515:"Slow Light" (2022) is a short film made by Kijek/Adamski with two animation techniques. It's a story of a boy who is born blind and suddenly at the age of seven sees a light. A medical examination reveals that his eyes are so dense that it takes seven years for the light to reach the retina and hence for the image to reach his consciousness.The consequence of the eye defect translates into the mental immaturity of the man, lack of understanding of the present and belated reflections on long-gone facts. The man is never mature enough for his age and constantly lingers on the past.
100:
454:
the same family of phenomena! Here is the solution. These panes of glass slow down the light at an incredible rate since there need be only a relatively thin sheet to slow it down a hundred years. It takes one hundred years for a ray of light to pass through this slice of matter! It would take one year for it to pass through one hundredth of this depth.
508:, that enable city dwellers, submariners and prisoners to watch "live" countryside scenes. "Slow glass" is a material where the delay light takes in passing through the glass is attributed to photons passing "...through a spiral tunnel coiled outside the radius of capture of each atom in the glass." Shaw later reworked the stories into the novel
396:, the time a pulse is delayed divided by the total time of the pulse. Plasmon induced transparency – an analog of EIT – provides another approach based on the destructive interference between different resonance modes. Recent work has now demonstrated this effect over a broad transparency window across a frequency range greater than 0.40 THz.
453:
These window panes are of a composition through which light is slowed down in the same way as when it passes through water. You know well, Péronne, how one can hear more quickly a sound through, for example, a metal conduit or some other solid than through simple space. Well, Péronne, all this is of
357:(FWM) schemes produce a rapid change in refractive index as a function of optical frequency, i.e., they modify the temporal component of a propagating wave. This is done by using a nonlinear effect to modify the dipole response of a medium to a signal or "probe" field. Dispersion mechanisms such as
314:
Slow light refers to a very low group velocity of light. If the dispersion relation of the refractive index is such that the index changes rapidly over a small range of frequencies, then the group velocity might be very low, thousands or millions of times less than
246:). The behavior of a disturbance of this combined electromagnetic-charge density field (i.e. light) is still determined by Maxwell's equations, but the solutions are complicated because of the intimate link between the medium and the field.
303:. If a light is turned on or off at a specific time or otherwise modulated, then the amplitude of the sinusoidal disturbance is also time-dependent. The time-varying amplitude does not propagate at the phase velocity but rather at the
518:
Valve's FPS title "Half Life 2" features a song by the name of "Slow Light" in the original soundtrack. Many other songs in this soundtrack are also references to physical phenomena such as "Brane Scan" and "Dark
253:
functions of time. For these types of disturbances
Maxwell's equations transform into algebraic equations and are easily solved. These special disturbances propagate through a material at a speed slower than
284:). The index of refraction is not a constant for a given material, but depends on temperature, pressure, and upon the frequency of the (sinusoidal) light wave. This latter leads to an effect called
230:
Light traveling within a medium is not merely a disturbance solely of the electromagnetic field, but rather a disturbance of the field and the positions and velocities of the charged particles (
425:
that are far more sensitive to frequency shift than conventional interferometers. This property can be used to build better, smaller frequency sensors and compact high resolution spectrometers.
75:, with a group velocity 9.6 kilometers per second. Hau and her colleagues later succeeded in stopping light completely, and developed methods by which it can be stopped and later restarted.
411:
Optical switches which make use of slow light in photonic crystals could produce faster data transmission in fiber optic cables, while having significantly lower power requirements.
227:
and has given rise to a popular notion that the "speed of light is always the same". However, in many situations light is more than a disturbance in the electromagnetic field.
1626:
J. Scheuer, G. T. Paloczi, J. K. S. Poon and A. Yariv, "Coupled
Resonator Optical Waveguides: Towards Slowing and Storing of Light", Opt. Photon. News, Vol. 16 (2005) p. 36.
