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511:. Since this species is primarily attached to violet that grows in wild grasslands, modern agricultural practices which have caused most of Europe's grasslands to become fragmented or destroyed for farmland have a severe effect on the butterfly. Without native violets to host their larvae, this species is facing decline across Europe. This species also struggles with breeding across habitat fragments as it must lay eggs exclusively on violets in order to have any viable offspring. However, adults seem to be quite flexible in their movement patterns, with one study stating that only 45% of released
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486:(a “warm leathery tone”) and males in South Dakota (a “chestnut brown” color), indicating potential genetic differences between the two populations, which are separated by unsuitable habitat and by a distance of 2000 miles (3218.688 km). However, due to the age of the study, more work is needed to confirm that local adaptation is indeed taking place in North American populations of small pearl-bordered fritillaries instead of individual plasticity.
56:
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390:, which provides shade for the appropriate violet species. The caterpillars overwinter by hibernating, and then reemerge in the spring to finish growth and pupate. However, recent studies have shown that times of laying, hatching, and reemerging vary by temperature, and all life cycle stages appear to be strongly linked to the timing of the seasons. This effect is a suspected form of
842:
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struggles with sibling mating, as shown when almost no viable offspring came from sibling mating. This could be detrimental to a population that already has reduced individual genetic diversity, as sibling mating will become more common as fragmentation chips away at short distance migration and gene
464:
that were introduced in the UK for sport hunting (in quantities of almost 40 million birds according to a study done on ground birds' impact on local wildlife). However, no major decline was detected from the introduced predators alone, as there was no significance between reduced adult emergence and
526:
A study in
Germany found that over 40 years (1971–2011), populations of adults dropped rapidly on agricultural land, while dropping slightly less severely in native grasslands (although still decreasing by almost 83%). The article stated that fragmented habitat protection does a poor job of securing
518:
Another study found that this species has another characteristic which makes it vulnerable to extinction: it is not only a dietary specialist, also migrates only small distances. This creates problems for the species, since fragmentation most strongly affects animals that migrate short distances and
250:
but has black chevrons on the edge of its wings, a large central black dot on each wing, and white pearls on the underside. Males tend to be smaller than females, with a wingspan of 35 to 41 mm. Females are 38 to 44 mm in length. Though the small pearl-bordered fritillary is similar to the
267:
Haw.) (67g). Forewing above and beneath very similar to tliat of the preceding . Hindwing beneath with the median band distinct but not broad, the costal spot of the band, the large tooth above the apex of the cell and the one below the cell-end being vividly silvery like the marginal lunules; the
502:
There appears to be no place (at least in Europe) that is not suffering from at least light population degradation. Many studies in the UK (where population loss is most severe) and several studies from other areas of Europe state that the small pearl-bordered fritillary is rapidly declining in
477:
A study using North
American populations found that sibling mating events of this species almost always result in unviable offspring. Even hybrids that were crossed with individuals from parent populations often had unviable offspring. This indicates that this species requires non-kin mating to
493:
are quite plastic in their response to temperature variation, and will adjust much of their life cycle in response to temperature changes such as an earlier warming that comes with an early spring. The same study also analyzed among and between population data, and suggested that these animals
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are fragmented or lost all together in favor of farmland. Because of this, the small pearl-bordered fritillary has seen a serious drop in population across Europe, in some places as much as 80%. Factors including limited habitat range, low dispersal rate, and strong food specialization also
523:. While long distance migratory species are often unaffected and sedentary species are often able to better use the fragments they are in, short distance migrators like the small pearl-bordered fritillary are unable to properly disperse and are hit hardest from environmental damage.
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broad interspace between the median band and the marginal lunules is leatheryellow and bears below the apex and above the anal angle two large dark cinnamon clouds; obsolescent silvery selenia bands extend from the costal and abdominal margins towards the centre of the wing.
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contribute to population loss. Despite modern conservation efforts, the number of small pearl-bordered fritillaries is still declining. The North
American populations appear to be affected in the same way, at least in the continental United States.
342:
is widespread across upland and western
Britain, but is not found in central, eastern England or Ireland. Its range appears to be stable through much of Europe but declines have been reported in at least nine countries, including England.
538:. However, the species seems to fare well as adults in a variety of artificial and natural habitats, with the same study showing slightly larger numbers of the species in farmland than in wild habitat in 1971. Another big issue is that
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The larvae of this species hatch in the late summer to early fall. They feed exclusively on violets and are active mostly at night. In drier areas, dog violets are used while in wetter areas the species feeds on bog violets
1031:
Callegari, Sarah E; Bonham, Emma; Hoodless, Andrew N; Sage, Rufus B; Holloway, Graham J (2014). "Impact of game bird release on the Adonis blue butterfly
Polyommatus bellargus (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae) on chalk grassland".
