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process. Excessive pumping or insufficient coating speeds result in defect spilling of the coating liquid outside of the desired coating area, while coating too quickly or pumping insufficiently results in defect breakup of the meniscus. The pump rate and coating speed can therefore be adjusted to directly compensate for these defects, though changing these parameters also affects wet film thickness via the pre-metered coating mechanism. Implicit in this relationship is the effect of the slot-die height parameter, as this affects the distance over which the meniscus must be stretched while remaining stable during coating. Raising the slot-die higher can thus counteract spilling defects by stretching the meniscus further, while lowering the slot-die can counteract streaking and breakup defects by reducing the gap that the meniscus must breach. Other helpful coating window plots to consider include the relationship between fluid capillary number and slot-die height, as well as the relationship between pressure across the meniscus and slot-die height. The former is particularly relevant when considering changes in fluid viscosity and surface tension (i.e. the effect of coating various materials with significantly different
223:
manual or automated manner. Sheet-to-sheet lines are therefore more analogous to a series of semi-coupled batch operations rather than a single continuous process. This allows for easier optimization of individual unit operations at the expense of potentially increased handling complexity and reduced throughput. Furthermore, the need to start and stop the slot-die coating process for each substrate sheet places higher tolerance requirements on the leading and trailing edge uniformity of the slot-die step. In sheet-to-sheet lines, the substrate may be fixed in place as the substrate passes underneath on a moving support bed (sometimes referred to as a "chuck"). Alternatively, the slot-die may move during coating while the substrate remains fixed in place.
214:
line from start to finish. When a substrate roll has been fully processed, it is collected from the rewind roll, allowing for a new, bare substrate roll to be mounted onto the unwind roller to begin the process again. Slot-die coating often comprises just a single step of an overall roll-to-roll process. The slot-die is typically mounted in a fixed position on the roll-to-roll line, dispensing coating fluid onto the web in a continuous or patch-based manner as the substrate passes by. Because the substrate web spans all stations of the roll-to-roll line simultaneously, the individual processes at these stations are highly coupled and must be optimized to work in tandem with each other at the same web speed.
243:- and production-scale equipment. These tools feature similar core components and functionality as compared to larger slot-die coating lines, but are designed to integrate into pre-production research environments. This is typically achieved by e.g. accepting standard A4 sized substrate sheets rather than full substrate rolls, using syringe pumps rather than industrial pumping solutions, and relying upon hot-plate heating rather than large industrial drying ovens, which can otherwise reach lengths of several meters to provide suitable
483:). Increasing the pump rate increases the thickness of the wet layer, while increasing the coating speed or coating width decreases the wet layer thickness. The coating width is typically a fixed value for a given slot-die process. Hence, pump rate and coating speed can be used to calculate, control, and adjust the wet film thickness in a highly predictable manner. However, deviation from this idealized relationship can occur in practice due to non-ideal behavior of materials and process components; for example when using highly
185:
roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet coating systems are similar in their intent for large-scale production, but are distinguished from each other by the physical rigidity of the substrates they handle. Roll-to-roll systems are designed to coat and handle flexible substrate rolls such as paper, fabric, plastic or metal foils. Conversely, sheet-to-sheet systems are designed to coat and handle rigid substrate sheets such as glass, metal, or plexiglass. Combinations of these systems such roll-to-sheet lines are also possible.
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the continuous production of a wide layer of coated material on the substrate, with adjustable width depending on the dimensions of the slot-die outlet. By closely controlling the rate of solution deposition and the relative speed of the substrate, slot-die coating affords thin material coatings with easily controllable thicknesses in the range of 10 nanometers to hundreds of micrometers after evaporation of the precursor solvent.
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layer via any form of destructive physical contact or scraping. The height of the slot-die therefore does not determine the thickness of the wet coated layer. The height of the slot-die is instead significant in determining the quality of the coated film, as it controls the distance that must be spanned by the meniscus to maintain a stable coating process.
177:
858:
In reality, the final quality of a slot-die coated film is heavily influenced by a variety of factors beyond the parameter boundaries of the ideal coating window. Surface energy effects and drying effects are examples of common downstream effects with a significant influence on final film morphology.