863:
307:. The group velocity depends not only on the refractive index of the material, but also on the way in which the refractive index changes with frequency (i.e. the
388:(BDP). Most slow light schemes can actually offer an arbitrarily long delay for a given device length (length/delay = signal velocity) at the expense of
727:
Ku, Pei-Cheng; Sedgwick, Forrest; Chang-Hasnain, Connie J.; Palinginis, Phedon; Li, Tao; Wang, Hailin; Chang, Shu-Wei; Chuang, Shun-Lien (2004-10-01).
67:
which realized much lower group velocities of light. They succeeded in slowing a beam of light to about 17 meters per second. In 2004, researchers at
346:
52:
504:, 1966), and several subsequent stories. The glass, which delays the passage of light by years or decades, is used to construct windows, called
37:. Slow light occurs when a propagating pulse is substantially slowed by the interaction with the medium in which the propagation takes place.
404:
Slowing down light has various potential practical applications in multiple technology fields from broadband internet to quantum computing:
813:
408:
Slowed light could improve data transmission in optical communications through reducing signal distortion and improving signal quality.
68:
190:
of light, not the phase velocity. Slow light effects are not due to abnormally large refractive indices, as will be explained below.
1593:
1563:
147:
500:
55:
in trapped strontium atoms. Reduction of the speed of light by a factor of 165 was reported in 1995. In 1998, Danish physicist
941:"Systematic design study of an all-optical delay line based on Brillouin scattering enhanced cascade coupled ring resonators"
871:
125:
1196:
389:
64:
362:
378:
374:
86:
that can slow light, fashioned out of fairly standard materials, potentially paving the way toward commercial adoption.
468:
121:
350:
321:, even though the index of refraction is still a typical value (between 1.5 and 3.5 for glasses and semiconductors).
110:
487:
takes place, light travels only a few hundred miles per hour due to
Discworld's "embarrassingly strong" magic field.
940:
129:
114:
1639:
249:
Understanding the behavior of light in a material is simplified by limiting the types of disturbances studied to
329:
There are many mechanisms which can generate slow light, all of which create narrow spectral regions with high
243:
223:. The postulate of the constancy of the speed of light in all inertial reference frames lies at the heart of
47:
were known to be possible as far back as 1880, but could not be realized in a useful manner until 1991, when
385:
365:(CROW), and other micro-resonator structures modify the spatial component (k-vector) of a propagating wave.
1093:
Tsakmakidis, K. L.; Hess, O.; Boardman, A. D. (2007). "Trapped rainbow storage of light in metamaterials".
1052:
894:"Light harvesting in photonic crystals revisited: why do slow photons at the blue edge enhance absorption?"
373:
Slow light can also be achieved by exploiting the dispersion properties of planar waveguides realized with
1015:
1000:
210:
202:
1260:
1221:
1144:
Zhu, Zhihua; et al. (2013). "Broadband plasmon induced transparency in terahertz metamaterials".
1458:
1393:
1299:
1153:
1102:
1067:
965:
905:
740:
671:
614:
567:
1020:
1583:
1553:
495:
337:. Schemes are generally grouped into two categories: material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
334:
330:
285:
275:
1482:
1448:
1362:
1334:
1177:
1126:
1033:
981:
955:
844:
772:
555:
415:
292:
224:
83:
60:
728:
33:
is the propagation of an optical pulse or other modulation of an optical carrier at a very low
1589:
1559:
1474:
1417:
1409:
1354:
1315:
1241:
1228:. International Conference on Advanced Materials Behavior and Characterization (ICAMBC 2020).
1169:
1118:
921:
836:
764:
756:
687:
640:
632:
583:
529:
476:
358:
48:
1381:
1466:
1401:
1346:
1335:"Tunable optical delay line based on integrated grating-assisted contradirectional couplers"
1307:
1233:
1161:
1110:
1075:
1025:
973:
913:
828:
748:
679:
622:
575:
354:
271:
183:
1549:
480:
234:) within the material. The motion of the electrons is determined by the field (due to the
1165:
977:
1462:
1397:
1303:
1157:
1106:
1071:
969:
909:
744:
706:
675:
618:
571:
1644:
1500:
659:
438:
422:
304:
261:
238:) but the field is determined by the positions and velocities of the electrons (due to
220:
213:
predict that these disturbances will travel at a specific speed, denoted by the symbol
187:
169:
162:
41:
34:
1436:
1633:
239:
235:
72:
1519:
1486:
1366:
1181:
1130:
985:
776:
1265:
1037:
848:
160:
When light propagates through a material, it travels slower than the vacuum speed,
1287:
790:
1053:"Observation of slow-light in a metamaterials waveguide at microwave frequencies"
1237:
683:
627:
602:
534:
463:
99:
1470:
1380:
Shi, Zhimin; Boyd, Robert W.; Gauthier, Daniel J.; Dudley, C. C. (2007-04-15).
