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The tradeoff between fuel cost savings against the increased costs of personnel, insurance and inventory due to the longer voyage duration is a significant logistical issue. Commercial vessels seek to adhere reliably to schedules; if a ship is planned to slow steam, it may normally speed up should it
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range. Steaming too slowly may place the engine and propeller outside their most efficient range, and will therefore begin to counteract the benefits. Also, there are time-dependent costs, such as crew wages and charter rates, that will increase if the voyage is longer. Although some ships are being
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Lowering speed reduces fuel consumption because the force of drag imparted by a fluid increases quadratically with increase in speed. Thus traveling twice as fast requires four times as much energy and therefore fuel for a given distance. The power needed to overcome drag is the product of the force
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Smart steaming is a strategy by which the vessel speed is dynamically optimised based on the real-time state of the sea, weather and the destination port - for example, if there is congestion at the port there is little point in rushing to get there at full speed simply to then wait for a berth for
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calculates that fuel consumption can be reduced by 59% by reducing cargo ship speed from 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) to 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph), at the cost of an additional week's sailing time on Asia-Europe routes. It adds a comparable 4 to 7 days to trans-Pacific voyages.
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Technically and operationally, smart steaming presents several challenges. Ship control systems have to be more sophisticated, and multi-objective optimization techniques are needed which can respond to changing conditions (e.g. weather, sea state, port status). Improvements in ship/port
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put into service that are designed to steam most efficiently at slower speeds, the great cost of building a ship and need to remain competitive means that radical changes are unlikely until conditions merit such a risk. Ma Shuo, a professor of maritime economics and policy at
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Although lowering speeds reduces the power requirements, the overall benefits of speed reduction may be limited by other factors, such as economically viable total voyage time, and the fact that a ship's engine and propeller are designed to operate within a certain
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Smart steaming has the potential to deliver many benefits. For example the SYNCHRO-NET project has reported examples of up to 30% reduction in fuel usage for the ship, which, broadly speaking, means a similar reduction in cost and greenhouse gas emissions.
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communications are also needed, as well as new commercial and legal agreements between relevant stakeholders: ship operator, ship owner, port/terminal operator and the customer/freight forwarder whose goods are being carried by the ship.
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encounter en route delays (such as bad weather or deviation) so as to recover its original scheduled arrival time. The initiative to balance cost, duration, emissions and risk is supported by the EC-funded research project SYNCHRO-NET.
46:(33 km/h; 21 mph). Speeds of 14 to 16 kn (26 to 30 km/h; 16 to 18 mph) were used on Asia-Europe backhaul routes in 2010. Speeds under 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph) are called
30:, at significantly less than their maximum speed. In 2010, an analyst at the National Ports and Waterways Institute stated that nearly all global shipping lines were using slow steaming to save money on fuel.
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105:. This is why driving an automobile at 100 km/h (60 mph) requires almost twice as much power as driving the same vehicle at 80 km/h (50 mph).
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voyage by slow steaming. At typical fuel prices of US$ 600-700 per tonne, this works out to a saving of US$ 2.4-2.8 million on a typical one-way voyage. Maersk's
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Slow steaming was adopted in 2007 in the face of rapidly rising fuel oil costs, which was 700 USD per tonne between July 2007 to July 2008. According to
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and optimal speed, confirming that as freight rates rise with market conditions, so does the economically optimal speed.
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days. Instead the ship can go more slowly to conserve fuel and still berth at the same time.
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were designed for slow steaming and have less powerful engines than their predecessors.
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42:, who introduced the practice in 2009 to 2010, slow steaming is conducted at 18
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118:(WMU) in Sweden, has undertaken research to assess the relationship between
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measures for shipping, has also studied this subject, and refers to
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https://www.mjc2.com/synchro-net-smart-steaming-supply-chain.htm
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times speed and thus becomes the cube of the speed at high
462:- SYNCHRO-NET: Smart Steaming and Synchro-modal Logistics.
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is fitted, slow steaming may be accomplished effectively.
237:"No slower steaming as container lines run like clippers"
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IMO holds roundtable on just-in-time operation of ships
439:, published 7 October 2014, accessed 24 January 2018
487:- Smart Steaming and De-stressing the Supply Chain.
219:"Ocean shipping lines cut speed to save fuel costs"
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can save 4 metric kilotons of fuel oil on a Europe-
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475:, published 29 June 2018, accessed 16 May 2021
320:"'Slow steaming' slows down delivery of goods"
347:"Carriers Move Full Speed into Slow Steaming"
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449:Is Slow Steaming Good for the Supply Chain?
366:Slow steaming – a viable long-term option?
22:is the practice of operating transoceanic
200:, Maersk, 31 October 2014, archived from
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142:'s GloMEEP project, aimed at supporting
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471:International Maritime Organization,
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460:https://www.mjc2.com/synchronet.htm
140:International Maritime Organization
318:Presenna Nambiar (July 25, 2011),
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269:, September 2008, archived from
433:The economics of slow steaming
300:, Maersk, 2011, archived from
294:Slow steaming - the full story
90:Triple E-class container ships
1:
50:. Marine engine manufacturer
16:Cargo ship operating practice
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116:World Maritime University
417:variable pitch propeller
383:Steamship Mutual report
76:E-class container ships
437:Seatrade Maritime News
148:just-in-time operation
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34:Rationale and history
259:Container Ship Focus
168:Multimodal transport
405:Slow steaming guide
351:Journal of Commerce
48:super slow steaming
353:, January 12, 2010
243:, January 26, 2012
241:Bloomberg Business
207:on 31 October 2014
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70:, 5 September 2006
504:Marine propulsion
325:New Straits Times
194:Glossary of terms
144:energy efficiency
96:Cost and benefits
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62:Container ship
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28:container ships
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431:Liang, L. H.,
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126:Smart steaming
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74:Mærsk Line's
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26:, especially
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20:Slow steaming
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78:such as the
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40:Maersk Line
24:cargo ships
372:, Wärtsilä
174:References
81:Emma Mærsk
64:Emma Mærsk
86:Singapore
498:Category
223:LA Times
162:See also
52:Wärtsilä
394:Answers
68:Aarhus
370:(PDF)
305:(PDF)
298:(PDF)
274:(PDF)
263:(PDF)
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198:(PDF)
44:knots
138:The
111:RPM
66:in
500::
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