28:
121:
to reflect and augment their collections, got their start between 1860 and 1879: the
American Natural History Museum, the New York State Military Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Winterthur Museum. American colleges and universities began their collections during the same period of time:
222:
1952+ American faculty widely divided in their allegiances to lantern slides for their clarity or to 35mm slides for their ease of production and transport to class. Huge debates begin about whether 35mm color film is stable enough for adoption and whether the loss of clarity will ruin the teaching
88:
Many educational institutions have changed the names of their slide libraries over the years, to a variety of titles like Visual
Resources Center, Imaging & AV Center, Digital Collections Center, etc. The titles and duties of slide librarians have therefore expanded greatly. As keepers of these
67:
and other sciences, also maintain image collections akin to slide libraries. Corporations may also have image libraries to maintain and document their publications and history. Increasingly, these types of libraries are known as "Visual
Resources Collections," as they may be responsible for all
164:
The 1950s was a period of transition from black and white lantern slides, which heretofore had often been hand colored, to color positive film. Lantern slides were shot directly onto color film, and the 35mm slide (2"x2" with an image of 24mm x 36mm) gained in popularity.
458:, edited by Eileen Fry and Maryly Snow, published as Topical Paper No. 2 of ARLIS/NA (see 1987 call for visual resources authority work). This is one of the first scholarly authorities created by visual resources curators for visual resources cataloging
483:
1998. Vision
Project, sponsored by Research Libraries Group. First shared cataloging project with 32 visual resources collections cataloging and sharing images. Vision Project also served as a test of VRA Core 1.0
445:
1994. March. Marc
Andreessen leaves National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) to found the Mosaic Communications Corp, later becomes Netscape. Mosaic launches the World Wide Web for the general public
537:
2004. Kodak discontinues manufacturing its 35mm carousel projectors and carousels. This sends a strong signal to
American professors that the time to switch from 35mm slides to digital images is now
51:, or standing alone within a larger organization, such as an academic department of a college or university, a museum, or a corporation. Typically, a "slide library" contains slides depicting
404:, edited by Toni Petersen and Pat Molholt, by G.K. Hall. Several papers on visual resources, including : "Access to Diverse Collections in University Settings: the Berkeley Dilemma", by
534:
image database, a project of the Andrew Mellon
Foundation, is available for licensing. ARTstor combines finding, organizing, and presenting images in one integrated software environment
168:
The heyday of the lantern slide lasted one hundred years, more or less, from 1860 to 1960. The reign of the 35mm slide, more or less, was about half as long, fifty years, 1955–2005.
390:, Toni Petersen, editor, published by Oxford University Press in 3 volumes. Critical step in providing subject access to individual 35mm slides in visual resources collections
176:
1865. First lantern slide collections begin developing in the U.S. These 3.25" x 4.0" glass slides projected clearly with great detail. However, projectors required
23:
A typical slide library. Library Bureau cabinets in front, former card catalogs retrofitted to hold 35mm slides to the left, and
Neumade metal cabinets in the rear.
270:, revised edition, edited by Nancy DeLaurier, published by University of Missouri-Kansas City, "for The College Art Association of America". Limited to 500 copies
161:
at least, were multi-year in duration. Of course, the lecture was illustrated by lantern slides. In the U.S., lantern slides generally measured 3"x 4.25".