702:
Filz, Katharina J; Engler, Jan O; Stoffels, Johannes; Weitzel, Matthias; Schmitt, Thomas (2012). "Missing the target? A critical view on butterfly conservation efforts on calcareous grasslands in south-western
Germany".
451:
This species is well known to migrate short distances during its reproductive stage, but does not appear to make any long distance migrations that cross over unsuitable habitats such as farmland and urban areas.
1077:
Swanson, Daniel R. (2013). "A review of the ambush bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae) of
Michigan: identification and additional considerations for two common eastern species".
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quickly capitalize on early warming and late cooling regardless of location (in the US at least), and seem to also know when to wait longer or shorter before beginning reproduction.
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biodiversity and protecting many species that are in peril, as it does not account for many species that cannot seek extra fragmented breeding sites. Many species, including
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survive, which may help with decreasing inbreeding events. Certain larvae did better in their home environments and struggled in foreign environments, indicating potential
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specimens were able to be found and recaptured. This indicates that farmland itself appears to more strongly damage reproduction rates instead of general adult survival.
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This species is found across Europe and North
America in grassland environments where native violets grow. It occurs in damp, grassy habitats, woodland clearings and
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Roy, David B; Oliver, Tom H; Botham, Marc S; Beckmann, Bjorn; Brereton, Tom; Dennis, Roger L. H; Harrower, Colin; Phillimore, Albert B; Thomas, Jeremy A (2015).
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These drastic changes stem from the continued expansion of agriculture over time that continued to damage and degrade the remaining native breeding habitat for
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924:
Dapporto, Leonardo; Dennis, Roger L.H (2013). "The generalist–specialist continuum: Testing predictions for distribution and trends in
British butterflies".
814:
Powers, Nicole M.; Larsen, Kirk J. (2014). "Butterflies (Lepidoptera) on hill prairies of
Allamakee County, Iowa: a comparison of the late 1980s with 2013".
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in its larval stage, and eggs hatch in the late summer to early autumn. Members of this species are prey for multiple types of birds and other insects.
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have been observed to fly in a brood once a year sometime in the summer. Adult small pearl-bordered fritillaries feed on the following plants:
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seen in many species of insects, especially ones in temperate climates that experience large temperature changes due to a change in seasons.
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pearl-bordered fritillary it is much brighter in color because the pearl-bordered fritillary emerges from its pupa earlier. Seitz - A.
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Figs 1 larva after 2nd moult, 1a larva after 3nd moult; 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e larva after 4th moult; 1f pupa side view; 1g pupa front view
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Adults mate and lay eggs in the spring on or in the near vicinity of violets. A common violet selected for oviposition is the
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Small birds appear to be major predators of both larval and adult stages, including introduced ground birds such as
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976:"Higher mobility of butterflies than moths connected to habitat suitability and body size in a release experiment"
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531:, fail to find good nesting sites as they cannot pass through the human habitat that divides suitable fragments.
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stages. This species prefers wet grassland habitats, where its larval food source, violets, are found. It
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759:"Similarities in butterfly emergence dates among populations suggest local adaptation to climate"
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1101:"Genetic and Phenotypic Differentiation and Geographic Distance in Four Species of Lepidoptera"
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406:, it is formed with its head down. This transformative stage lasts about two to three weeks.
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Kuussaari, Mikko; Saarinen, Matias; Korpela, Eeva-Liisa; Pöyry, Juha; Hyvönen, Terho (2014).
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Die GroĂźschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter
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873:"Mass planting of marsh violets key to saving rare UK butterfly, says National Trust"
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Caterpillars pupate between mid May and August. When the larvae forms the pupa, or
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Due to modern agriculture, most of the grassland habitats that sustain
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was identified as a prey, although predation rates were not studied.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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482:. There were also slight coloration changes between males in
839:, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren)
386:. They prefer the damper areas. They also occur among
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The species is widespread across central and northern
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The small pearl-bordered fritillary is similar to the
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465:increased ground birds. In a study of ambush bugs,
330:and in the Midwestern United States in places like
503:numbers. This is likely from indirect harm due to
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318:. Specifically, it can be found in places like
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1173:distribution profile can be accessed through
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1157:Butterfly Conservation management Fact Sheet
519:are unable to cross the gaps made by human
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1152:Butterfly Conservation website description
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1034:European Journal of Wildlife Research
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1349:58c50ea9-9b6a-43b0-9b34-08322c3fe114
1619:Taxa named by Ignaz SchiffermĂĽller
1162:Bracken for butterflies fact-sheet
1118:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb00189.x
14:
835:in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1,
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24:Small pearl-bordered fritillary
188:small pearl-bordered fritillary
871:Kevany, Sophie (10 May 2024).
