a subkingdom Gymnomycota within the Fungi. The same year, Martin and Alexopoulos published their influential textbook
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Brown, Matthew W.; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Spiegel, Frederick W. (2011). "'Slime Molds' among the
Tubulinea (Amoebozoa): Molecular Systematics and Taxonomy of Copromyxa".
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has many different mating types. When this organism has entered the stage of reproduction, it releases a chemical attractant. When it comes time for the cells to fuse,
1524:. Therefore, it can create cells of up to eight different gene types. Released cells then independently seek another compatible cell for fusion. Other individuals of
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slime molds; they gave the group its informal name, since for part of their life cycle they are slimy to the touch. A myxogastrian consists of a large cell with
1373:, which the larvae feed on. These pupate, and the hatching adults carry and disperse spores that have stuck to them. While various insects consume slime molds,
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is semi-aquatic. Myxogastria are not limited to wet regions; 34 species are known from Saudi Arabia, living on bark, in plant litter, and rotting wood, even in
1329:. They include some aquatic species, which live on dead plant parts submerged in ponds. Cellular slime molds are most numerous in the tropics, decreasing with
1110:, a polyphyletic group, have characters intermediate between the previous two groups, but they are much smaller, the fruiting bodies only forming one to a few
1065:. Some of the amoebae become spores to begin the next generation, but others sacrifice themselves to become a dead stalk, lifting the spores up into the air.
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in China, six species of dictyostelids were found in forest soils at elevations up to 2,038 m (6,686 ft), the highest recorded species there being
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Slime molds, with their small size and moist surface, live mostly in damp habitats including shaded forests, rotting wood, fallen or living leaves, and on
2890:
Brown, Matthew W.; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Spiegel, Frederick W. (2012). "A contemporary evaluation of the acrasids (Acrasidae, Heterolobosea, Excavata)".
923:
1776:, based on the behavior of aggregated slime molds as they stream in search of food. It is described as a simple, efficient, and flexible way of solving
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Most slime molds are terrestrial and free-living, typically in damp shady habitats such as in or on the surface of rotting wood. Some myxogastrians and
3900:
Roos, W.; Nanjundiah, V.; Malchow, D.; Gerisch, G. (May 1975). "Amplification of cyclic-AMP signals in aggregating cells of Dictyostelium discoideum".
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Tyson, John J.; Alexander, Kevin A.; Manoranjan, V. S.; Murray, J.D. (1989-01-01). "Spiral waves of cyclic amp in a model of slime mold aggregation".
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1990:
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Nestle, Marion; Sussman, Maurice (August 1972). "The effect of cyclic AMP on morphogernesis and enzyme accumulation in Dictyostelium discoideum".
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Ameen, Fuad; Almansob, Abobakr; Al-Sabri, Ahmed (2020). "Records of slime molds (Myxomycetes) from deserts and other arid areas of Saudi Arabia".
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Lenhoff, H M; Heagy, W (April 1977). "Aquatic invertebrates: model systems for study of receptor activation and evolution of receptor proteins".
252:
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Carr, William E. S.; Gleeson, Richard A.; Trapido-Rosenthal, Henry G. (June 1990). "The role of perireceptor events in chemosensory processes".
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3251:. Vol. 2. Bryological Interaction. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists.
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Zou, Yue; Hou, Jiangan; Guo, Songning; Li, Changtian; Li, Zhuang; Stephenson, Steven L.; Pavlov, Igor N.; Liu, Pu; Li, Yu (26 October 2022).
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Lindley, Lora A.; Stephenson, Steven L.; Spiegel, Frederick W. (1 July 2007). "Protostelids and myxomycetes isolated from aquatic habitats".
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Dembitsky, Valery M.; Řezanka, Tomáš; Spížek, Jaroslav; Hanuš, Lumír O. (2005). "Secondary metabolites of slime molds (myxomycetes)".
2130:
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Deasey, Mary C.; Olive, Lindsay S. (July 1981). "Role of Golgi Apparatus in Sorogenesis by the Cellular Slime Mold Fonticula alba".
3300:"Diversity of Dictyostelid Cellular Slime Molds, Including Two Species New to Science, in Forest Soils of Changbai Mountain, China"
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have even shown the organism to have an ability to learn and predict periodic unfavorable conditions in laboratory experiments.
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Slime molds have little or no fossil history, as might be expected given that they are small and soft-bodied. The grouping is
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has mating types of its own that dictate which cells are compatible with each other. There are at least eleven mating types;
4460:
Saigusa, Tetsu; Tero, Atsushi; Nakagaki, Toshiyuki; Kuramoto, Yoshiki (January 2008). "Amoebae anticipate periodic events".
1755:
slime molds. When a slime mold mass or mound is physically separated, the cells find their way back to re-unite. Studies on
894:. Most are smaller than a few centimeters, but some species may reach sizes up to several square meters, and in the case of
1855:. This observation has led astronomers to use simulations based on the behaviour of slime molds to inform their search for
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The practical study of slime molds was facilitated by the introduction of the "moist culture chamber" by H. C. Gilbert and
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have been used to simulate traffic networks. Some species have traditionally been eaten in countries such as Ecuador.
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A monograph of the Mycetozoa : a descriptive catalogue of the species in the Herbarium of the British Museum
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are marine slime nets, forming labyrinthine networks of tubes in which amoeba without pseudopods can travel. The
143:
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Deep origins of eukaryotic multicellularity revealed by the Acrasis kona genome and developmental transcriptomes
3945:"Tissue self-organization based on collective cell migration by contact activation of locomotion and chemotaxis"
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Stoyneva-Gärtner, Maya; Uzunov, Blagoy; Androv, Miroslav; Ivanov, Kristian; Gärtner, Georg (21 December 2022).