1333:
Wang, Xu; Zhao, Yuhe; Ding, Yunhong; Xiao, Sanshui; Dong, Jianji (2018-09-01).
1051:
Savo, Salvatore; Lu, Wentao T.; Casse, B. Didier F.; Sridhar, Srinivas (2011).
999:
Lu, Wentao T.; Savo, Salvatore; Casse, B. Didier F.; Sridhar, Srinivas (2009).
392:. The product of the two is roughly constant. A related figure of merit is the
1382:"Enhancing the spectral sensitivity of interferometers using slow-light media"
812:
Ginsberg, Naomi S.; Garner, Sean R.; Hau, Lene
Vestergaard (8 February 2007).
308:
296:
250:
173:
1478:
1413:
1358:
1319:
1311:
1245:
760:
636:
587:
484:
1421:
1173:
1122:
925:
840:
768:
691:
644:
17:
1579:
1453:
1405:
1350:
752:
579:
491:
231:
56:
1114:
832:
917:
1612:
Lene
Vestergaard Hau, S.E. Harris, Zachary Dutton, Cyrus H. Behroozi,
1079:
1029:
1001:"Slow microwave waveguide made of negative permeability metamaterials"
1222:"A review on production of slow light with material characterization"
893:
472:(2002), in which the speed of light is described as a "Sunday crawl".
206:
458:
Subsequent fictional works that address slow light are noted below.
814:"Coherent control of optical information with matter wave dynamics"
658:
Kasapi, A.; Jain, Maneesh; Yin, G. Y.; Harris, S. E. (1995-03-27).
219:. This well-known physical constant is commonly referred to as the
960:
892:
Deparis, Olivier; Mouchet, Sébastien Robert; Su, Bao-Lian (2015).
867:
300:
198:
194:
27:
Pulse that is substantially slowed to less than the speed of light
660:"Electromagnetically Induced Transparency: Propagation Dynamics"
1197:"Scientists Slowed Down Light by 10,000 Times in an Experiment"
449:, 1933), might be one of the earliest mentions of slow light.
93:
79:
176:. This reduction in speed is quantified by the ratio between
428:
Other potential applications include optical quantum memory.
384:
A predominant figure of merit of slow light schemes is the
186:
of the material. Slow light is a dramatic reduction in the
172:
of the light and is manifested in physical effects such as
603:"Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency"
601:
Boller, K.-J.; Imamoğlu, A.; Harris, S. E. (1991-05-20).
1437:"Quantum memory for photons: Dark-state polaritons"
1520:"The Fantastic Science Fiction of Maurice Renard"
791:"Light Changed to Matter, Then Stopped and Moved"
414:Slow light can also be used to control delays in
182:and the phase velocity. This ratio is called the
311:of refractive index with respect to frequency).
1220:Bhagat, Divyani; Gaikwad, Mahesh (2021-01-01).
451:
1261:"Light touch could boost fibre optic networks"
1435:Fleischhauer, M.; Lukin, M. D. (2002-01-15).
421:In addition, slow light can be used to build
8:
864:"IBM slows light, readies it for networking"
462:The slow light experiments are mentioned in
729:"Slow light in semiconductor quantum wells"
128:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1452:
1019:
959:
626:
556:"Slow light in various media: a tutorial"
148:Learn how and when to remove this message
1008:Microwave and Optical Technology Letters
490:"Slow glass" is a fictional material in
347:electromagnetically induced transparency
53:electromagnetically induced transparency
546:
418:, permitting more orderly traffic flow.
