600:
2331:”these attitudes, even if sincerely felt by those who expressed them, ranged from stereotypical expressions of hostility to those of homosexual orientation, to vague expressions of unease about the presence of homosexual colleagues. To the extent that they represent a predisposed bias on the part of a heterosexual majority against a homosexual minority, these negative attitudes cannot, of themselves, be considered by the Court to amount to sufficient justification for the interferences with the applicants' rights outlined above any more than similar negative attitudes towards those of a different race, origin or colour".
698:
115:
584:
417:
2327:. The government policy had been given both statutory recognition and recognition by the lower courts and the court considered that the policy could be said to be in the pursuit of the legitimate aim interests of national security" and "the prevention of disorder". However, the court was not satisfied that the policy could be considered "necessary in a democratic society". The court was not satisfied that the government had provided credible justification for its treatment of homosexual personnel. Observing that:
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2293:. The decision, which caused widespread controversy at the time led the UK to adopt a revised sexual-orientation-free Armed Forces Code of Social Conduct in January 2000. In UK law the decision is notable because the applicants' case had previously been dismissed in both the High Court and Court of Appeal, who had found that the authorities' actions had not violated the principles of legality including
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while in the RAF. The service police asked her intimate questions on the details of her sexual life, asking for the names of previous partners, her HIV status and other details. A few months later Smith was given an administrative discharge from the Royal Air Force. Grady had been a member of the Armed forces since 1980 but was discharged following disclosures of a nanny working for the
520:
206:
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The decision was initially controversial, with gay rights advocates arguing that it represented a breakthrough but some politicians and commentators expressing concerns that the decision would disrupt Armed Forces morale. Today, such fears are widely regarded as having been proven unfounded. The
2305:
Smith had been a member of the Royal Air Force since 1989. In June 1994 a woman telephoned the air force alleging that Smith was a lesbian and had been sexually harassing the caller. Smith was questioned by the service police and admitted that she was gay and that she had a same-sex relationship
2335:
The court considered that the government had not offered convincing and weighty reasons for the investigation of the applicants sexual orientation or their subsequent discharge and therefore considered that there had been a breach of their right to a private life under
Article 8 of the European
2322:
of the
European Convention. The issue for the court was therefore whether such an interference could be justified. In order for an interference under article 8 to be justified it is necessary that it is in accordance with the law, in the pursuit of a legitimate aim, and must be considered
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told delegates at a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender conference that "respect for others is not an optional extra" and in July 2009 diversity within the armed services was actively celebrated with the first openly gay serviceman featured on the front cover of the armed forces'
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1569:
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The decision has come to be widely accepted both within the military and outside it with Wing
Commander Phil Sagar of the armed forces' joint equality and diversity training centre issuing a formal apology on behalf of the
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1865:
914:
743:
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magazine. In 2015 following the fifteenth anniversary of the lifting of the gay ban the
Ministry of Defence announced changes to its equal opportunities policy which allowed new recruits to disclose their sexuality.
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that unanimously found that the investigation into and subsequent discharge of personnel from HM Forces on the basis they were homosexual was a breach of their right to a private life under
Article 8 of the
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2310:. The applicants sought to challenge their discharges first through a domestic judicial review, and when this was unsuccessful they launched an application to the European Court of Human Rights.
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Ministry of
Defence has concluded that the policy had "been hailed as a solid achievement" and that "there has been no perceived effect on morale, unit cohesion or operational effectiveness".
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in 2007 to those affected by the MOD's former policy. The current attitude of the Armed Forces was demonstrated in
October 2008 when the outgoing head of the British Army,
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of the domestic proceedings which expressed doubts about the durability of the armed forces policy towards homosexuals.