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1057:, feeding on microorganisms. When food is depleted and they are ready to form sporangia, they form swarms. The
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Various estimates of the number of species of slime molds agree that there are around 1000 species, most being
3398:"New mid-Cretaceous cryptic slime mold beetles and the early evolution of Sphindidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)"
1594:, a small molecule common in cells. Acrasins are signals that cause cellular slime mold amoebae to aggregate.
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Keller, Harold W.; Everhart, Sydney (2010). "Importance of Myxomycetes in Biological Research and Teaching".
2125:]. Ausstellung im Biologiezentrum des OÖ. Landesmuseums. Vol. 73. OÖ Landes-Kultur. pp. 39–53.
4753:; Akl, S.; Alonso-Sanz, R.; et al. (2013). "Are motorways rational from slime mould's point of view?".
3153:"Phenotypic plasticity in plasmodial slime molds and molecular phylogeny of terrestrial vs. aquatic species"
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join up into a tiny multicellular slug which crawls to an open lit place and grows into a fruiting body, a
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Levine, Herbert; Reynolds, William (May 1991). "Streaming instability of aggregating slime mold amoebae".
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224:
4544:"The 'sultan of slime': Biologist continues to be fascinated by organisms after nearly 70 years of study"
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Vallverdú, Jordi; et al. (2018). "Slime mould: the fundamental mechanisms of biological cognition".
1928: – rapid and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces
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The streaming protoplasm within a plasmodial strand can reach speeds of up to 1.35 mm per second in
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like the Myxogastria; their amoebae remain individual for most of their lives as individual unicellular
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235:(cellular slime molds) as Mycetozoa, a new class. He also introduced a "Doubtful Mycetozoa" section for
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was similarly collected in Mexico, cooked with onions and peppers and eaten in a tortilla. In Ecuador,
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4559:"Deep ensemble of slime mold algorithm and arithmetic optimization algorithm for global optimization"
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2149:(1932). "Systematic Position of the Slime Molds and Its Bearing on the Classification of the Fungi".
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2776:; Baldauf, Sandra L. (January 2010). "Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Slime Moulds (Mycetozoa)".
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Slime molds have a variety of behaviors otherwise seen in animals with brains. Species such as
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Li, Yan-Da; Tihelka, Erik; Liu, Zhen-Hua; Huang, Di-Ying; Cai, Chen-Yang (23 November 2021).
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stage and the formation of spores. Spores are often produced in macroscopic multicellular or
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2019:
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346:) widely scattered across the Eukaryotes. Paraphyletic groups are shown in quotation marks:
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and M. L. Sogin proposed that the dictyostelids diverged before plants, animals, and fungi.
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37:
32:
1916:, in which a giant amoeba from space sets about engulfing people in a small American town.
1695:
Slime molds have been studied for their production of unusual organic compounds, including
111:
fruiting bodies that may be formed through aggregation or fusion; aggregation is driven by
4230:
Lierl, Michelle B. (2013). "Myxomycete (slime mold) spores: unrecognized aeroallergens?".
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was traditionally used as food; it was one of the species which mushroom-collectors or
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reacted to myxogastrian spores, so the spores may contribute significantly as airborne
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1317:. The protostelids live mainly on dead plant matter, where they consume the spores of
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Patterson, D. J.; Sogin, M. L. (1992). "Eukaryote origins and protistan diversity".
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1516:, meaning that it contains two copies of each of the three reproductive genes. When
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251:, emphasizing their distinction from plants and fungi. In 1880, the French botanist
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1490:(reproductive cells) are all the same size, unlike the eggs and sperms of animals.
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was the first slime mold to be discussed scientifically, by Thomas Panckow in 1654.
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had two strains (+ and −) of cells, equivalent to gametes, that these could form
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Fujimori, Taihei; Nakajima, Akihiko; Shimada, Nao; Sawai, Satoshi (March 2019).
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Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria; Nikolaev, Sergey I.; Nelson, Michaela; Pawlowski, Jan;
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argued that the slime molds evolved from fungi. In 1956, the American biologist
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4132:"Slime moulds (Myxomycetes) as a source of new biologically active metabolites"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Zheng, Rong; Jia, Heming; Aualigah, Laith; Liu, Qingxin; Wang, Shuang (2021).
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2532:"Lab Snapshots by Marek Ples; Microbiology - The biology on a different level"
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Some myxogastrians have their spores dispersed by animals. The slime mold fly
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Sheikh, Sanea; Fu, Chengjie; Brown, Matthew; Baldauf, Sandra (1 March 2023),
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The chemicals that aggregate cellular slime molds are small molecules called
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Glime, J. M. (2019). "Slime Molds: Ecology and Habitats – Lesser Habitats".
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leaf, and baked in the ashes of a campfire; or boiled and eaten with maize
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network grown in a period of 26 hours (6 stages shown) to simulate greater
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Nakagaki, Toshiyuki; Yamada, Hiroyasu; Toth, Agotha (September 28, 2000).
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3800:
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Dee, Jennifer (1960). "A Mating-type System in an Acellular Slime-mould".
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2723:"Evolution of Multicellular Complexity in The Dictyostelid Social Amoebas"
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in distribution. A small number of species occur in regions as dry as the
3921:
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Neuhauser, Sigrid; Kirchmair, Martin; Bulman, Simon; Bass, David (2014).
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2259:(3881). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 857.
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1337:, occurring in soil even in the Arctic and the Antarctic. In the Alaskan
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are cellular slime molds that form a fruiting body in a "volcano" shape.
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are eruptive, meaning that hemispherical bulges appear at the front. The
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sporangium. Spores can disperse in air or water, or by slime mold flies.