345:Material dispersion mechanisms such as
299:of the light and the frequency as the
295:of the sinusoidal disturbance as the
270:and the phase velocity is called the
7:
363:coupled resonator optical waveguides
126:adding citations to reliable sources
939:Lee, Myungjun; et al. (2010).
898:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
197:given by classical physics is of a
71:first demonstrated slow light in a
1518:Evans, Arthur B. (November 1994).
25:
1619:"IBM's new photonic wave-guide".
1286:Krauss, Thomas F. (August 2008).
705:Cromie, William J. (1999-02-18).
437:The description of "luminite" in
862:Kanellos, Michael (2005-11-02).
709:. The Harvard University Gazette
707:"Physicists Slow Speed of Light"
560:Advances in Optics and Photonics
554:Khurgin, Jacob B. (2010-09-30).
98:
1259:Pollitt, Michael (2008-02-07).
351:coherent population oscillation
51:and collaborators demonstrated
1166:10.1088/0957-4484/24/21/214003
978:10.1088/2040-8978/12/10/104012
1:
1558:. National Geographic Books.
379:double negative metamaterials
375:single negative metamaterials
65:Rowland Institute for Science
1288:"Why do we need slow light?"
1226:Materials Today: Proceedings
1238:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.453
1195:Nield, David (2024-02-10).
684:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2447
628:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2593
469:You Shall Know Our Velocity
40:Group velocities below the
1661:
1616:v.397, p. 594 (1999).
1471:10.1103/PhysRevA.65.022314
291:A human eye perceives the
168:. This is a change in the
59:led a combined team from
1312:10.1038/nphoton.2008.139
530:Group velocities above c
193:The simplest picture of
42:speed of light in vacuum
1524:Science Fiction Studies
1060:Applied Physics Letters
664:Physical Review Letters
607:Physical Review Letters
443:Le maître de la lumière
386:Bandwidth-delay product
361:at red and blue edges,
1585:Other Days, Other Eyes
510:Other Days, Other Eyes
456:
201:or disturbance in the
333:, i.e., peaks in the
203:electromagnetic field
1406:10.1364/OL.32.000915
1351:10.1364/PRJ.6.000880
753:10.1364/OL.29.002291
580:10.1364/AOP.2.000287
369:Waveguide dispersion
264:. The ratio between
122:improve this section
57:Lene Vestergaard Hau
1555:The Colour of Magic
1505:The Master of Light
1463:2002PhRvA..65b2314F
1398:2007OptL...32..915S
1304:2008NaPho...2..448K
1158:2013Nanot..24u4003Z
1115:10.1038/nature06285
1107:2007Natur.450..397T
1072:2011ApPhL..98q1907S
970:2010JOpt...12j4012L
948:Journal of Optics A
910:2015PCCP...1730525D
904:(45): 30525–30532.
833:10.1038/nature05493
745:2004OptL...29.2291K
676:1995PhRvL..74.2447K
619:1991PhRvL..66.2593B
572:2010AdOP....2..287K
496:Light of Other Days
447:The Master of Light
353:(CPO), and various
341:Material dispersion
335:dispersion relation
276:index of refraction
211:Maxwell's equations
1339:Photonics Research
918:10.1039/C5CP04983K
225:special relativity
61:Harvard University
1441:Physical Review A
1101:(7168): 397–401.
1080:10.1063/1.3583521
1030:10.1002/mop.24727
1014:(11): 2705–2709.
827:(7128): 623–626.
739:(19): 2291–2293.
670:(13): 2447–2450.
613:(20): 2593–2596.
359:photonic crystals
278:of the material (
158:
157:
150:
16:(Redirected from
1652:
1640:Nonlinear optics
1623:, November 2004.