1:
1594:Butterflies described in 1775
705:Biodiversity and Conservation
473:Genetics and local adaptation
350:, but has also been found in
1609:Butterflies of North America
1079:The Great Lakes Entomologist
946:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.09.016
190:and in North America as the
1614:Taxa named by Michael Denis
354:slacks and coastal cliffs.
218:, and feeds exclusively on
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1224:Boloria (Clossiana) selene
1099:Oliver, Charles G (1972).
859:Silver-bordered Fritillary
677:Silver-bordered Fritillary
192:silver-bordered fritillary
1046:10.1007/s10344-014-0847-7
717:10.1007/s10531-012-0413-0
338:. In the United Kingdom,
248:pearl-bordered fritillary
186:, known in Europe as the
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51:Scientific classification
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816:Great Lakes Entomologist
926:Biological Conservation
861:, Butterflies of Canada
659:Butterfliesandmoths.org
1166:Butterfly Conservation
543:flow in this species.
1604:Butterflies of Europe
980:Ecology and Evolution
763:Global Change Biology
206:. It is found across
1344:Fauna Europaea (new)
898:"SPECIES FACT SHEET"
489:Another study found
16:Species of butterfly
1599:Butterflies of Asia
992:2014EcoEv...4.3800K
938:2013BCons.157..229D
775:2015GCBio..21.3313R
521:habitat destruction
505:habitat destruction
664:2008-06-13 at the
619:B. s. atrocostalis
603:British Entomology
596:Illustration from
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1507:Open Tree of Life
1186:Taxon identifiers
1000:10.1002/ece3.1187
783:10.1111/gcb.12920
384:tufted hair-grass
380:purple moor-grass
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1218:Wikispecies
1171:NBN Gateway
598:John Curtis
560:Dorsal view
280:Dorsal side
255:Schiff. (=
228:overwinters
204:Nymphalidae
118:Nymphalidae
108:Lepidoptera
40:Wyre Forest
1583:Categories
1539:Q109585206
1447:ClossSelen
932:: 229–36.
646:References
621:, mating,
606:, Volume 5
358:Life cycle
257:euphrosyne
242:Appearance
88:Arthropoda
1105:Evolution
833:Seitz. A.
822:: 114–28.
462:pheasants
456:Predators
404:chrysalis
261:euphrasia
200:butterfly
136:Species:
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1533:Wikidata
1460:2.107166
1444:MaBENA:
1409:LepIndex
1388:10265976
1279:BugGuide
1255:BioLib:
1245:BAMONA:
1203:Wikidata
1135:27464239
1127:28555741
1064:28735005
1018:25614794
956:27189070
801:26390228
735:27586585
725:16496867
662:Archived
418:. Adult
348:moorland
334:and the
259:Bgstr.,
114:Family:
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1589:Boloria
1566:4535492
1512:1038979
1362:1912325
1209:Q901373
1009:4301046
988:Bibcode
934:Bibcode
792:4744750
771:Bibcode
623:Ontario
436:Bugle (
432:Thistle
427:Bramble
388:bracken
336:Dakotas
320:Germany
222:in its
220:violets
196:species
194:, is a
174:, 1775)
129:Boloria
124:Genus:
104:Order:
98:Insecta
94:Class:
1486:191398
1414:154083
1401:188567
1336:441705
1310:153658
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679:, CBIF
627:Canada
584:Mating
328:Sweden
326:, and
322:, the
304:Europe
265:silene
263:Lew.,
253:selene
224:larval
208:Europe
170:&
1553:4CKPJ
1421:LoB:
1383:IRMNG
1375:54068
1323:91004
1318:EUNIS
1297:68NV3
1284:28322
1271:16999
1258:51558
1131:S2CID
1058:INIST
1054:59906
1050:S2CID
950:INIST
908:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
729:INIST
721:S2CID
410:Adult
374:) or
363:Larva
316:Korea
168:Denis
1561:GBIF
1481:NCBI
1437:4464
1432:MONA
1424:5618
1396:ITIS
1357:GBIF
1266:BOLD
1123:PMID
1014:PMID
884:2024
797:PMID
507:and
398:Pupa
352:dune
332:Iowa
312:Asia
214:and
212:Asia
1548:CoL
1499:682
1468:NBN
1305:EoL
1292:CoL
1164:by
1113:doi
1042:doi
1004:PMC
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