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Slime molds are gorgeous (you just never knew it!) | Oregon Field Guide
2464:"Potential of Slime Molds as a Novel Source for the Cosmetics Industry"
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Olive, Lindsay S.; Stoianovitch, Carmen (technical assistance) (1975).
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for exploring incompatibility, asexual reproduction, and mating types.
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4575:
4490:
1727:
are colored red by arcyriaflavins A–C, which contain an unusual indolo
1377:
slime mold beetles, both larvae and adults, exclusively feed on them.
1131:
is microscopic; each stalk is topped by only one or a very few spores.
489:
4800:"Cities in motion: how slime mould can redraw our rail and road maps"
4607:
3536:
2506:
Advances in Physarum Machines: Sensing and Computing with Slime Mould
2123:
Wolves' Blood and Tan Blossom – Life forms between animals and plants
1680:
1521:
1487:
1437:
1409:
1338:
1322:
1267:
1178:
1144:
1111:
1058:
1001:
643:
151:
88:
2208:
4755:
International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems
3713:
Erdos, Gregory W.; Raper, Kenneth B.; Vogen, Linda K. (June 1973).
3504:(Second ed.). New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons. p. 78.
3357:"The Evolution of Evolution: Seen through the Eyes of a Slime Mold"
2353:
2162:
4767:
3108:
3106:
2562:
The myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland: an identification handbook
2093:. London: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum.
1879:
1815:
1806:
1581:
1465:
1389:
1326:
1283:
1235:
805:
407:
339:
296:
183:
31:
4351:"Chemical Signals in the Sea: Marine Allelochemics and Evolution"
2589:. Zuthpen: Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging.
4854:
4852:
1847:
forming a network to food sources is similar to the large scale
1512:
C with three variants. Each reproductively mature slime mold is
1497:
4632:
Tero, A.; Takagi, S.; Saigusa, T.; et al. (January 2010).
4627:
4625:
3643:"The Acrasieae in Nature. Ii. Forest Soil as a Primary Habitat"
2842:
2840:
2119:
Wolfsblut und Lohblüte – Lebensformen zwischen Tier und Pflanze
1582:
255:
analyzed the two groups further. In 1868, the German biologist
3077:
Glimn-Lacy, Janice; Kaufman, Peter B. (2006). "Slime Molds".
1082:
is a microscopic organism. The cells can aggregate to form a
2296:
The origin and evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
1968:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 776.
1165:, which have sluglike amoebae. In locomotion, the amoebae's
283:
published monographs of the group in 1894, 1911, and 1925.
3206:
3204:
2614:(L.) Wiggers in the former Soviet Union and North Korea".
2112:
2110:
2108:
1992:
Herbarium Portatile, Oder Behendes Kräuter und GewächsBuch
1452:
between them, and can grow to meters in size. The species
4863:[Ethnobiological Considerations on Myxomycetes].
4634:"Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design"
4517:"#71: Slime Molds Show Surprising Degree of Intelligence"
4409:"Molecular basis of transmembrane signal transduction in
4085:(1933). "Myxomycetes found on the bark of living trees".
1902:
Oscar Requejo and N. Floro Andres-Rodriguez suggest that
1574:
form after cell contact between compatible mating types.
2251:(16 May 1969). "Response: Reassignment of Gymnomycota".
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
3682:
The Social Amoebae: The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds
3269:
Biodiversity of fungi: inventory and monitoring methods
3146:
3144:
2564:. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing. pp. 4, 9.
1956:
1954:
1939:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1432:. These amoebae can mate if they encounter the correct
4861:"Consideraciones Etnobiologicas sobre los Mixomicetos"
3774:
3772:
3590:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 187–193.
2195:(1932). "The Systematic Position of the Myxomycetes".
1255:. Most Myxogastria are terrestrial, though some, like
2402:"Origin and Evolution of the Slime Molds (Mycetozoa)"
917:
shows stalked sporangia for airborne spore dispersal.
99:
slime molds visible to the naked eye. The slime mold
4407:
Janssens, P.M.; Van Haastert, P.J. (December 1987).
3641:
Cavender, James C.; Raper, Kenneth B. (March 1965).
3215:(72). Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne: 171–177.
2685:
Krivomaz, Т. І.; Michaud, A.; Minter, D. W. (2012).
1930:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1614:. During the aggregation phase of their life cycle,
4859:Requejo, Oscar; Andres-Rodriguez, N. Floro (2019).
2937:"Cross-kingdom host shifts of phytomyxid parasites"
1964:; Mims, Charles W.; Blackwell, Meredith M. (1996).
1894:was called "yakich" and eaten raw as an appetizer.
1711:, physarochrome A, and compounds of tetramic acid.
1610:(cyclic AMP), a common cell signaling molecule, in
1404:with many nuclei without individual cell membranes
4693:"Slime mould attacks simulates Tokyo rail network"
3310:(5). American Society for Microbiology: e0240222.
2655:
2653:
1788:in a network. However, it can become trapped in a
890:within a single membrane without walls, forming a
4820:"Slime Mold Simulations Used to Map Dark Matter"
3619:. University of Wisconsin System. Archived from
2701:
2699:
2298:. New Jersey: World Scientific. pp. 13–46.
1723:compounds. The sporophores (fruiting bodies) of
868:Macroscopic, plasmodial slime molds: Myxogastria
3260:
3258:
2400:Baldauf, S.L.; Doolittle, W.F. (October 1997).
2324:University of California Museum of Paleontology
1274:(46 species), and in Chile's exceptionally dry
1147:, a paraphyletic group of amoebae, include the
4839:"Slime mold helps astronomers map dark matter"
3581:
3579:
3273:. New York: Elsevier Academic Press. pp.