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defect-free film. Understanding the coating window behavior of a typical slot-die process enables operators to observe defects in a slot-die coated layer and intuitively determine a course of action for defect resolution. The key process parameters used to define the coating window typically include:
73:
into a precursor solution or slurry (sometimes referred to as "ink") and delivered onto the surface of the substrate through a precise coating head known as a slot-die. The slot-die has a high aspect ratio outlet controlling the final delivery of the coating liquid onto the substrate. This results in
890:
Slot-die coating was originally developed for the commercial production of photographic films and papers. In the past several decades it has become a critical process in the production of adhesive films, flexible packaging, transdermal and oral pharmaceutical patches, LCD panels, multi-layer ceramic
279:
Tensioned web over slot-die coating, in which the substrate web is suspended between two idle rollers placed on opposite sides of the slot-die. The web is then pressed against the lips of the slot-die such that the slot-die itself applies tension to the web. When fluid is pumped through the slot-die
222:
The rigid substrates employed in sheet-to-sheet systems are not compatible with the roll-to-roll processing method. Sheet-to-sheet systems rely instead on a rack-based system to transport individual sheets between the various stations of a process line, where transfer between stations may occur in a
213:
to continually drive the substrate through the various stations of the process line. The bare substrate originates at an "unwind" roll at the start of the line and is collected at a "rewind" roll at the end. Hence, the substrate is often referred to as a "web" as it winds its way through the process
877:
external vibrations in the environment can all lead to undesired variations in film thickness and quality. Slot-die coating apparatus and its environment must therefore be suitably specified to meet the needs of a given process and avoid hardware- and environment-derived defects in the coated film.
288:
The dynamics of proximity coating have been extensively studied and applied over a wide range of scales and applications. Furthermore, the concepts governing proximity coating are relevant in understanding the behavior of other coating modalities. Proximity coating is therefore considered to be the
319:
or coating bead. The thickness of the resulting wet coated layer is controlled by tuning the ratio between the applied volumetric pump rate and areal coating rate. Unlike in self-metered coating methods such as blade- and bar coating, the slot-die does not influence the thickness of the wet coated
250:
Because the slot-die coating process can be readily scaled between large and small areas by adjusting the size of the slot-die and throughput speed, processes developed on lab-scale tools are considered to be reasonably scalable to industrial roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet coating lines. This has
188:
Both industrial roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet systems typically feature slot-dies in the range of 300 to 1000 mm in coating width, though slot-dies up to 4000 mm wide have been reported. Commercial slot-die systems are claimed to operate at speeds up to several hundred square meters per minute,
184:
Slot-die coating was originally developed for industrial use and remains primarily applied in production-scale settings. This is due to its potential for large-scale production of high-value thin films and coatings at a low operating cost via roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet line integration. Such
845:
The coating window can be visualized by plotting two such key parameters against each other while assuming the others to remain constant. In an initial simple representation, the coating window can be described by plotting the relationship between viable pump rates and coating speeds for a given
876:
Slot-die coating is a highly mechanical process in which uniformity of motion and high hardware tolerances are critical to achieving uniform coatings. Mechanical imperfections such as jittery motion in the pump and coating motion systems, poor parallelism between the slot-die and substrate, and
314:
Slot-die coating is a non-contact coating method, in which the slot-die is typically held over the substrate at a height several times higher than the target wet film thickness. The coating fluid transfers from the slot-die to the substrate via a fluid bridge that spans the air gap between the
907:
With growing interest in the potential of nanomaterials and functional thin film devices, slot-die coating has become increasingly applied in the sphere of materials research. This is primarily attributed to the flexibility, predictability and high repeatability of the process, as well as its
674:
Under ideal conditions, the potential to achieve a defect-free film via slot-die is entirely governed by the coating window of the a given process. The coating window is a multivariable map of key process parameters, describing the range over which they can be applied together to achieve a
267:
Proximity coating, in which the substrate is supported by a hard surface (e.g. a precision backing roll or moving support bed) and the slot-die is held at a relatively small coating gap (typically 25 μm to several mm away from the substrate, depending on the wet thickness of the coated
2652:; Chen, Xi Chelsea; Cobb, Corie L.; Dasgupta, Neil P.; Dixit, Marm B.; Marbella, Lauren E.; McDowell, Matthew T.; Mukherjee, Partha P.; Verma, Ankit; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian; Westover, Andrew S. (2020-03-13). "Challenges in Lithium Metal Anodes for Solid-State Batteries".