1600:
1599:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1550:Pratchett, Terry
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1456:
1454:quant-ph/0106066
1432:
1426:
1425:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1292:Nature Photonics
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1005:
996:
990:
989:
963:
945:
936:
930:
929:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
870:. Archived from
859:
853:
852:
818:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
787:
781:
780:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
702:
696:
695:
655:
649:
648:
630:
598:
592:
591:
551:
494:'s short story "
416:optical networks
394:fractional delay
355:four-wave mixing
320:
283:
272:refractive index
269:
259:
218:
184:refractive index
181:
167:
153:
146:
142:
139:
133:
102:
94:
21:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1630:
1629:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1501:Renard, Maurice
1499:
1498:
1494:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1066:(17): 1719079.
1055:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1021:10.1.1.371.6810
1003:
998:
997:
993:
943:
938:
937:
933:
891:
890:
886:
877:
875:
861:
860:
856:
816:
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
793:. Photonics.com
789:
788:
784:
726:
725:
721:
712:
710:
704:
703:
699:
657:
656:
652:
600:
599:
595:
553:
552:
548:
543:
526:
481:Terry Pratchett
435:
423:interferometers
402:
371:
343:
327:
316:
279:
265:
255:
214:
177:
161:
154:
143:
137:
134:
119:
103:
92:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1571:
1564:
1541:
1510:
1492:
1427:
1392:(8): 915–917.
1386:Optics Letters
1372:
1345:(9): 880–886.
1325:
1298:(8): 448–450.
1278:
1251:
1212:
1187:
1152:(21): 214003.
1146:Nanotechnology
1136:
1085:
1043:
991:
954:(10): 104012.
931:
884:
854:
804:
782:
733:Optics Letters
719:
697:
650:
593:
545:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
532:
525:
522:
521:
520:
516:
513:
488:
473:
439:Maurice Renard
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
419:
412:
409:
401:
400:Potential uses
398:
370:
367:
342:
339:
326:
323:
305:group velocity
262:phase velocity
221:speed of light
188:group velocity
170:phase velocity
156:
155:
106:
104:
97:
91:
88:
49:Stephen Harris
35:group velocity
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:9780330238939
1591:
1588:. Pan Books.
1587:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1565:9780552166591
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1447:(2): 022314.
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:: 1780–1783.
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
942:
935:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
874:on 2007-12-19
873:
869:
865:
858:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
808:
805:
792:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
720:
708:
701:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
547:
540:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
523:
517:
514:
511:
507:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
432:
427:
424:
420:
417:
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
324:
322:
319:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
282:
277:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:Lorentz force
233:
228:
226:
222:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
180:
175:
171:
166:
165:
152:
149:
141:
131:
127:
123:
117:
116:
112:
107:This section
105:
101:
96:
95:
89:
87:
85:
81:
76:
74:
73:semiconductor
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
38:
36:
32:
19:
1620:
1613:
1584:
1574:
1554:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1523:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:The Guardian
1264:
1254:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1201:ScienceAlert
1200:
1190:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1063:
1059:
1046:
1011:
1007:
994:
951:
947:
934:
901:
897:
887:
876:. Retrieved
872:the original
857:
824:
820:
807:
795:. Retrieved
785:
736:
732:
722:
711:. Retrieved
700:
667:
663:
653:
610:
606:
596:
563:
559:
549:
509:
505:
499:
485:novel series
467:
457:
452:
446:
442:
436:
403:
393:
383:
372:
344:
328:
317:
313:
290:
280:
266:
256:
248:
244:Ampère's law
229:
215:
192:
178:
163:
159:
144:
135:
120:Please help
108:
77:
44:
39:
30:
29:
1534:23 February
535:Solid light
464:Dave Eggers
325:Preparation
260:called the
69:UC Berkeley
1634:Categories
1607:References
1272:2008-04-04
1206:2024-02-12
878:2008-01-26
868:ZDNet News
713:2008-01-26
566:(3): 287.
441:'s novel,
433:In fiction
331:dispersion
309:derivative
297:brightness
286:dispersion
251:sinusoidal
240:Gauss' law
174:refraction
90:Background
82:created a
31:Slow light
18:Slow glass
1580:Shaw, Bob
1479:1050-2947
1414:0146-9592
1359:2327-9125
1320:1749-4885
1246:2214-7853
1016:CiteSeerX
961:1002.0084
761:0146-9592
637:0031-9007
588:1943-8206
506:scenedows
477:Discworld
466:'s novel
390:bandwidth
377:(SNM) or
293:intensity
232:electrons
138:July 2021
109:does not
84:microchip
78:In 2005,
1582:(1972).
