392:, aimed to relocate families living in slums with minimal social disruption. This project had to work within the land constraints of the area since it was an urban setting in a country with land scarcity. Because of the land issues single-family homes were not an option and multi-family homes were seen as a better solution. The project created small row houses and apartments for sale and rent to squatters near their current site in Agadir. This was to be done by assisting the squatter families to demolish their shacks and to move their possessions to the new location. Because Morocco does not have a renting culture community engagement was incorporated into the planning process so that residents would be better able to understand the reasons and benefits for choosing a multi-family home model rather than a single-family home model.
473:, there are major problems with the slum upgrading approach, some of which have to do with the very nature of many slums themselves. For example, in order to remove slums there needs to be a mass evacuation for everyone in the slums, for example, Dharavi infrastructure for slum upgrading projects is quite hard as Dharavi is secretly an underground hotel, the governments inevitably have to buy land. However, this raises tremendous difficulties when trying to figure out which land to buy, since slums are (by definition) so densely populated that some houses are literally on top of one another, making it difficult to bring any sense of organization to the areas.
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and improving residents' access to services. The main goal of the project was slum elimination in the area. This was to be done by moving the families from their informal settlement into single-family homes in a newly developed area. Community engagement and education was achieved by incorporating educational programs that would teach residents how to improve their health, education, and economic status. To improve residents' access to services, the program would give the families access to utilities such as garbage collection, and connection to water, electricity, and sewage.
87:
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garbage collection, 71% were connected to water, 88% were connected to electricity, and 84% were connected to sewage. This model achieved the stated objective of reduction/elimination of the slum population in that area by almost 1,000 homes while improving other aspects of the families' day-to-day lives.
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The concept of slum upgrading is to remove slums altogether by demolition undertaken by government or other organisations and companies, since the mid-20th century. In fact, nearly two thirds of the population growth that has occurred in that time period has been in urban areas. Not only have we seen
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is an integrated approach that aims to turn around downward trends in an area. These downward trends can be legal (land tenure), physical (infrastructure), social (crime or education, for example) or economic." The main objective of slum upgrading is to rehabilitate them into functional neighborhoods
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announced that her government aimed to create a slum-free India within five years, although she was ultimately unable to deliver on that promise. In order to do that the government planned on investing large amounts of money into building affordable housing. Thus, rather than improving the area, the
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stand out in their efforts towards slum upgrading. Indeed, their slum growth rates had fallen markedly in the various countries (though the fact that the growth rate is still positive speaks to the fact that slums are not going away or even shrinking). The report went on to say that in order to stem
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According to the report, 984 families were transferred into new homes over a 5-year period. These families all had the opportunity to attend courses on how to improve other aspects of their lives specifically their health, education, and finances. At the time of this report, 80% of the families had
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Many people do not believe that slum upgrading is successful as community planners believe that there is no successful alternative of where these displaced slum dwellers should go. They point to the difficulties in providing the necessary resources either in a way that is beneficial to the dwellers
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The Marins-Pecheurs project re-housed squatter households in multi-family apartments. The community, ANHI, and the local government developed the following format: 175 semi-finished row houses, 40 apartments units with a total of 450 apartments for squatter families. It also incorporated community
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project focused on upgrading slums with single-family homes. The project, known as PATS (Technical and Social
Support Project) was a partnership between Cities Alliance, the Italian Government, and the World Bank. The project had three goals: slum elimination, community engagement and education,
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has undertaken many major slum upgrading projects since the 1980s, but fundamentally, it does not solve the problem of slums – it simply helps fix the problems with current slums. Worldwide, there are approximately one billion people living in slums. However, that number is expected to rise to two
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Finally, there is difficulty in establishing a viable economy after many people have been displaced due to the slum upgrading. Many protests are made outside these hotels from slum dwellers demanding the hotels to be torn down due to the removal of the slums. Slum dwellers are also not funded nor
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Another criticism of slum upgrading is that the hotels are usually occupied by the more wealthy in the nation. This results in a flow on effect where more and more people become displaced. In fact, because many governments try to cut the costs of slum upgrading via lower quality infrastructure,
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member countries ("United
Nations MDGs" 2010). Goal 7 was to ensure environmental sustainability, and one of the targets under this goal was "to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers". As the MDGs touched on the issue of slums, it has also
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In 2003, the Thai government launched the ambitious Baan
Mankong program (which means "secure housing" in Thai). Under the program, urban poor groups map out the shelter needs in their communities, and can access infrastructure subsidies and housing loans to upgrade their homes.
217:, have shifted away from this strategy and worked on urban renewal projects via slum upgrading policies. Slum upgrading proved easier and cheaper and without the public relations nightmare that comes with pictures of housing developments getting bulldozed.