1004:to eject their lids and disperse their spores.
4087:University of Iowa Studies in Natural History
3240:
3238:
2708:"Slime Molds: No Brains, No Feet, No Problem"
1602:; motion towards a chemical signal is called
1341:, the only slime molds are the dictyostelids
1309:The dictyostelids are mostly terrestrial. On
1282:has 105 species, and Russia and Kazakhstan's
1161:Among the non-amoebozoan slime molds are the
1090:or fruiting body (shown) on a delicate stalk.
900:, a mass of up to 20 kilograms (44 lb).
8:
4374:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
1937: – Fungus-like eukaryotic microorganism
1478:to form haploid cells with just one nucleus.
3560:"Slime Molds Remember – but Do They Learn?"
3151:Hoppe, T.; Kutschera, U. (27 August 2022).
2555:
2553:
2551:
1000:has small round sporangia that have spiral
259:placed the Mycetozoa in a kingdom he named
215:
4232:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
3476:. Harvard University Press. Archived from
3367:(12). Oxford University Press: 1184–1187.
1683:of a single gene. This made the species a
1651:in 1933. Slime molds can be used to teach
1528:may contain different combinations of the
286:In 1932 and 1960, the American mycologist
4766:
4574:
4489:
4436:
4147:
3978:
3968:
3752:
3742:
3715:"Mating Types and Macrocyst Formation in
3413:
3372:
3331:
3184:
2972:
2962:
2748:
2738:
2479:
2435:
2425:
2352:
2089:Lister, Arthur; Lister, Gulielma (1911).
1606:. The first acrasin to be discovered was
1416:. These unicellular amoebae are commonly
1049:or cellular slime molds do not form huge
138:are parasitic, living inside their plant
4733:"Designing highways the slime mould way"
4277:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 81–94.
3588:Dr. Tatiana's Sex Advice To All Creation
1679:, and that the system was controlled by
1278:(24 species). In contrast, the semi-dry
3439:"Myxomycetes: Overlooked Native Plants"
2237:. Palo Alto, California: Pacific Books.
1950:
1207:
1116:
1067:
902:
271:as part of the Gymnomyxa in the phylum
4592:"Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism"
4542:MacPherson, Kitta (January 21, 2010).
4275:Evolution of the First Nervous Systems
4142:(3). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 281–288.
3443:The Native Plant Society of New Jersey
3355:Bonner, John Tyler (7 November 2015).
2664:. Portland: Timber Press. p. 65.
2660:Stephenson, Steven L. (15 June 2000).
2012:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1367:lay its eggs within the spore mass of
4515:Barone, Jennifer (December 9, 2008).
3402:Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny
3000:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2235:The Classification of Lower Organisms
1463:, the fastest for any microorganism.
1408:Plasmodial slime molds begin life as
1290:of Latin America, species such as of
197:The first account of slime molds was
91:. Most are microscopic; those in the
7:
4004:"Chemical Signals of Social Amoebae"
3468:Chimileski, Scott; Kolter, Roberto.
1508:B, with thirteen variants each, and
1424:, yeast cells, and fungal spores by
1280:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve
1035:Cellular slime molds: Dictyosteliida
950:cells aggregate to form a soft mass.
267:grouped the Mycetozoa alongside the
4386:10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.001331
2320:"Introduction to the 'Slime Molds'"
1232:Distribution, habitats, and ecology
776:
674:
638:
628:
562:
476:
435:
425:
400:
393:
386:
379:
369:
359:
349:
227:, in 1860 and 1887, classified the
45:) with developing fruiting bodies (
4712:Christiansen B (25 January 2010).
4030:10.1038/scientificamerican0483-114
3659:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1965.tb06789.x
2721:Kin, K.; Schaap, P. (March 2021).
142:. Geographically, slime molds are
25:
3221:10.12905/0380.sydowia72-2020-0171
2820:The Eumycetozoan Project Database
2585:Nannenga-Bremekamp, N.E. (1974).
1189:. They cause plant diseases like
314:In 1975, Olive distinguished the
263:. In 1885, the British zoologist
134:are aquatic or semi-aquatic. The
4714:"Slime Mold Network Engineering"
4349:Lindsey, J.; Lasker, R. (1974).
3558:Moskvitch, Katia (9 July 2018).
2893:European Journal of Protistology
2616:Journal of Environmental Quality
2371:10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.12.011
1286:river basin has 158 species. In
1270:. They occur, too, in Arizona's
1247:feed exclusively on slime molds.
1210:
1119:
1070:
1009:
988:
971:
955:
938:
922:
905:
788:
735:
713:
686:
590:
488:
447:
119:. Slime molds contribute to the
4201:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.02.017
4130:Steglich, W. (1 January 1989).
1420:and feed on small prey such as
1177:, with hosts among the plants,
299:in a new kingdom, Protoctista.
60:is an informal name given to a
4482:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.018101
4238:(6). Elsevier BV: 537–541.e2.
3859:Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena
3684:. Princeton University Press.
2706:Jacobson, R. (April 5, 2012).
2265:10.1126/science.164.3881.857.b
1608:cyclic adenosine monophosphate
1400:streaming along as it forms a
1:
4798:Parr, D. (18 February 2014).
4691:Yong, Ed (January 21, 2010).
1021:aggregating from a streaming
322:as separate groups. In 1992,
231:(plasmodial slime molds) and
123:of dead vegetation; some are
4777:10.1080/17445760.2012.685884
4731:Marks, P. (6 January 2010).