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Depending on the complexity of the coating apparatus, a slot-die coating system may include additional modules for e.g. precise positioning of the slot-die over the substrate, particulate filtering of the coating solution, pre-treatment of the substrate (e.g. cleaning and
863:
of the liquid film after it has been applied to the substrate, resulting in pinholes or beading of the coated layer. Sub-optimal drying processes are also often noted to influence film morphology, resulting in increased thickness at the edge of a film caused by the
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As with all solution processed coating methods, the final quality of a thin film produced via slot-die coating depends on a wide array of parameters both intrinsic and external to the slot-die itself. These parameters can be broadly categorized into:
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Curtain coating, in which the substrate is supported by a hard surface (e.g. a precision backing roll or moving support bed) and the slot-die is held at a much larger coating gap, enabling much higher coating speeds as long as a suitable
57:
such as glass, metal, paper, fabric, plastic, or metal foils. The process was first developed for the industrial production of photographic papers in the 1950's. It has since become relevant in numerous commercial processes and
868:. Surface energy and downstream processing must therefore be carefully optimized to maintain the integrity of the slot-die coated layer as it moves through the system, until the final thin film product can be collected.
664:
External effects, determining the degree to which the coating apparatus is capable of delivering the ideal coating process characterized by the pre-metered slot-die coating mechanism and the coating window of a given
189:
with roll-to-roll systems typically offering higher throughput due to decreased complexity of substrate handling. Such large-scale coating systems can be driven by a variety of industrial pumping solutions including
1503:
Merklein, Lisa; Daume, Dominik; Braig, Felix; Schlisske, Stefan; Rödlmeier, Tobias; Mink, Marvin; Kourkoulos, Dimitrios; Ulber, Benjamin; Di Biase, Manuela; Meerholz, Klaus; Hernandez-Sosa, Gerardo (March 2019).
2591:
Subbiah, Anand S.; Isikgor, Furkan H.; Howells, Calvyn T.; De
Bastiani, Michele; Liu, Jiang; Aydin, Erkan; Furlan, Francesco; Allen, Thomas G.; Xu, Fuzong; Zhumagali, Shynggys; Hoogland, Sjoerd (2020-08-11).
126:
Slot-die coating equipment is available in a variety of configurations and form factors. However, the vast majority of slot-die processes are driven by a similar set of common core components. These include:
93:, and solids content. Commonly cited drawbacks of the slot-die coating process include its comparatively high complexity of apparatus and process optimization relative to similar coating techniques such as
552:
2217:
Naffouti, Meher; Backofen, Rainer; Salvalaglio, Marco; Bottein, Thomas; Lodari, Mario; Voigt, Axel; David, Thomas; Benkouider, Abdelmalek; Fraj, Ibtissem; Favre, Luc; Ronda, Antoine (2017-11-01).
645:). Increasing the solids content of the precursor solution increases the thickness of the dry layer, while using a more dense material results a thinner dry layer for a given concentration.
374:
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Bodner, Merit; García, Héctor R.; Steenberg, Thomas; Terkelsen, Carina; Alfaro, Silvia M.; Avcioglu, Gokce S.; Vassiliev, Anton; Primdahl, Søren; Hjuler, Hans Aage (2019-05-17).
1255:
Zuo, Jialin; Tavakoli, Sean; Mathavakrishnan, Deepakkrishna; Ma, Taichong; Lim, Matthew; Rotondo, Brandon; Pauzauskie, Peter; Pavinatto, Felippe; MacKenzie, Devin (June 2020).
725:
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Farahat, Mahmoud E.; Laventure, Audrey; Anderson, Michael A.; Mainville, Mathieu; Tintori, Francesco; Leclerc, Mario; Ratcliff, Erin L.; Welch, Gregory C. (2020-09-18).
1197:"Disposable Nafion-Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Test Strip for Electrochemical Quantitative Determination of Acetaminophen in a Finger-Prick Whole Blood Sample"
658:
Coating window effects, determining the stability of fluid transfer between the slot-die and substrate in an ideal slot-die process isolated from external imperfections
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Miniaturized slot-die tools have become increasingly available to support the development of new roll-to-roll compatible processes prior to the requirement of full
105:
processes. It is therefore better suited for coating of uniform, thin material layers rather than printing or consecutive buildup of complex images and patterns.
801:
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850:), while the latter is relevant in the context of applying a vacuum box at the upstream face of the meniscus to stabilize the meniscus against breakup.
560:
A schematic illustrating the relationship between coating fluid concentration, solid material density, and dry film thickness in slot-die coating.
2339:
Loxley, Andrew (2013). "Devices and
Implants Prepared Using Hot Melt Extrusion". In Repka, Michael A.; Langley, Nigel; DiNunzio, James (eds.).