397:, 6th edition edited by Norine Duncan Cashman, published by Libraries Unlimited, Visual resources series. At head of title: Visual Resources Association
374:
1986. Sara
Shatford Layne publishes "Analyzing the Subject of a Picture: A Theoretical Approach"in Cataloging and Classification Quarterly, vol. 6(3)
377:
1987. Toni
Petersen, President of ARLIS/NA, urges the Visual Resources Division, to begin developing some standard authorities for shared cataloging
213:
1934–1936. Kodachrome 35mm slide film introduced, but not widely adopted by colleges and universities. Film stock was either flammable or brittle
68:"visual" materials for the study of a subject and include still and moving images in a variety of physical and virtual formats. They may contain:
519:
243:
189:
1889. Eastman combined nitrocellulose film stock, perforated edges, and dry-gelatino-bromide emulsion to create the first paperless film stock
154:
153:
in 1905. The six-semester course was required for all architecture students, and like other architectural history courses of its time, at
546:
195:
1905. UC Berkeley's Architecture Library acquires its first lantern slide, the tree of architecture, made from Banister Fletcher's book,
219:
1952. All camera film is now triacetate based, paving the way for widespread adoption of 35mm film in both amateur and academic markets
717:
514:
488:
479:
150:
432:
1991. Visual Resources Association creates its listserv, VRA-L, a vital communication tool for its visual resources curators members
653:
707:
238:
A slide classification system for the organization and automatic indexing of interdisciplinary collections of slides and pictures
475:
1996. Staffing Standards for Art Libraries and Visual Resources Coillections, published as Occasional Paper No. 11 of ARLIS/NA
599:
408:
and Maryly Snow, and "Visual Depictions and the Use of MARC: A View from the Trenches of Slide Librarianship", by Maryly Snow
759:
20:
415:
starts work on a hypertext graphical-user-interface (GUI) and makes up the name World Wide Web as the name for the program
510:, compiled by Ann Baird Whiteside, Pamela Born, Adeane Alpert Bregman, published as Occasional Paper No. 12 of ARLIS/NA
350:
246:(ARLIS/NA) founded by a group of art librarians attending the American Library Association annual conference in Chicago
326:, 4th edition, edited by Nancy DeLaurier, published by Mid-America College Art Association, Visual Resources Committee
305:, edited by Nancy Schuller and published by MACAA/VR (Mid-America College Art Association Visual Resources Committee)
769:
102:
779:
558:, Patricia Harpring, Elisa Lanzi, Linda McRae, Ann Baird Whiteside on behalf of the Visual Resources Association
513:
2001. VRA Copy Photography Computator (for determining intellectual property restrictions and fair use) released
541:
729:
784:
429:, compiled by Edward H. Teague, published by Greenwood Press as part of its Art Reference Collection No. 12
139:
368:
201:
1909. 35mm adopted as the international standard gauge by Motion Picture Patents Company, an Edison trust
346:
1980. Art and Architecture Thesaurus project launched to provide subject access for art and architecture
249:
1972. Nancy DeLaurier organizes the visual resources curators of Mid-America College Art Association
226:
1968. Visual resources curators begin meeting during annual College Art Association (CAA) conferences
774:
764:
702:
697:
135:
127:
585:
Architecture Visual Resources Library, Architecture Department, University of California, Berkeley
712:
158:
31:
Unmounted 35mm color print film, the same size as 35mm slide film, with a metric ruler for scale.
395:
Slide buyers' guide : an international directory of slide sources for art and architecture
365:
Slide buyers' guide : an international directory of slide sources for art and architecture
216:
1949. Kodak replaces all nitrate-based films with its safety film, a cellulose-triacetate base
629:
619:
609:
123:
600:
Visual Resources Collection, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle
692:
660:
223:
of art history. Younger faculty adopt 35mm film, while older faculty prefer lantern slides
59:, or cultural objects, and is typically used for the study, teaching, and documentation of
412:
296:
Slide libraries : a guide for academic institutions, museums, and special collections
131:
90:
192:
1902. Court denies Eastman's exclusive patent, allowing any company to develop 35mm film
730:
The Visual Resources Division (VRD) of Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA)
540:
2004. North American Lantern Slide Survey begun, jointly sponsored by ARLIS/NA and VRA
233:
665:
620:
Visual Resources Collection, School of Architecture, The University of Texas at Austin
753:
680:
405:
319:, by the Ad-hoc Committee on Professional Standards for Visual Resources Collections
142:. Colleges and university collections were used primarily for classroom instruction.