4429:10.1128/mr.51.4.396-418.1987
4320:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90162-4
3914:10.1016/0014-5793(75)80005-6
3879:10.1016/0167-2789(89)90234-0
3793:10.1016/0012-1606(72)90002-4
3056:10.1126/science.213.4507.561
2861:10.1016/j.protis.2010.09.003
2790:10.1016/j.protis.2009.05.002
1738:. Some 42% of patients with
1643:Use in research and teaching
1335:cosmopolitan in distribution
1025:(network of filaments) to a
4283:10.1007/978-1-4899-0921-3_6
4187:(7). Elsevier BV: 747–769.
4069:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2587723/v1
4002:Bonner, John Tyler (1983).
3836:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2400
3470:"Life at the Edge of Sight"
3081:. Springer US. p. 45.
3013:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.027
2900:(2). Elsevier BV: 103–123.
2816:M. Nesom & L. S. Olive"
1962:Alexopoulos, Constantine J.
1803:Traffic system inspirations
1665:showed that the slime mold
1634:acrasins remained unknown.
1625:, purified in 1983, is the
1302:, growing on the leaves of
220:, "a fast-growing fungus".
154:; they are abundant in the
4939:
4837:Wenz, J. (12 March 2020).
4244:10.1016/j.anai.2013.08.007
4136:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3647:American Journal of Botany
3498:Alexopoulos, C.J. (1962).
3169:10.1007/s12064-022-00375-9
3127:10.3852/mycologia.99.4.504
2906:10.1016/j.ejop.2011.10.001
2587:De Nederlandse Myxomyceten
2530:Ples, Marek (2023-11-11).
2503:Adamatzky, Andrew (2016).
2006:de Bary, A. (1860). "XXV.—
1740:seasonal allergic rhinitis
1552:
1500:involved in reproduction:
1428:, engulfing them with its
1157:Non-amoebozoan slime molds
1099:
1038:
871:
4913:Common names of organisms
3613:"Slime Mold Reproduction"
3316:10.1128/spectrum.02402-22
2481:10.3390/cosmetics10010003
2024:10.1080/00222936008697211
1622:Polysphondylium violaceum
1486:, which means that their
882:slime molds are the only
803:
781:
774:
733:
711:
684:
672:
648:
636:
626:
583:
567:
560:
481:
474:
440:
433:
423:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
367:
357:
338:, consisting of multiple
4411:Dictyostelium discoideum
3717:Dictyostelium discoideum
3163:(3). Springer: 313–319.
3087:10.1007/0-387-28875-9_45
2942:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2427:10.1073/pnas.94.22.12007
1989:Panckow, Thomas (1654).
1774:meta-heuristic algorithm
1616:Dictyostelium discoideum
1612:Dictyostelium discoideum
1568:Dictyostelium discoideum
1563:Dictyostelium discoideum
1545:is drastically reduced.
1315:Dictyostelium mucoroides
1079:Dictyostelium discoideum
302:In 1969, the taxonomist
64:assemblage of unrelated
4897:Slime mold photo series
4865:Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid
4661:10.1126/science.1177894
4546:. Princeton University.
4462:Physical Review Letters
4417:Microbiological Reviews
4308:Trends in Neurosciences
4149:10.1351/pac198961030281
3970:10.1073/pnas.1815063116
3816:Physical Review Letters
3586:Judson, Olivia (2002).
2964:10.1186/1471-2148-14-33
2687:"Metatrichia vesparium"
2509:. Springer. p. 4.
2099:10.5962/bhl.title.21191
1867:In central Mexico, the
1347:D. sphaerocephalum
1086:or slug, and then to a
103:includes a free-living
27:Spore-forming organisms
3744:10.1073/pnas.70.6.1828
3680:Bonner, J. T. (2009).
2824:University of Arkansas
2774:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
1819:
1780:, such as finding the
1595:
1479:
1405:
1386:Plasmodial slime molds
1248:
225:Heinrich Anton de Bary
217:Fungus cito crescentes
216:
208:'s 1654 discussion of
194:
50:
4529:on December 10, 2008.
3781:Developmental Biology
3501:Introductory Mycology
3415:10.3897/asp.79.e72724
3374:10.1093/biosci/biv154
3304:Microbiology Spectrum
3157:Theory in Biosciences
2814:Copromyxa arborescens
2740:10.3390/genes12040487
1966:Introductory Mycology
1872:Enteridium lycoperdon
1812:Physarum polycephalum
1810:
1778:optimization problems
1758:Physarum polycephalum
1590:to be discovered was
1585:
1553:Further information:
1493:Physarum polycephalum
1474:halves the number of
1469:
1461:Physarum polycephalum
1444:. These contain many
1397:Physarum polycephalum
1393:
1370:Enteridium lycoperdon
1239:
997:Metatrichia vesparium
980:Enteridium lycoperdon
288:George Willard Martin
187:
168:Physarum polycephalum
35:
2636:10.2134/jeq2002.1038
2412:(22): 12007–120012.
1825:and colleagues grew
1713:Bisindolylmaleimides
1653:convergent evolution
1549:Cellular slime molds
1518:P. polycephalum
1440:that then grow into
1288:tropical rainforests
1226:is a marine protist.
253:Philippe van Tieghem
4923:Polyphyletic groups
4899:by Barry Webb, 2023
4653:2010Sci...327..439T
4474:2008PhRvL.100a8101S
4193:2005PChem..66..747D
4022:1983SciAm.248d.114B
4009:Scientific American
3961:2019PNAS..116.4291F
3871:1989PhyD...34..193T
3828:1991PhRvL..66.2400L
3735:1973PNAS...70.1828E
3623:on November 2, 2019
3611:Renner, B. (2006).