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The
British government conceded that there had been an interference with the applicants' right to a private life under
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Mowbray has suggested that the court may have been influenced in its decision by the doubts expressed by some of the
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2616:"The UK's ban on gays in the military was lifted 15 years ago today – PinkNews · PinkNews"
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2563:"Army's top general makes history by addressing conference on homosexuality"
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1045:
2590:"Armed Forces celebrates diversity with gay serviceman in Soldier magazine"
1942:
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1301:
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915:
Historical Sexual
Offences (Pardons and Disregards) (Scotland) Act 2018
1216:
998:
Civil
Partnerships, Marriages and Deaths (Registration etc) Act 2019
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European Court of Human Rights cases involving the United Kingdom
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Full text of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights
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Cases and Materials on the European Convention on Human Rights
948:
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003
938:
Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999
2469:
2467:
90:
Right to A Private Life, Homosexuality in the Military
2670:
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights
2508:, Para 111 (European Court of Human Rights),
1086:
National AIDS Trust v NHS Service Commissioning Board
2665:
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
2660:
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights
2536:"Defence ministry apologises for gay discrimination"
2490:, Para 97 (European Court of Human Rights),
1003:
Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019
84:
73:
68:
43:
35:
25:
20:
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993:Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
968:Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007
2284:(1999) 29 EHRR 493 was a notable decision of the
1609:
2399:
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2141:MSM activity not grounds for military discharge
2098:Gay men allowed to donate blood (1 yr deferral)
1722:Plans to make lesbian activity illegal defeated
910:Merchant Shipping (Homosexual Conduct) Act 2017
2260:
1796:MSM activity made legal (England & Wales)
8:
2067:Incitement to homophobic hatred made a crime
2196:Blood donation deferral 3 months (incl. NI)
2160:Blood donation deferral 3 months (excl. NI)
978:Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008
2267:
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883:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
95:
17:
2381:Lustig-Prean and Beckett v United Kingdom
1992:MSM activity involving multiple men legal
973:Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
1852:
2521:
2473:
2405:"Delight and despair at gay ban ruling"
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1236:
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802:NHS Gender Identity Development Service
718:
121:
103:
77:R v Ministry of Defence, ex p Smith
7:
2118:Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
1647:Offences Against the Person Act 1828
1422:BFI Flare: London LGBT Film Festival
988:Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
888:Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000
866:Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980
842:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
837:Offences Against the Person Act 1828
2680:United Kingdom LGBT rights case law
2426:Armed Forces Code of Social Conduct
2291:European Convention on Human Rights
1670:Death penalty for buggery abolished
1974:Gay men allowed in HM Armed Forces
1392:GFest – gayWise LGBT Arts Festival
14:
2588:Simpson, Aislinn (27 July 2009),
2561:Rayment, Sean (11 October 2008),
2325:necessary in a democratic society
2205:Blood donation deferral equalised
1923:Age of consent for MSM becomes 18
786:Gender identity, sex and intersex
2233:
2221:
1515:Campaign for Homosexual Equality
1322:Labour Campaign for Trans Rights
1070:Goodwin & I v United Kingdom
1062:Smith and Grady v United Kingdom
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2690:1999 in United Kingdom case law
2534:Attewill, Fred (28 June 2007),
2308:British Defence Liaison Service
1934:becomes first openly lesbian MP
1703:found guilty of gross indecency
2379:The parallel ECHR decision in
2286:European Court of Human Rights
2109:becomes first openly trans MEP
1984:Age of consent equalised to 16
1878:elected as first openly gay MP
1262:Black Gay Men's Advisory Group
943:Adoption and Children Act 2002
871:Homosexual Offences Order 1982
607:British Indian Ocean Territory
30:European Court of Human Rights
1:
2428:, retrieved 28 December 2009.
2023:Civil partnerships introduced
1956:becomes first openly gay Lord
1636:Buggery Act extended to Wales
1520:Homosexual Law Reform Society
1575:Violence against LGBT people
2362:General Sir Richard Dannatt
2295:Wednesbury unreasonableness
2034:Gender Recognition Act 2004
1712:The Cave of the Golden Calf
1246:LGBT advocacy & support
1054:Sutherland v United Kingdom
958:Gender Recognition Act 2004
898:Policing and Crime Act 2017
687:Saint Helena, Ascension and
591:British Antarctic Territory
406:Saint Helena, Ascension and
2711:
2438:Mowbray, Alasdair (2007).