89:
compatibility. The process also allows for a wide working range of layer thickness and precursor solution properties such as material choice,
2507:
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2201:
1684:
1195:
Wester, Niklas; Mikladal, Bjørn F.; Varjos, Ilkka; Peltonen, Antti; Kalso, Eija; Lilius, Tuomas; Laurila, Tomi; Koskinen, Jari (2020-10-06).
1635:
Smekens, Jelle; Gopalakrishnan, Rahul; Steen, Nils Van den; Omar, Noshin; Hegazy, Omar; Hubin, Annick; Van Mierlo, Joeri (February 2016).
841:
A representation of the ideal coating window for a given slot-die coating process, plotted in the plane of pump rate versus coating speed.
263:
Slot-die hardware can be applied in several distinct coating modalities, depending on the requirements of a given process. These include:
382:
A schematic illustrating the relationship between coating speed, pump rate, and the thickness of the coated wet film in slot-die coating.
1095:
Schmitt, Marcel; Baunach, Michael; Wengeler, Lukas; Peters, Katharina; Junges, Pascal; Scharfer, Philip; Schabel, Wilhelm (2013-06-01).
1506:"Comparative Study of Printed Multilayer OLED Fabrication through Slot Die Coating, Gravure and Inkjet Printing, and Their Combination"
661:
Downstream process effects, determining the behavior of the coating fluid on the substrate surface after exiting the slot-die component
959:
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fluids, or a sub-optimal process setup where fluid creeps up the slot-die component rather than transferring fully to the substrate.
310:
A cross-section schematic of the slot-die process with key dimensions and parameters labeled (coating width not shown in this plane).
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908:
scalability and origin as a proven industrial technique. Slot-die coating has been most notably employed in research related to
2872:. Special Issue on Selected Contributions from the European Hydrogen Energy Conference 2018. Málaga, Spain. March 14th - 16th.
1415:
492:
1291:
Park, Janghoon; Shin, Keehyun; Lee, Changwoo (2016-04-01). "Roll-to-Roll
Coating Technology and Its Applications: A Review".
2373:"New Extrusion Coating Die Eliminates Edge Bead and Enhances Coat Weight Uniformity for Korean Maker of Flexible Packaging"
963:
54:
1046:
Vijayan, Anuja; Johansson, Malin B.; Svanström, Sebastian; Cappel, Ute B.; Rensmo, Håkan; Boschloo, Gerrit (2020-05-26).
2976:"Roll-to-roll slot-die coating of 400 mm wide, flexible, transparent Ag nanowire films for flexible touch screen panels"
2372:
143:
A coating motion system to drive the relative speed of the slot-die and substrate in a controlled manner during coating
1891:
970:
2594:"High-Performance Perovskite Single-Junction and Textured Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells via Slot-Die-Coating"
2536:
Kwade, Arno; Haselrieder, Wolfgang; Leithoff, Ruben; Modlinger, Armin; Dietrich, Franz; Droeder, Klaus (April 2018).
325:
3196:
3133:
Koppolu, Rajesh; Lahti, Johanna; Abitbol, Tiffany; Swerin, Agne; Kuusipalo, Jurkka; Toivakka, Martti (2019-03-27).
3086:
Kim, Ji Hoon; Choi, Yunkyu; Kang, Junhyeok; Choi, Eunji; Choi, Seung Eun; Kwon, Ohchan; Kim, Dae Woo (2020-10-15).
2695:
Dörfler, Susanne; Althues, Holger; Härtel, Paul; Abendroth, Thomas; Schumm, Benjamin; Kaskel, Stefan (2020-03-18).
2487:
2157:
2423:"Operating windows of slot die coating: Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental observations"
1994:"Operating windows of slot die coating: Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental observations"
930:, to produce electron transport layers, hole transport layers, photoactive layers, and passivating layers in
386:
Slot-die coating operates via a pre-metered liquid coating mechanism. The thickness of the wet coated layer (
255:, particularly in the sphere of thin film solar cell research for e.g. perovskite and organic photovoltaics.
137:
A slot-die to distribute the coating fluid across the desired coating width before coating onto the substrate
3088:"Scalable fabrication of deoxygenated graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane by continuous slot-die coating"
1637:"Influence of Electrode Density on the Performance of Li-Ion Batteries: Experimental and Simulation Results"
1147:"An inkjet printed, roll-coated digital microfluidic device for inexpensive, miniaturized diagnostic assays"
949:
378:
194:
86:
2746:"Sulfide-Based Solid-State Electrolytes: Synthesis, Stability, and Potential for All-Solid-State Batteries"
1145:
Dixon, Christopher; Ng, Alphonsus H. C.; Fobel, Ryan; Miltenburg, Mark B.; Wheeler, Aaron R. (2016-11-15).