3529:1960Natur.185..780D
3480:on October 19, 2023
3474:www.hup.harvard.edu
3048:1981Sci...213..561D
2955:2014BMCEE..14...33N
2628:2002JEnvQ..31.1038Z
2418:1997PNAS...9412007B
2363:2018BiSys.165...57V
1892:Lycogala epidendrum
1836:Tokyo's rail system
1707:. Pigments include
1673:immortal cell lines
1360:, feeding on dung.
1199:Labyrinthulomycetes
888:thousands of nuclei
878:The Myxogastria or
444:Labyrinthulomycetes
342:(emphasised in the
211:Lycogala epidendrum
190:Lycogala epidendrum
150:and as cold as the
4843:Astronomy magazine
4119:(1 (Winter 2010)).
3079:Botany Illustrated
1906:may have inspired
1898:In popular culture
1820:
1796:Toshiyuki Nakagaki
1596:
1480:
1406:
1343:D. mucoroides
1249:
1241:Slime mold beetles
1219:Labyrinthulomycete
1018:Mucilago crustacea
931:Diachea leucopodia
324:David J. Patterson
223:German mycologist
195:
68:organisms in the
51:
4751:Adamatzky, Andrew
4647:(5964): 439–442.
4576:10.3390/pr9101774
4292:978-1-4899-0921-3
3955:(10): 4291–4296.
3822:(18): 2400–2403.
3691:978-0-691-13939-5
3597:978-0-8050-6332-5
3523:(4715): 780–781.
3437:Ling, H. (2012).
3248:Bryophyte Ecology
3096:978-0-387-28870-3
3042:(4507): 561–563.
2671:978-0-88192-439-8
2596:978-90-03-93130-6
2571:978-0-85546-251-2
2516:978-3-319-26662-6
2474:(1). MDPI AG: 3.
2305:978-9-8102-1262-9
2151:Botanical Gazette
2075:978-0-1252-6250-7
1975:978-0-471-52229-4
1926:Swarming motility
1851:structure of the
1763:John Tyler Bonner
1705:anti-cancer drugs
1311:Changbai Mountain
1262:are aquatic, and
1191:cabbage club root
884:macroscopic scale
857:environmental DNA
843:
842:
834:
833:
825:
824:
816:
815:
757:
756:
748:
747:
612:
611:
603:
602:
546:
545:
537:
536:
528:
527:
519:
518:
510:
509:
501:
500:
460:
459:
344:phylogenetic tree
180:Taxonomic history
16:(Redirected from
4930:
4888:
4873:
4872:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4826:. 10 March 2020.
4816:
4810:
4809:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4770:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4687:
4685:
4679:. Archived from
4638:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4608:10.1038/35035159
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4525:. Archived from
4511:
4493:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4355:Fishery Bulletin
4346:
4340:
4339:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4151:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4108:
4095:
4094:
4081:Gilbert, H. C.;
4078:
4072:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4049:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3972:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3729:(6): 1828–1830.
3710:
3704:
3703:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3537:10.1038/185780a0
3512:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3445:. Archived from
3434:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3272:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3031:
3025:
3024:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2622:(3): 1038–1042.
2607:
2601:
2600:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2560:Ing, B. (1999).
2557:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2356:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2249:Whittaker, R. H.
2245:
2239:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2068:. pp. 1–7.
2055:
2036:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1958:
1940:
1931:
1725:Arcyria denudata
1717:Arcyria denudata
1578:Chemical signals
1482:Slime molds are
1394:Long strands of
1365:Epicypta testata
1264:D. nigripes
1214:
1123:
1074:
1013:
992:
975:
959:
942:
926:
909:
897:Brefeldia maxima
855:. Collection of
792:
777:
739:
717:
690:
675:
639:
629:
594:
563:
492:
477:
451:
436:
426:
401:
394:
387:
380:
370:
360:
350:
292:Herbert Copeland
219:
207:
158:, especially in
113:chemical signals
38:Comatricha nigra
21:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4903:
4902:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4690:
4683:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4514:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3692:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3564:Quanta Magazine
3557:
3556:
3552:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2710:. PBS Newshour.
2705:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2536:weirdscience.eu
2529:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2231:Copeland, H. F.
2229:
2228:
2224:
2209:10.2307/3756254
2191:
2190:
2186:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2061:The Mycetozoans
2057:
2056:
2039:
2018:(28): 233–243.
2005:
2004:
2000:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1922:
1900:
1865:
1849:galaxy filament
1845:P. polycephalum
1840:P. polycephalum
1818:'s rail network
1805:
1768:The slime mold
1752:
1709:naphthoquinones
1693:
1668:Didymium iridis
1645:
1640:
1580:
1557:
1551:
1526:P. polycephalum
1388:
1383:
1352:The species of
1245:Sphindus dubius
1234:
1227:
1215:
1159:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1075:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1014:
1005:
993:
984:
976:
967:
960:
951:
943:
934:
927:
918:
910:
876:
870:
849:
844:
835:
826:
817:
758:
749:
613:
604:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
461:
332:
309:The Myxomycetes
304:R. H. Whittaker
281:Gulielma Lister
214:. He called it
201:
182:
177:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4936:
4934:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4894:
4881:
4880:External links
4878:
4875:
4874:
4867:(in Spanish).
4848:
4829:
4811:
4790:
4761:(3): 230–248.
4742:
4723:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4686:on 2013-04-21.
4621:
4582:
4549:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4452:
4423:(4): 396–418.
4399:
4380:(1): 243–258.
4364:
4341:
4314:(6): 212–215.
4298:
4291:
4265:
4222:
4181:Phytochemistry
4171:
4122:
4096:
4073:
4051:
4016:(4): 114–121.
3994:
3935:
3908:(2): 139–142.
3892:
3865:(1): 193–207.
3849:
3806:
3787:(4): 545–554.
3768:
3705:
3690:
3672:
3653:(3): 297–302.