1866:barred from donating blood
1657:James Pratt and John Smith
1078:HJ and HT v Home Secretary
953:Civil Partnership Act 2004
927:Protection and recognition
2685:History of the Royal Navy
2188:legal across UK, incl. NI
2000:Same sex couples granted
1184:Canal Street (Manchester)
89:
2407:. BBC. 27 September 1999
1691:Cleveland Street scandal
1626:Death penalty introduced
1570:First LGBT officeholders
1530:Gay Rights Working Party
1194:Pride Quarter, Liverpool
1038:Dudgeon v United Kingdom
893:Sexual Offences Act 2003
861:Sexual Offences Act 1967
807:Gender Recognition Panel
424:Turks and Caicos Islands
2448:Oxford University Press
2057:Equalised access to IVF
1840:AIDS reported in the UK
1307:LGBT+ Liberal Democrats
1272:Naz and Matt Foundation
1257:Hall–Carpenter Archives
2333:
1965:Admiral Duncan bombing
1174:Birmingham Gay Village
707:South Sandwich Islands
310:British Virgin Islands
61:(1999) 11 Admin LR 879
2329:
2002:equal rights to adopt
1829:made legal (Scotland)
1817:Jeremy Thorpe resigns
1447:Nottinghamshire Pride
1402:Homotopia (Liverpool)
933:Public Order Act 1986
705:South Georgia and the
559:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
278:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
107:in the United Kingdom
2695:1999 in LGBT history
2505:Smith and Grady v UK
2487:Smith and Grady v UK
2281:Smith and Grady v UK
1680:Labouchere Amendment
1525:Gay Liberation Front
848:Labouchere Amendment
244:Overseas Territories
21:Smith and Grady v UK
2595:The Daily Telegraph
2568:The Daily Telegraph
2358:Ministry of Defence
2059:for lesbian couples
2013:Section 28 repealed
1565:List of politicians
1312:LGBT+ Conservatives
759:History of violence
99:Part of a series on
2174:gay marriage in NI
2131:same-sex marriages
2075:Public apology to
1535:Order of Chaeronea
1467:Pride in Liverpool
1417:LGBT History Month
1189:Old Compton Street
1102:AB v CD and others
1030:X v United Kingdom
792:Transgender rights
728:Sexual orientation
180:Crown dependencies
50:(1999) 29 EHRR 493
2622:. 12 January 2015
2457:978-0-19-920674-2
2277:
2276:
2210:
2209:
2089:Equality Act 2010
1887:Operation Spanner
1819:as Liberal leader
1397:Glasgay! Festival
1292:Outright Scotland
1022:Corbett v Corbett
983:Equality Act 2010
963:Equality Act 2006
774:Same-sex marriage
754:Civil partnership
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439:Same-sex marriage
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39:27 September 1999
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2228:LGBTQ portal
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2045:Discrimination
1902:comes into force
1854:
1783:Wolfenden report
1744:begins crackdown
1628:for MSM activity
1611:
1603:
1602:
1427:Manchester Pride
1367:Birmingham Pride
1337:The Gender Trust
1332:Press for Change
1297:Switchboard (UK)
1094:Bell v Tavistock
855:Wolfenden report
832:Buggery Act 1533
749:Christian nation
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689:Tristan da Cunha
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2107:Nikki Sinclaire
1807:Gay Pride Rally
1774:commits suicide
1742:John Nott-Bower
1600:
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1589:
1580:HIV/AIDS crisis
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1497:
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1472:Pride in London
1412:Leicester Pride
1387:Doncaster Pride
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1282:LGBT Foundation
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1377:Brighton Pride
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744:Blood donation
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739:Age of consent
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720:Policy aspects
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1849:MSM activity
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1827:MSM activity
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1504:Former groups
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1487:Swansea Pride
1485:
1483:
1482:Reading Pride
1480:
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1462:Pride in Hull
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1457:Pride Glasgow
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1382:Bristol Pride
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1238:Organisations
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331:
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283:
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279:
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267:
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218:
217:
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186:
185:
177:
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155:
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139:
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133:
128:
127:
120:
116:
112:
111:
108:
102:
98:
97:
88:
83:
80:
76:
74:Prior actions
72:
67:
60:
57:
55:
52:
49:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:
28:
24:
19:
16:
2624:. Retrieved
2619:
2610:
2599:, retrieved
2593:
2583:
2572:, retrieved
2566:
2556:
2545:, retrieved
2541:The Guardian
2539:
2529:
2522:Mowbray 2007
2517:
2504:
2499:
2486:
2481:
2474:Mowbray 2007
2441:
2433:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2366:
2354:
2350:
2347:Significance
2341:Obiter dicta
2338:
2336:Convention.