2343:. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series. Vol. 9. New York: Springer. pp. 281–298.
939:
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A substrate mounting system to support the substrate in a controlled manner as it moves through the system
70:
1022:, Beguin, Albert E., "Method of coating strip material", issued 1951-08-23, assigned to
3041:"Solution processed red organic light-emitting-diodes using an N-annulated perylene diimide fluorophore"
1048:"Simple Method for Efficient Slot-Die Coating of MAPbI3 Perovskite Thin Films in Ambient Air Conditions"
931:
65:
Slot-die coating produces thin films via solution processing. The desired coating material is typically
284:
the slot-die-substrate interface, preventing the slot-die from scratching the substrate during coating.
1946:
1019:
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2809:"A Flexible Sulfur-Graphene-Polypropylene Separator Integrated Electrode for Advanced Li–S Batteries"
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Biobased and biodegradable packaging, to produce multilayer barrier foils from sustainable materials
2919:
Stähler, Markus; Stähler, Andrea; Scheepers, Fabian; Carmo, Marcelo; Stolten, Detlef (2019-03-15).
945:
917:
913:
682:
463:), and the coating speed, or relative speed between the slot-die and the substrate during coating (
293:
and tensioned web over slot die configurations remain highly relevant in industrial manufacturing.
251:
led to significant interest in slot-die coating as a method of scaling new thin film materials and
210:
82:
2284:"Taming the Coffee Ring Effect: Enhanced Thermal Control as a Method for Thin-Film Nanopatterning"
2034:
1542:"Sequential Slot-Die Deposition of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Dimethylsulfoxide Lead Iodide Ink"
3115:
3068:
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Kim, Dong-Ju; Shin, Hae-In; Ko, Eun-Hye; Kim, Ki-Hyun; Kim, Tae-Woong; Kim, Han-Ki (2016-09-28).
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2866:"Enabling industrial production of electrodes by use of slot-die coating for HT-PEM fuel cells"
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2015:
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1308:
1257:"Additive Manufacturing of a Flexible Carbon Monoxide Sensor Based on a SnO2-Graphene Nanoink"
1234:
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devices, to produce electron transport layers, hole transport layers, and electroactive layers
813:
316:
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slot-die lips and substrate surface. This fluid bridge is commonly referred to as the coating
47:
3135:"Continuous Processing of Nanocellulose and Polylactic Acid into Multilayer Barrier Coatings"
567:
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2219:"Complex dewetting scenarios of ultrathin silicon films for large-scale nanoarchitectures"
484:
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3039:
Dayneko, Sergey V.; Rahmati, Mohammad; Pahlevani, Majid; Welch, Gregory C. (2020-02-20).
859:
Sub-optimal matching of surface energy between the substrate and coating fluid can cause
101:. Furthermore, slot-die coating falls into the category of coating processes rather than
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1097:"Slot-die processing of lithium-ion battery electrodes—Coating window characterization"
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Burkitt, Daniel; Searle, Justin; Worsley, David A.; Watson, Trystan (November 2018).
1320:
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devices, to produce hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface coatings for enhanced liquid flow
989:
920:, but remains relevant in any field where scalable thin film production is required.
598:
165:
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273:
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A photograph of a lab-scale slot-die coating tool for thin film materials research.
118:
98:
94:
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2609:
2116:"Slot die coating of polybenzimiazole based membranes at the air engulfment limit"
3103:
2744:
Zhang, Qing; Cao, Daxian; Ma, Yi; Natan, Avi; Aurora, Peter; Zhu, Hongli (2019).
2348:
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2697:"Challenges and Key Parameters of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries on Pouch Cell Level"
19:
2561:
2538:"Current status and challenges for automotive battery production technologies"
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Bhamidipati, Kanthi Latha; Didari, Sima; Harris, Tequila A. L. (2013-10-01).
2090:
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2019:
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A photograph of a flexible organic solar cell produced via slot-die coating.
860:
289:
default configuration for the purposes of this introductory article, though
190:
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90:
66:
50:
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1970:
1832:"Slot-Die-Coated Ternary Organic Photovoltaics for Indoor Light Recycling"
1779:
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A fluid reservoir to store the main supply of coating fluid for the system
953:
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161:
102:
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Campana, Diego M.; Silva, Luis D. Valdez; Carvalho, Marcio S. (2017).
2010:
1993:
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1636:
1477:
1452:
2421:
Lin, Chi-Feng; Wong, David S. Hill; Liu, Ta-Jo; Wu, Ping-Yao (2010).