3633:
3603:
3596:
3575:
3550:
3507:
3490:
3460:
3449:on 9 June 2015
3429:
3388:
3347:
3290:
3283:
3254:
3234:
3200:
3140:
3121:(4): 504–509.
3102:
3095:
3069:
3026:
2988:
2927:
2882:
2855:(2): 277–287.
2836:
2803:
2764:
2713:
2695:
2677:
2670:
2649:
2612:Fuligo septica
2602:
2595:
2577:
2570:
2547:
2522:
2515:
2495:
2451:
2392:
2347:(165): 57–70.
2329:
2311:
2304:
2286:
2240:
2222:
2203:(4): 119–129.
2184:
2163:10.1086/334272
2157:(4): 421–335.
2138:
2132:978-3854740568
2131:
2104:
2081:
2074:
2066:Academic Press
2037:
1998:
1981:
1974:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1921:
1918:
1908:Irvin Yeaworth
1904:Fuligo septica
1899:
1896:
1888:Fuligo septica
1869:false puffball
1864:
1861:
1804:
1801:
1751:
1748:
1721:phosphorescent
1692:
1689:
1685:model organism
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1579:
1576:
1550:
1547:
1455:Fuligo septica
1450:cell membranes
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1276:Atacama Desert
1272:Sonoran Desert
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:Aplanochytrium
1216:
1209:
1158:
1155:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1118:
1102:Protosteliales
1100:Main article:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1076:
1069:
1047:Dictyosteliida
1041:Dictyosteliida
1039:Main article:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1015:
1008:
1006:
994:
987:
985:
977:
970:
968:
961:
954:
952:
947:Fuligo septica
944:
937:
935:
928:
921:
919:
911:
904:
872:Main article:
869:
866:
848:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:
832:
831:
828:
827:
823:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
810:
809:
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
780:
775:
773:
767:
766:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
742:
741:
732:
724:
723:
720:
719:
710:
707:Dictyosteliida
702:
701:
693:
692:
683:
673:
671:
663:
662:
659:
658:
647:
637:
635:
627:
625:
619:
618:
615:
614:
610:
609:
606:
605:
601:
600:
597:
596:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
566:
561:
559:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
521:
517:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
480:
475:
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
458:
457:
454:
453:
439:
434:
432:
424:
422:
416:
415:
412:
411:
404:
399:
397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
374:Diaphoretickes
368:
366:
358:
356:
348:
331:
328:
238:Plasmodiophora
199:Thomas Panckow
181:
178:
176:
173:
148:Atacama Desert
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4935:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4737:New Scientist
4734:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4602:(6803): 470.
4601:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4535:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:(1): 018101.
4467:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:Martin, G. W.
4077:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3491:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:(1): 129–40.
3006:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:Martin, G. W.
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:Martin, G. W.
2142:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:'s 1958 film
1909:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:local optimum
1787:
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1782:shortest path
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270:
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265:Ray Lankester
262:
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141:
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132:protostelians
128:
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122:
121:decomposition
118:
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110:
109:multinucleate
106:
105:single-celled
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4805:The Guardian
4803:
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4697:ScienceBlogs
4696:
4681:the original
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3902:FEBS Letters
3901:
3895:
3862:
3858:
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3809:
3784:
3780:
3726:
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3636:
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3621:the original
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3567:. Retrieved
3563:
3553:
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3500:
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3482:. Retrieved
3478:the original
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3447:the original
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3364:
3360:
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2819:
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2806:
2784:(1): 55–70.
2781:
2777:
2767:
2730:
2726:
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2539:. Retrieved
2535:
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2498:
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2467:
2409:
2405:
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2338:
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2187:
2154:
2150:
2141:
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2090:
2084:
2060:
2015:
2011:
2010:Mycetozoa".
2007:
2001:
1991:
1984:
1965:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1844:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1823:Atsushi Tero
1821:
1811:
1794:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1724:
1716:
1715:produced by
1694:
1691:Biochemicals
1666:
1661:
1649:G. W. Martin
1646:
1631:Calcium ions
1620:
1615:
1611:
1597:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1555:Dictyostelid
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1460:
1453:
1426:phagocytosis
1407:
1395:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:coprophilous
1353:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1314:
1308:
1295:
1291:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1221:
1195:powdery scab
1160:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1126:
1105:
1077:
1044:
1029:(large mass)
1016:
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336:polyphyletic
333:
313:
308:
301:
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248:Labyrinthula
246:
236:
222:
209:
196:
188:
166:
164:
144:cosmopolitan
129:
95:form larger
62:polyphyletic
57:
53:
52:
36:
29:
18:Slime moulds
4718:Technovelgy
3408:: 587–597.
2662:Myxomycetes
1863:Use as food
1857:dark matter
1750:Computation
1701:antibiotics
1657:prokaryotes
1476:chromosomes
1434:mating type
1300:epiphyllous
1203:Fonticulida
1187:brown algae
1167:pseudopodia
1128:Ceratiomyxa
874:Myxogastria
853:Myxogastria
785:Fonticulida
729:Protostelia
698:macroscopic
680:Myxogastria
229:Myxomycetes
202: [
160:rainforests
93:Myxogastria
58:slime mould
43:myxogastria
4907:Categories
4491:2115/33004
4361:(1): 1–11.
3700:j.ctt7s6qz
3627:2019-11-02
3569:2019-11-02
3484:2018-01-26
3361:BioScience
3284:0125095511
2812:"Species:
2733:(4): 487.