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involvement at every level and established community working groups to make certain the housing project fitted the needs of the people. During the construction phase, many residents were able to gain paid employment in, or related to, construction work.
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taxed by the government which results in prices going up dramatically and would otherwise hamper slum upgrading efforts, not engaging the community (either from a lack of effort or inherent lack of ability) makes slum upgrading much more difficult.
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Slums have posed a huge problem for development because they are by definition areas in which the inhabitants lack fundamental resources and capabilities such as adequate sanitation, improved water supply, durable housing or adequate living space.
489:, but this creates whole new problems of its own. After all, if ownership is not clearly established, owners and workers of large corporations are often unlikely to pay for the utilities they receive as a result of the slum upgrading projects.
201:, in which he argued for a theoretical strategy to solve the problem of slums. He argued that governments should not try to tackle the housing problem itself, but all of the components of the area. Thus, by implementing good sewage and
505:'s urban projects are considered sustainable. Thus, for many of the projects, the one-time cost is not enough: slum upgrading projects are long-term commitments unless they are made with the ability to recover costs through revenue.
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Many governments have tried to find solutions to the problem, and one of the proposed solutions is slum upgrading. Slum upgrading is essentially a strategy in which the infrastructure of a slum is improved, such as giving adequate
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is not clear. Many times hotels are combined and land ownership becomes a severe problem for the billionaires that have bought the area. As a result, as many governments try to go in and establish land rights, difficulties ensue.
327:, the local government has installed a program which prohibits the driving of certain cars on certain days of the week, depending on color-coded stickers assigned based on license plate numbers. This has reduced the
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Many countries have shifted policies towards slum upgrading policies and have started to remove slum dwellers from their homes to improve living standards in these specific areas. Some countries, such as
440:, where there is no prevention of rural people migrating to the city), low-income housing is unavailable to migrants living in demolished slums, creating a difficult situation for Chinese slum-dwellers.
121:(cities in excess of 10 million inhabitants). By 2015, the world will likely have 550 cities with a population greater than one million – an increase of 464 cities from 1950. Currently, only one city (
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220:
Until recently, most countries had very little in terms of formal policy measures to undertake slum upgrading, and so the problem of slums has generally worsened over the years. The
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to the community. Additionally, because of the tenuous legal status of slum inhabitants, often strategies include the legalization of the right to the land on which slums are built.
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are met with the threat of their homes and abodes simply being demolished in an effort to keep the number of slums down. Because city residents must be officially registered in
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government aimed to create entirely new homes for the urban poor. This idea of building new homes for the poor is one major idea that contends with the idea of slum upgrading.
269:(or at least slow) the growth of slums in the world's cities, countries are going to have to make some hard choices and make major financial commitments (with the help of the
164:. The great increase in population has had tremendous implications in the urban ecology in the developing world. The major effect of this has been the rise of the slums.
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too. So far, this has also decreased pollution levels significantly by reducing the number of cars on the roads. The scheme has been underway for roughly 4 years now.
465:, not all people believe slum upgrading is the ideal choice for solving the problem of slums. In fact, there are a number of different players – such as local
804:
743:
The State of the World's Cities Report 2006/2007: the
Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainability : 30 Years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda
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Slums such as this one, in Mumbai, are the result of extensive urban growth. Slum upgrading's goal is to transform these areas into decent housing areas.
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The key factor in this has been that the cities that have grown most rapidly have been cities in the developing world. For example, the cities of
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and safety of the air for all inhabitants, even though it is still at a level, which scientists say, is equivalent to smoking half a pack of
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the growth of urban populations as a whole, but the world has also seen phenomenal growth with regards to individual cities, including
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billion by the year 2030, and the policy of slum upgrading will not affect the mass migration of the rural poor to the cities.
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213:, still hold the policy of bulldozing squatter settlements (which form the basis of many slums), but other countries, such as
125:) has a population large enough to be considered a "hypercity." However, by 2025 Asia alone may have eleven of these cities.
863:"Baan Mankong participatory slum upgrading in Bangkok, Thailand: Community perceptions of outcomes and security of tenure"
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and similar agencies. It is considered by the proponents a necessary and important component of urban development in the
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by addressing the social needs of the community, and improving integration into the formal urban economy.
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176:. In essence, there were three solutions taken seriously by the international community: subsidized
144:, are forty times larger than they were in 1950. While much of this growth has come as a result of
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Angel, S. (1983). "Upgrading Slum
Infrastructure: Divergent Objectives in Search of a Consensus".
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for an extended period of time, so this creates a huge problem for attempts at slum upgrading.