1552:(1983).
1503:(1933).
1487:54532771
1422:17375152
1367:54203226
1182:14627755
1174:23618809
1131:34711078
1123:18004380
986:18504919
926:26517229
841:17287804
777:18216095
769:15524384
692:10057930
645:10043562
524:See also
519:energy".
492:Bob Shaw
479:, where
63:and the
1459:Bibcode
1394:Bibcode
1300:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
1103:Bibcode
1068:Bibcode
1038:9329986
966:Bibcode
906:Bibcode
849:4324343
797:10 June
741:Bibcode
672:Bibcode
615:Bibcode
568:Bibcode
512:(1972).
381:(DNM).
349:(EIT),
205:. In a
130:removed
115:sources
1621:Nature
1614:Nature
1592:
1562:
1485:
1477:
1420:
1412:
1365:
1357:
1318:
1244:
1180:
1172:
1129:
1121:
1095:Nature
1036:
1018:
984:
924:
847:
839:
821:Nature
775:
767:
759:
690:
643:
635:
586:
501:Analog
207:vacuum
1645:Light
1483:S2CID
1449:arXiv
1363:S2CID
1178:S2CID
1127:S2CID
1056:(PDF)
1034:S2CID
1004:(PDF)
982:S2CID
956:arXiv
944:(PDF)
845:S2CID
817:(PDF)
773:S2CID
541:Notes
301:color
195:light
1590:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1536:2011
1530:(64)
1475:ISSN
1418:PMID
1410:ISSN
1355:ISSN
1316:ISSN
1242:ISSN
1170:PMID
1119:PMID
922:PMID
837:PMID
799:2013
765:PMID
757:ISSN
688:PMID
641:PMID
633:ISSN
584:ISSN
242:and
199:wave
113:any
111:cite
1467:doi
1402:doi
1347:doi
1308:doi
1234:doi
1162:doi
1111:doi
1099:450
1076:doi
1026:doi
974:doi
914:doi
829:doi
825:445
749:doi
680:doi
623:doi
576:doi
498:" (
483:'s
475:On
274:or
124:by
80:IBM
1636::
1528:21
1526:.
1522:.
1481:.
1473:.
1465:.
1457:.
1445:65
1443:.
1439:.
1416:.
1408:.
1400:.
1390:32
1388:.
1384:.
1361:.
1353:.
1341:.
1337:.
1314:.
1306:.
1294:.
1290:.
1263:.
1240:.
1230:43
1224:.
1199:.
1176:.
1168:.
1160:.
1150:24
1148:.
1125:.
1117:.
1109:.
1097:.
1074:.
1064:98
1062:.
1058:.
1032:.
1024:.
1012:51
1010:.
1006:.
980:.
972:.
964:.
952:12
950:.
946:.
920:.
912:.
902:17
900:.
896:.
866:.
843:.
835:.
823:.
819:.
771:.
763:.
755:.
747:.
737:29
735:.
731:.
686:.
678:.
668:74
666:.
662:.
639:.
631:.
621:.
611:66
609:.
605:.
582:.
574:.
562:.
558:.
288:.
209:,
1598:.
1568:.
1538:.
1507:.
1489:.
1469::
1461::
1451::
1424:.
1404::
1396::
1369:.
1349::
1343:6
1322:.
1310::
1302::
1296:2
1275:.
1248:.
1236::
1209:.
1184:.
1164::
1156::
1133:.
1113::
1105::
1082:.
1078::
1070::
1040:.
1028::
988:.
976::
968::
958::
928:.
916::
908::
881:.
851:.
831::
801:.
779:.
751::
743::
716:.
694:.
682::
674::
647:.
625::
617::
590:.
578::
570::
564:2
445:(
318:c
281:n
267:c
257:c
216:c
179:c
164:c
151:)
145:(
140:)
136:(
132:.
118:.
45:c
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