2541:2023-07-02
2354:1712.00414
2340:BioSystems
1945:References
1935:Water mold
1604:chemotaxis
1592:cyclic AMP
1586:The first
1572:macrocysts
1543:inbreeding
1496:has three
1402:plasmodium
1381:Life cycle
1375:Sphindidae
1333:, but are
1304:liverworts
1253:bryophytes
1171:Phytomyxea
1051:coenocytes
1027:sporangium
1023:plasmodium
914:Stemonitis
880:plasmodial
771:Holomycota
485:Phytomyxea
354:Eukaryotes
269:Proteomyxa
243:Phytomyxea
136:phytomyxea
101:life cycle
97:plasmodial
86:Holomycota
66:eukaryotic
54:Slime mold
4918:Mycetozoa
4768:1203.2851
4563:Processes
4252:1081-1206
4209:0031-9422
4158:1365-3075
4038:0036-8733
3887:0167-2789
3667:0002-9122
3424:1864-8312
3383:1525-3244
3324:2165-0497
3229:0082-0598
3177:1431-7613
3115:Mycologia
2949:(1): 33.
2914:0932-4739
2869:1434-4610
2490:2079-9284
2468:Cosmetics
2281:239845755
2273:0036-8075
2197:Mycologia
2032:0374-5481
1995:. Berlin.
1884:tortillas
1876:hongueros
1770:algorithm
1744:allergens
1736:cosmetics
1729:carbazole
1627:dipeptide
1484:isogamous
1442:plasmodia
1436:and form
1354:Copromyxa
1260:aquatilis
1183:oomycetes
1175:parasites
1150:Copromyxa
1138:Copromyxa
892:syncytium
862:sporangia
847:Diversity
668:Mycetozoa
653:Copromyxa
633:Amoebozoa
330:Phylogeny
233:Acrasieae
175:Evolution
125:parasitic
82:Amoebozoa
47:sporangia
4871:: 25–37.
4785:15534238
4669:20093467
4616:11028990
4522:Discover
4508:14710241
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2829:June 26,
2798:19656720
2759:33801615
2644:12026071
2379:29326068
2233:(1956).
2179:84506715
1920:See also
1913:The Blob
1853:universe
1831:Physarum
1827:Physarum
1784:between
1732:alkaloid
1697:pigments
1629:glorin.
1600:acrasins
1448:without
1422:bacteria
1331:latitude
1319:bacteria
1296:Didymium
1258:Didymium
1243:such as
1163:Acrasids
1145:lobosans
1088:sorocarp
1063:sorocarp
1055:protists
623:Amorphea
587:Acrasida
570:euglenae
471:Rhizaria
320:acrasids
318:and the
273:Protozoa
261:Protista
241:(now in
117:acrasins
74:Rhizaria
4892:YouTube
4677:5001773
4649:Bibcode
4641:Science
4470:Bibcode
4447:2893972
4328:1694326
4189:Bibcode
4018:Bibcode
3980:6410881
3957:Bibcode
3867:Bibcode
3824:Bibcode
3801:4340352
3731:Bibcode
3545:4206149
3525:Bibcode
3333:9620775
3213:Sydowia
3186:9474427
3044:Bibcode
3036:Science
2974:4016497
2951:Bibcode
2849:Protist
2778:Protist
2750:8067170
2624:Bibcode
2446:9342353
2414:Bibcode
2387:3909678
2359:Bibcode
2253:Science
2217:3756254
2171:2471449
1681:alleles
1677:culture
1588:acrasin
1536:B, and
1514:diploid
1488:gametes
1472:Meiosis
1438:zygotes
1418:haploid
1292:Arcyria
1268:deserts
1179:diatoms
1059:amoebae
1002:elaters
764:amoebae
557:Discoba
364:Diphoda
156:tropics
115:called
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1446:nuclei
1412:-like
1410:amoeba
1339:tundra
1325:, and
1323:yeasts
1197:. The
1185:, and
1112:spores
644:Lobosa
572:, etc
408:Plants
340:clades
277:Arthur
245:) and
152:Arctic
89:clades
4781:S2CID
4763:arXiv
4684:(PDF)
4673:S2CID
4637:(PDF)
4504:S2CID
4394:17353
4332:S2CID
4162:S2CID
4113:Fungi
4042:JSTOR
3926:S2CID
3696:JSTOR
3541:S2CID
2727:Genes
2690:(PDF)
2437:23686
2383:S2CID
2349:arXiv
2277:S2CID
2213:JSTOR
2175:S2CID
2167:JSTOR
2121:[
1880:maize
1816:Tokyo
1786:nodes
1772:is a
1638:Study
1498:genes
1414:cells
1327:fungi
1284:Volga
806:Fungi
297:algae
206:]
140:hosts
4824:NASA
4665:PMID
4612:PMID
4496:PMID
4443:PMID
4390:PMID
4324:PMID
4287:ISBN
4256:PMID
4248:ISSN
4213:PMID
4205:ISSN
4154:ISSN
4034:ISSN
3985:PMID
3918:PMID
3883:ISSN
3840:PMID
3797:PMID
3759:PMID
3686:ISBN
3663:ISSN
3592:ISBN
3455:2018
3420:ISSN
3379:ISSN
3338:PMID
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3225:ISSN
3191:PMID
3173:ISSN
3131:PMID
3091:ISBN
3060:PMID
3017:PMID
2979:PMID
2918:PMID
2910:ISSN
2873:PMID
2865:ISSN
2831:2010
2794:PMID
2755:PMID
2666:ISBN
2640:PMID
2591:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2486:ISSN
2442:PMID
2406:PNAS
2375:PMID
2300:ISBN
2269:ISSN
2127:ISBN
2070:ISBN
2028:ISSN
1970:ISBN
1356:are
1345:and
1294:and
1217:The
1193:and
1143:The
1106:The
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1045:The
279:and
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4486:hdl
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