273:, a major player in the worldwide effort to promote slum upgrading) in order to accomplish the
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and good paths for people to walk on, people would gradually better their abodes on their own.
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The Marins-Pecheurs project, which was implemented by The Most
Clearing House organization in
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Until the 1970s, countries took a very hands off approach to the difficulties of third world
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469:– who would like to see the status quo concerning slums should be removed. Yet beyond petty
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According to
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According to the 2006/2007 UN-HABITAT State of the World's Cities Report, the countries of
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subsequent costs of maintenance are often higher. In fact, a minority (47 percent) of the
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The State of the World's Cities 2010/11: Cities for All : Bridging the Urban Divide
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officially supports the policy of slum upgrading, making it one of the foremost ways of
188:, requiring more invasive measures and thus giving rise to the idea of slum upgrading).
805:"Smog disaster in Mexico City, all residents "smoking" half a pack of cigarettes a day"
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Field E. and M. Kremer. 2006. "Impact
Evaluation for Slum Upgrading Interventions",
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184:, and "organized self-help". However, people began to recognize housing as a basic
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717:, World Bank Thematic Group on Poverty Analysis, Monitoring and Impact Evaluation.
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894:"Baan Mankong: going to scale with "slum" and squatter upgrading in Thailand"
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has attempted to separate land ownership deeds and the actual development of
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Slum upgrading is used mainly for projects inspired by or engaged by
819:"The story of integrated slum upgrading in Salvador (Bahia), Brazil"
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Eaves, Elisabeth. "Two
Billion Slum Dwellers." Forbes. 11 June 2007.
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refocused attention on how to alleviate the problem of slums. The
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per day because of the still vast number of cars and unregulated
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The second problem with slum upgrading stems from the fact that
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levels in Mexico City drastically and has greatly increased the
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Corrupt, inefficient, or inadequate land registration systems
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towards lifting a significant number of slum dwellers out of
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often demolishes them instead. Migrant workers coming to
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791:"Driving in Mexico City – "Hoy No Circula" Restrictions"
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Freedom to Build; Dweller
Control of the Housing Process
611:. Ed. Willem Van Vliet. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 589-92.
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Disintegration of customary and traditional protections
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160:has accounted for a huge portion of this worldwide
638:"China's Migrant Workers: No Place to Call Home."
607:Strassmann, W. Paul. 1998. "Third World Housing."
571:"United Nations Millennium Development Goals."
351:has invested in a scheme to improve the city's
847:"UPA's Target: A Slum-free India in 5 Years."
78:or in a way that has long-term effectiveness.
16:Strategy to improve low-quality housing areas
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970:Werlin, Herbert. "The Slum Upgrading Myth."
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642:. 7 June 2007. Accessed 24 November 2010.
288:Insufficient legal and regulatory systems
620:Turner, John F. C., and Robert Fichter.
424:Instead of attempting to develop slums,
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303:Lack of political will around the issue
892:Boonyabancha, Somsook (1 April 2005).
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851:. 5 June 2009. Web. 17 November 2010.
833:"Shelter Upgrading in Agadir Morocco"
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347:into the Mexico city air. Also, the
756:Habitat for Humanity Shelter Report
715:Doing Impact Evaluation Series No.3
793:. MexInsurance.com. 9 August 2022.
543:"Slum Upgrading | Cities Alliance"
355:system, and more specifically its
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861:Archer, Diane (31 January 2012).
879:10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.08.006
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371:In Salvador (Bahia), Brazil, a
493:cannot afford to provide free
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898:Environment and Urbanization
624:. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
275:Millennium Development Goals
230:Millennium Development Goals
950:Third World Planning Review
609:The Encyclopedia of Housing
575:. Accessed 3 November 2010.
34:may have misleading content
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919:10.1177/095624780501700104
745:. London: Earthscan, 2006.
666:. London: Earthscan, 2010.
453:Problems in implementation
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291:Excessive land regulation
245:with respect to slums.
82:Background and overview
974:36.9 (1999): 1523-534.
952:, Vol. 5, No. 1: 5-22.
835:. Most Clearing House.
595:. London: Verso, 2006.
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310:Examples of solutions
294:Gender discrimination
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367:Single-family homes
315:Pollution solutions
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849:The Times of India
821:. Cities Alliance.
547:citiesalliance.org
491:Developing nations
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467:politicians
321:Mexico City
203:clean water
693:3 December
552:5 February
530:References
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495:utilities
406:President
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191:In 1972,
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513:See also
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266:Thailand
906:Bibcode
758:. 2008.
430:Beijing
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262:Tunisia
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168:History
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