114:
48:
40:
589:
229:
1969. Art Libraries Society, established in the United Kingdom and Ireland, founded
584:
496:, edited by Linda McRae and Lynda White, published by American Library Association
56:
670:
635:
University of Michigan, Department of History of Art, Visual Resources Collections
172:
Timeline: Development of visual resources (collections and profession) in the U.S.
630:
Visual Resources Collection, Fine Arts Library, The University of Texas at Austin
564:
277:
3rd edition, edited by Nancy DeLaurier, published by the College Art Association
256:, by Betty Jo Irvine. Published by Libraries Unlimited for Art Libraries Society
63:, architectural history, and visual culture. Other academic disciplines, such as
555:
508:
Collection Development Policies for Libraries and Visual Collections in the Arts
146:
60:
52:
675:
97:
slide collections, circulated them to faculty for teaching, and more recently,
312:, edited by Rosemary Kuehn and Arlene Zelda Richardson, published by MACAA/VR
177:
98:
349:
1982–1983. Visual Resources curators from MACAA/VR, CAA, and ARLIS/NA launch
298:, by Betty Jo Irvine with assistance from P. Eileen Fry. Libraries Unlimited
472:, edited by Toni Petersen, published as Occasional Paper No. 10 of ARLIS/NA
449:
1994. September. First image database, SPIRO, debuts on the World Wide Web.
442:
1993. Visual Resources Association established its Data Standards Committee
371:, published by Libraries Unlimited as part of their Visual resources series
580:
Slides and Digital Images, Fine Arts Library of the Harvard College Library
422:, edited by Betty Jo Irvine. Published by Libraries Unlimited for ARLIS/NA
89:
important historical images, visual resources librarians have continuously
494:
ArtMARC Sourcebook: Cataloging Art, Architecture, and Their Visual Images
439:, published along with the electronic edition by Oxford University Press
610:
Roger Williams University Visual Resources Center, Bristol, Rhode Island
646:
594:
531:
525:
Criteria for the Hiring and Retention of Visual Resources Professionals
463:
Criteria for the Hiring and Retention of Visual Resources Professionals
420:
Facilities Standards for Art Libraries and Visual Resources Collections
94:
64:
44:
634:
625:
Visual Resources Collection, Department of Art History, Ithaca College
335:
International Bulletin for Photograph Documentation of the Visual Arts
284:, edited by Nancy Schuller and Susan Tamulonis, published by MACAA/VR
261:
Mid-America College Art Association slides and photographs newsletter
183:
1887. First transparent, flexible nitrocellulose film base developed
118:
708:
Grant proposal, Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of Pennsylvania
450:
19:
559:
527:
updated, and adopted by ARLIS/NA, VRA, and College Art Association
343:
launched by Helene Roberts, published by Iconographic Publications
27:
614:
26:
18:
579:
380:
1988. Barneyscan, first dedicated 35mm slide scanner, introduced
624:
503:, edited by Kim Kopatz. A joint publication of ARLIS/NA and VRA
713:
Best practices, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah
604:
232:
1969. The first "universal" classification system published by
145:
The first illustrated architectural history course west of the
254:
Slide libraries; a guide for academic institutions and museums
615:
Visual Media Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
661:
Visual Resources Center, Pratt Libraries, list of databases
358:
Standards for art libraries and fine arts slide collections
341:
Visual Resources: an international journal of documentation
734:
649:
263:
begins publishing under the leadership of Nancy DeLaurier
739:
605:
Imaging Center, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
590:
Visual Resources Collection, University of Oregon, Eugene
465:
adopted by the executive boards of both ARLIS/NA and VRA
383:
1989. Visual Resources Association launches its bulletin
367:, 5th edition, edited by Norine Duncan Cashman, index by
310:
Guide to Copy Photography for Visual Resource Collections
204:
1913. 35mm film format introduced into still photography
745:
Visual Materials Section, Society of American Archivists
595:
Visual Resources Center, Rice University, Houston, Texas
303:
Guide for the Management of Visual Resources Collections
39:
is a library that houses a collection of photographic
744:
554:
published by American Library Association. Edited by
207:
1925. Leica Camera introduced, using 35mm still film
289:
Guide to Equipment for Slide Maintenance and Viewing
210:
1930. Safety film introduced (cellulose diacetate)
197:
A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method
437:Users' Guide to The Art and Architecture Thesaurus
427:World Architecture Index: a Guide to Illustrations
402:Beyond the Book: Extending MARC for Subject Access
360:, published as Occasional Paper No. 2 of ARLIS/NA
735:Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA)
656:
317:Standard for staffing fine arts slide collections
291:, edited by Gillian Scott, published by MACAA/VR
149:was John Galen Howard's Architecture 5A-F at the
501:Guidelines for the Visual Resources Profession
16:Library with collection of photographic slides
8:
693:Workflow, American Museum of Natural History
186:1888. First perforated film stock developed
698:Scanning slides, Dartmouth College Library
470:Art and Architecture Thesaurus Sourcebook
718:Basics of Scanning, Library of Congress
331:MACAA slides and photographs newsletter
109:History of visual resources collections
244:Art Libraries Society of North America
7:
236:and Wendell Simons under the title,
740:Visual Resources Association (VRA)
151:University of California, Berkeley
101:slides and placed them online via
14:
654:Digital Public Library of America
545:2005. VRA Core 4.0 Beta released
456:Concordance of Ancient Site Names
687:How to Digitize Slide Libraries:
282:Guide for Photograph Collections
703:Workflow, Ball State University
671:University of Colorado, Boulder
666:North Carolina State University
43:, either as a part of a larger
388:Art and Architecture Thesaurus
180:which was dirty and dangerous
1:
574:Visual Resource Collections:
563:2007. VRA Core 4.0 released
518:2002. VRA Core 3.0 released
487:1998. VRA Core 2.0 released
478:1996. VRA Core 1.0 released
351:Visual Resources Association
724:Professional Organizations:
552:Cataloging Cultural Objects
801:
681:University of Pennsylvania
117:collections, developed by
103:content management systems
78:mounted study photographs
140:University of Rochester
32:
24:
760:Architectural history
30:
22:
275:Slide buyer's guide,
136:Princeton University
324:Slide buyer's guide
268:Slide buyer's guide
128:Columbia University
113:The first American
81:born digital images
159:Cornell University
33:
25:
770:Libraries by type
676:Oxford University
124:DePauw University
792:
780:Types of library
641:Image Databases:
800:
799:
795:
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791:
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789:
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749:
571:
413:Tim Berners-Lee
369:Mark Braunstein
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132:Oberlin College
111:
17:
12:
11:
5:
798:
796:
788:
787:
785:Photo archives
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569:External links
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333:reborn as the
234:Luraine Tansey
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84:35mm, 8mm film
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115:lantern slide
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49:image archive
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37:slide library
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57:architecture
36:
34:
775:Photography
765:Art history
556:Murtha Baca
147:Mississippi
95:inventoried
72:35mm slides
61:art history
754:Categories
178:lime light
99:digitized
91:cataloged
647:ARTstor
532:ARTstor
119:museums
65:biology
53:artwork
45:library
550:2006.
530:2004.
523:2002.
506:2000.
499:2000.
492:1998.
468:1996.
461:1995.
454:1995.
435:1992.
425:1991.
418:1991.
411:1990.
400:1990.
393:1990.
386:1990.
363:1985.
356:1983.
353:(VRA)
339:1980.
329:1980.
322:1980.
315:1980.
308:1980.
301:1979.
294:1979.
287:1978.
280:1978.
273:1976.
266:1974.
259:1974.
252:1974.
242:1972.
41:slides
157:and
93:and
155:MIT
47:or
756::
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
105:.
55:,
35:A
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