1992:
Lin, Chi-Feng; Wong, David S. Hill; Liu, Ta-Jo; Wu, Ping-Yao (2010).
153:
39:
176:
77:
Commonly cited benefits of the slot-die coating process include its
2463:"Yasui Seiki in US: Roll-to-Roll Precision Custom Coating Machines"
898:
836:
555:
377:
305:
230:
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To handle flexible substrates, roll-to-roll lines typically use a
175:
117:
18:
419:) is therefore significantly determined by the width of coating (
23:
A simple cross-section schematic of the slot-die coating process.
1676:
1453:"A review of the operating limits in slot die coating processes"
1293:
International
Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
975:
564:
The final thickness of the dry layer after solvent evaporation (
2282:
Sliz, Rafal; Czajkowski, Jakub; Fabritius, Tapio (2020-08-18).
2194:
Coating and Drying
Defects: Troubleshooting Operating Problems
2341:
Melt
Extrusion: Materials, Technology and Drug Product Design
1336:"Inorganic and Organic Solution-Processed Thin Film Devices"
1101:
Chemical
Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification
1673:
Greener, Jehuda; Pearson, Glen; Cakmak, Miko (2018-02-27).
2921:"A completely slot die coated membrane electrode assembly"
2035:"Slot coating flows of non-colloidal particle suspensions"
956:, protective coatings, and interface modification coatings
923:
Examples of research enabled by slot-die coating include:
810:
across the upstream and downstream faces of the meniscus (
85:, scalability of coating areas and throughput speeds, and
966:, to produce electrolytes and electrode catalyst coatings
1947:"Low-flow limit in slot coating: Theory and experiments"
1416:"Printing, coating, metering & the slot-die process"
547:{\displaystyle t_{dry}=t_{wet}\times {\frac {c}{\rho }}}
753:
The coating speed, or relative speed of the substrate (
81:
thickness control, non-contact coating mechanism, high
985:, to produce active layers and ion selective membranes
1892:"Tensioned Web Over Slot Die Technical Paper (TWOSD)"
1704:"Roll to Roll (R2R) Processing1Technology Assessment"
816:
786:
759:
736:
685:
631:
607:
570:
495:
469:
449:
425:
392:
328:
679:
The ratio of slot-die height to wet film thickness (
134:
A pump to drive the coating fluid through the system
825:
795:
765:
742:
719:
637:
613:
589:
546:
475:
455:
431:
411:
368:
1602:Cohen, Edward D.; Gutoff, Edgar B., eds. (1992).
122:A schematic of a typical slot-die coating system.
1945:Carvalho, Marcio S.; Kheshgi, Haroon S. (2000).
1103:. Advances in Coating and Drying of Thin Films.
948:and next-gen batteries, to produce electrodes,
180:A typical industrial roll-to-roll process line.
152:modification), and post-processing steps (e.g.
969:Flexible touch-sensitive surfaces, to produce
369:{\displaystyle t_{wet}={\frac {Q}{W\times U}}}
8:
1804:"Slot Die Coater - Equipment and Facilities"
891:capacitors, lithium-ion batteries and more.
2488:"CHAPTER 11:Advancements in Manufacturing"
625:of the coated material in its final form (
3166:
3015:
2720:
2617:
2438:
2315:
2258:
2066:
2009:
1652:
1575:
1565:
1521:
1476:
1367:
1272:
1228:
1071:
815:
785:
758:
735:
705:
696:
690:
684:
630:
606:
575:
569:
534:
519:
500:
494:
468:
448:
424:
397:
391:
348:
333:
327:
2925:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
2870:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
2398:"Coating Tech Slot Dies, Medical Market"
2196:(2nd ed.). Wiley. 11 August 2006.
1011:
942:and multi-junction photovoltaic devices
3139:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
2396:Dies, Coating Tech Slot (2018-08-10).
2158:"Fundamentals of Slot Coating Process"
2151:
2149:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1836:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
1825:
1823:
1698:
1696:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1597:
1595:
1535:
1533:
1498:
1496:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
16:Technique for coating flat substrates
7:
1604:Modern coating and drying technology
1286:
1284:
1250:
1248:
1190:
1188:
1140:
1138:
1041:
1039:
1037:
201:depending on process requirements.
2377:Nordson Polymer Processing Systems
817:
14:
34:technique for the application of
3045:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
2182:from the original on 2021-04-11.
1784:Washington Clean Energy Testbeds
1760:Washington Clean Energy Testbeds
1334:Eslamian, Morteza (2016-09-08).