2334:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2186:Gay marriage
2180:
2124:
2083:
2047:made illegal
2040:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1979:
1945:found guilty
1932:Angela Eagle
1918:
1911:Stonewall UK
1894:
1851:made legal (
1790:
1664:
1641:
1620:
1614:made illegal
1477:Pride Scotia
1437:Mr Gay Wales
1350:Pride events
1317:LGBT+ Labour
1287:LGBT Network
1167:Gay villages
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
875:
853:
846:
460:
105:LGBT rights
69:Case history
15:
2601:28 December
2574:28 December
2547:28 December
2411:28 December
2152:implemented
2077:Alan Turing
1876:Chris Smith
1772:Alan Turing
1753:Pitt-Rivers
1733:transitions
1731:Mark Weston
1701:Oscar Wilde
1452:Pride Cymru
1407:Leeds Pride
1372:Bourne Free
1362:Big Gay Out
826:Criminality
818:Legislation
543:Isle of Man
229:Isle of Man
123:By location
2654:Categories
2150:Turing law
2133:take place
1900:Section 28
1763:imprisoned
1761:Wildeblood
1682:introduced
1357:BiCon (UK)
1154:Manchester
1015:Litigation
877:Section 28
374:Montserrat
2320:article 8
2170:legislate
1954:Lord Alli
1612:activity
1432:Mr Gay UK
1252:Stonewall
1179:The Calls
1144:Liverpool
1046:R v Brown
655:Gibraltar
443:territory
358:Gibraltar
44:Citations
2374:See also
2314:Judgment
1943:Bolton 7
1864:Gay men
1785:released
1659:executed
1598:Timeline
1560:Timeline
1510:OutRage!
1327:Mermaids
1302:NUS LGBT
1227:Cruising
1211:Gay male
1199:Vauxhall
1129:Brighton
764:HIV/AIDS
734:Adoption
511:Guernsey
479:Scotland
262:Anguilla
197:Guernsey
150:Scotland
85:Keywords
58:IRLR 734
2367:Soldier
1757:Montagu
1546:History
1134:Cardiff
1123:By city
1115:Culture
575:Bermuda
294:Bermuda
54:ECHR 72
36:Decided
2626:2 June
2454:
2383:(1999)
2129:First
1889:begins
1554:Topics
1222:Saunas
1217:Polari
1139:London
1105:(2021)
1097:(2021)
1089:(2016)
1081:(2010)
1073:(2002)
1065:(1999)
1057:(1994)
1049:(1993)
1041:(1981)
1033:(1978)
1025:(1969)
527:Jersey
213:Jersey
79:QB 517
2388:Notes
2301:Facts
1913:forms
1714:opens
1642:1828
1277:FFLAG
1149:Leeds
26:Court
2628:2019
2603:2009
2576:2009
2549:2009
2510:Text
2492:Text
2452:ISBN
2413:2009
2201:2021
2193:2020
2181:2020
2172:for
2168:MPs
2165:2019
2157:2017
2146:2017
2138:2016
2125:2014
2114:2013
2103:2013
2095:2011
2084:2010
2072:2009
2064:2008
2053:2008
2041:2006
2029:2004
2019:2004
2009:2003
1997:2002
1989:2001
1980:2001
1971:2000
1961:1999
1950:1998
1939:1998
1928:1997
1919:1994
1907:1989
1895:1988
1883:1987
1872:1984
1861:1983
1846:1982
1835:1981
1824:1981
1813:1976
1802:1972
1791:1967
1779:1957
1768:1954
1749:1954
1738:1952
1727:1936
1719:1921
1708:1912
1697:1895
1687:1889
1676:1885
1665:1861
1653:1835
1633:1543
1621:1533
1610:MSM
1606:342
1267:Akt
441:by
2656::
2618:.
2592:,
2565:,
2538:,
2466:^
2450:.
2446:.
2396:^
1853:NI
1759:,
1755:,
2630:.
2512:.
2494:.
2460:.
2415:.
2268:e
2261:t
2254:v
1855:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