995:Water purification, to produce
597:) is further determined by the
2945:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.016
2890:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.091
2427:Advances in Polymer Technology
2132:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.132
1998:Advances in Polymer Technology
1756:"Tools: Slot-die sheet coater"
280:onto the substrate, the fluid
1:
2666:10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02668
2610:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01297
2486:Kendrick, Emma (2019-03-14),
1780:"Tools: Roll-to-roll printer"
720:{\displaystyle H_{0}/t_{wet}}
3104:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118454
2492:Future Lithium-ion Batteries
2349:10.1007/978-1-4614-8432-5_12
2300:10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01560
1917:"Curtain Coating Technology"
1447:Ding, Xiaoyu; Liu, Jianhua;
1213:10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01857
1052:ACS Applied Energy Materials
971:transparent conductive films
3092:Journal of Membrane Science
2722:10.1016/j.joule.2020.02.006
2500:10.1039/9781788016124-00262
2091:"Discover slot-die coating"
1915:Miller, Mark (2018-10-29).
1890:Miller, Mark (2020-01-17).
1730:Miller, Mark (2014-11-19).
1392:"Discover slot-die coating"
1274:10.3390/chemosensors8020036
601:of the precursor solution (
227:Lab-scale development tools
3218:
854:Downstream process effects
730:The volumetric pump rate (
172:Industrial coating systems
2562:10.1038/s41560-018-0130-3
1679:. John Wiley & Sons.
1352:10.1007/s40820-016-0106-4
1305:10.1007/s12541-016-0067-z
1121:10.1016/j.cep.2012.10.011
670:Coating window parameters
259:Common coating modalities
62:related research fields.
2807:Cheng, Hui-Ming (2015).
2120:Journal of Power Sources
997:nanofiltration membranes
981:Printed diagnostics and
826:{\displaystyle \Delta P}
195:progressive cavity pumps
1523:10.3390/colloids3010032
1510:Colloids and Interfaces
886:Industrial applications
780:of the coating liquid (
590:{\displaystyle t_{dry}}
412:{\displaystyle t_{wet}}
3151:10.1021/acsami.9b00922
2835:10.1002/adma.201404210
2770:10.1002/adma.201901131
2402:Coating Tech Slot Dies
2243:10.1126/sciadv.aao1472
1921:Coating Tech Slot Dies
1896:Coating Tech Slot Dies
1848:10.1021/acsami.0c11809
1736:Coating Tech Slot Dies
1064:10.1021/acsaem.0c00039
904:
842:
827:
797:
767:
744:
721:
639:
615:
591:
561:
548:
477:
457:
433:
413:
383:
370:
311:
302:Film thickness control
297:Key process parameters
236:
181:
123:
24:
1971:10.1002/aic.690461003
1808:Henry Royce Institute
1449:Harris, Tequila A. L.
928:Thin film solar cells
902:
895:Research applications
840:
828:
798:
768:
745:
722:
640:
638:{\displaystyle \rho }
621:) and the volumetric
616:
592:
559:
549:
478:
458:
434:
414:
381:
371:
309:
234:
197:, pressure pots, and
179:
121:
22:
2494:, pp. 262–289,
1201:Analytical Chemistry
814:
784:
757:
734:
683:
649:Film quality control
629:
605:
599:solids concentration
568:
493:
467:
447:
441:volumetric pump rate
423:
390:
326:
218:Sheet-to-sheet lines
53:onto typically flat
3145:(12): 11920–11927.
2992:2016NatSR...634322K
2937:2019IJHE...44.7053S
2882:2019IJHE...4412793B
2876:(25): 12793–12801.
2827:2015AdM....27..641Z
2762:2019AdM....3101131Z
2713:2020Joule...4..539D
2554:2018NatEn...3..290K
2235:2017SciA....3O1472N
2051:2017AIChE..63.1122C
1963:2000AIChE..46.1907C
1842:(39): 43684–43693.
1558:2018Mate...11.2106B
1469:2016AIChE..62.2508D
1207:(19): 13017–13024.
1113:2013CEPPI..68...32S
918:organic electronics
83:material efficiency
3057:10.1039/C9TC05584C
2980:Scientific Reports
2814:Advanced Materials
2750:Advanced Materials
2654:ACS Energy Letters
2650:Hatzell, Kelsey B.
2598:ACS Energy Letters
2467:www.yasuiseiki.com
2156:Carvalho, Marcio.
1567:10.3390/ma11112106
1340:Nano-Micro Letters
1163:10.1039/C6LC01064D
988:Microfluidics and
964:water electrolysis
950:solid electrolytes
905:
866:coffee ring effect
843:
823:
806:The difference in
796:{\displaystyle Ca}
793:
763:
740:
717:
635:
611:
587:
562:
544:
473:
453:
429:
409:
384:
366:
312:
237:
205:Roll-to-roll lines
182:
124:
114:Typical components
25:
3197:Materials science
3000:10.1038/srep34322
2931:(14): 7053–7058.
2509:978-1-78801-418-2
2440:10.1002/adv.20173
2358:978-1-4614-8432-5
2294:(32): 9562–9570.
2203:978-0-471-71368-5
2059:10.1002/aic.15444
2011:10.1002/adv.20173
1957:(10): 1907–1917.
1732:"Pump Technology"
1686:978-1-119-16381-7
1654:10.3390/en9020104
1606:. New York: VCH.
1478:10.1002/aic.15268
1157:(23): 4560–4568.
1024:Eastman Kodak Co.
983:molecular sensors
766:{\displaystyle U}
743:{\displaystyle Q}
614:{\displaystyle c}
542:
476:{\displaystyle U}
456:{\displaystyle Q}
432:{\displaystyle W}
364:
211:series of rollers
109:Coating apparatus
3209:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3051:(7): 2314–2319.
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2621:
2604:(9): 3034–3040.
2588:
2582:
2581:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2229:(11): eaao1472.
2223:Science Advances
2214:
2208:
2207:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2165:Semantic Scholar
2162:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2095:FOM Technologies
2087:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2045:(3): 1122–1131.
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1942:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1463:(7): 2508–2524.
1444:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:FOM Technologies
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1396:FOM Technologies
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1058:(5): 4331–4337.
1043:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1016:
952:, ion selective
872:External effects
832:
830:
829:
824:
802:
800:
799:
794:
778:capillary number
772:
770:
769:
764:
749:
747:
746:
741:
726:
724:
723:
718:
716:
715:
700:
695:
694:
644:
642:
641:
636:
620:
618:
617:
612:
596:
594:
593:
588:
586:
585:
553:
551:
550:
545:
543:
535:
530:
529:
511:
510:
482:
480:
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474:
462:
460:
459:
454:
438:
436:
435:
430:
418:
416:
415:
410:
408:
407:
375:
373:
372:
367:
365:
363:
349:
344:
343:
28:Slot-die coating
3217:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3038:
3037:
3033:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2756:(44): 1901131.
2743:
2742:
2738:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1008:
897:
888:
883:
874:
856:
812:
811:
782:
781:
755:
754:
732:
731:
701:
686:
681:
680:
672:
651:
627:
626:
603:
602:
571:
566:
565:
515:
496:
491:
490:
465:
464:
445:
444:
421:
420:
393:
388:
387:
353:
329:
324:
323:
304:
299:
291:curtain coating
261:
245:residence times
229:
220:
207:
199:diaphragm pumps
174:
116:
111:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3125:
3078:
3031:
2966:
2911:
2856:
2821:(4): 641–647.
2799:
2736:
2707:(3): 539–554.
2687:
2660:(3): 922–934.
2641:
2583:
2548:(4): 290–300.
2528:
2508:
2478:
2454:
2413:
2388:
2364:
2357:
2331:
2274:
2209:
2202:
2185:
2145:
2106:
2082:
2025:
1984:
1932:
1907:
1877:
1819:
1795:
1771:
1747:
1722:
1692:
1685:
1660:
1627:
1612:
1591:
1529:
1492:
1432:
1407:
1383:
1326:
1299:(4): 537–550.
1280:
1244:
1184:
1134:
1087:
1033:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
986:
979:
973:
967:
957:
943:
896:
893:
887:
884:
882:
879:
873:
870:
855:
852:
835:
834:
822:
819:
804:
792:
789:
774:
762:
751:
739:
728:
714:
711:
708:
704:
699:
693:
689:
671:
668:
667:
666:
662:
659:
650:
647:
634:
610:
584:
581:
578:
574:
541:
538:
533:
528:
525:
522:
518:
514:
509:
506:
503:
499:
472:
452:
428:
406:
403:
400:
396:
362:
359:
356:
352:
347:
342:
339:
336:
332:
303:
300:
298:
295:
286:
285:
277:
269:
260:
257:
228:
225:
219:
216:
206:
203:
173:
170:
150:surface energy
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
115:
112:
110:
107:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3214:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:Nature Energy
2539:
2532:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
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