430:, are collected for the production of different objects, from furniture to entire log houses. Commercial enterprises market them abroad as "dead wood" or in Finland as "kelo wood". They have been especially prized for their silver-grey weathered surface in the manufacture of vernacular or national romantic products. The suppliers of "dead wood" emphasise its age: the wood has developed with dehydration in the dry coldness of the subarctic zones, the tree having stopped growing after some 300–400 years, and the tree has remained upright for another few hundred years. "Dead wood" logs are easier to transport and handle than normal logs due to their lightness.
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birds and mammals are insectivorous and represent a major portion of the insectivorous forest fauna, and are important factors in controlling forest insect populations. There are many instances in which birds reduced outbreak populations of forest insects, such as woodpeckers affecting outbreaks of southern hardwood borers and
Engelmann spruce beetles.
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389:, partially submerged snags posed hazards to early riverboat navigation and commerce. If hit, snags punctured the wooden hulls used in the 19th century and early 20th century. Snags were, in fact, the most commonly encountered hazard, especially in the early years of steamboat travel. In the United States, the
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in the rivers of
Alabama to pull out and clear snags. Starting in 1824, there were successful efforts to remove snags from the Mississippi and its tributaries. By 1835, a lieutenant reported to the Chief of Engineers that steamboat travel had become much safer, but by the mid-1840s the appropriations
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Snags are optimal habitat for primary cavity nesters such as woodpeckers which create the majority of cavities used by secondary cavity users in forest ecosystems. Woodpeckers excavate cavities for more than 80 other species and the health of their populations relies on snags. Most snag-dependent
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Snag creation occurs naturally as trees die due to old age, disease, drought, or wildfire. A snag undergoes a series of changes from the time the tree dies until final collapse, and each stage in the decay process has particular value to certain wildlife species. Snag persistence depends on two
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Nilsson, Sven G; Niklasson, Mats; Hedin, Jonas; Aronsson, Gillis; Gutowski, Jerzy M; Linder, Per; Ljungberg, Håkan; Mikusiński, Grzegorz; Ranius, Thomas (2002). "Densities of large living and dead trees in old-growth temperate and boreal forests".
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growth supporting aquatic invertebrates in lowland rivers flowing through alluvial flood plains. Snags are important as sites for biofilm growth and for shelter and feeding of aquatic invertebrates in both lowland and upland rivers and streams.
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processes and follow a pathway that is influenced by biological legacies (e.g., large live trees and snags downed logs, seed banks, resprout tissue, fungi, and other live and dead biomass) that were not removed during the initial disturbance.
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Thomas, Jack W., Ralph G. Anderson, Chris Maser, and Evelyn L. Bull. 1979. Snags. p.60-77. In
Wildlife habitats in managed forests the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington, USDA Forest Service. Ag. Hand. No. 553,
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MacNally, Ralph; Parkinson, Amber; Horrocks, Gregory; Young, Matthew (2002). "Current Loads of Coarse Woody Debris on
Southeastern Australian Floodplains: Evaluation of Change and Implications for Restoration".
521:
Delaney, Matt; Brown, Sandra; Lugo, Ariel E.; Torres-Lezama, Armando; Quintero, Narsizo Bello (1998-03-01). "The
Quantity and Turnover of Dead Wood in Permanent Forest Plots in Six Life Zones of Venezuela1".
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require for shelter and breeding. The damage such wholesale snag removal has caused is enormous but difficult to quantify, however some quantification attempts have been made. Most snags in these systems are
285:, are ecosystems that occupy potentially forested sites after a stand-replacement disturbance and before re-establishment of a closed-forest canopy. They are generated by natural disturbances such as
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222:, along with the structural complexity of cavities, hollows, and broken tops make snags important habitat for birds, bats, and small mammals, which in turn feed larger mammalian predators.
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snags. As the dense wood of river red gum is almost impervious to rot it is thought that some of the river red gum snags removed in past decades may have been several thousand years old.
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Snags are an important structural component in forest communities, making up 10–20% of all trees present in old-growth tropical, temperate, and boreal forests. Snags and downed
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Franklin, Jerry F.; Lindenmayer, David; MacMahon, James A.; McKee, Arthur; Magnuson, John; Perry, David A.; Waide, Robert; Foster, David (2000-01-01). "Threads of
Continuity".
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Swanson, Mark E; Franklin, Jerry F; Beschta, Robert L; Crisafulli, Charles M; DellaSala, Dominick A; Hutto, Richard L; Lindenmayer, David B; Swanson, Frederick J (2011-03-01).
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In temperate forests, snags provide critical habitat for more than 100 species of bird and mammal, and snags are often called 'wildlife trees' by foresters. Dead,
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of
Patagonia, can remain intact for 100 years or more, becoming progressively shorter with age, while other snags with rapidly decaying wood, such as
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and the United States, the term snag is used to refer to the trees, branches and other pieces of naturally occurring wood found in a sunken form in
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factors, the size of the stem, and the durability of the wood of the species concerned. The snags of some large conifers, such as
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570:"High Density of Tree-Cavities and Snags in Tropical Dry Forest of Western Mexico Raises Questions for a Latitudinal Gradient"
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Keen, F. P. 1955. The rate of natural falling of beetle-killed ponderosa pine snags. Journal of
Forestry 53(10):720–723.
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368:. Large tracts of the lowland reaches of the Murray-Darling system are now devoid of the snags that native fish like
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Donato, Daniel C.; Fontaine, Joseph B.; Robinson, W. Douglas; Kauffman, J. Boone; Law, Beverly E. (2009-01-01).
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Raphael, Martin G.; White, Marshall (1984-01-01). "Use of Snags by Cavity-Nesting Birds in the Sierra Nevada".
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can be found near water, perched in a snag tree, or feeding upon their fish catch.
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Successional stages of a snag from death of a tree to final decomposition.
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represent a large portion of the woody biomass in a healthy forest.
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568:Vázquez, Leopoldo; Renton, Katherine (2015-01-23).
171:for a wide variety of wildlife but pose hazards to
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
258:on the Pacific Coast of North America, and the
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
712:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
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270:, break up and collapse in 2–10 years.
132:A fir tree snag among living fir trees
277:Stage 5 snags, Wallowa County, Oregon
233:snag provides nest cavities for birds
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544:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00364.x
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1217:Global Forest Information Service
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659:"Region 6 – Resource Management"
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505:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00480-7
493:Forest Ecology and Management
301:Water hunting birds like the
595:10.1371/journal.pone.0116745
407:of Washington State and the
391:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
218:. These organisms and their
283:complex early seral forests
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1328:Growth and yield modelling
453:Complex early seral forest
18:
1902:Earth sciences portal
1888:Climate change portal
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1469:Great Green Wall (Africa)
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886:Hunter, Lewis C. (1977).
353:feeds near a snag in the
1474:Great Green Wall (China)
1047:Close to nature forestry
765:Conservation in Practice
1508:Million Tree Initiative
1930:Environment portal
1362:Sustainable management
1257:Trillion Tree Campaign
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21:Snag (disambiguation)
1518:Shifting cultivation
1459:Forest fragmentation
1429:Carbon sequestration
1299:Woodland Carbon Code
1264:Forest certification
1172:Even-aged management
1087:Sustainable forestry
917:at Wikimedia Commons
366:Murray-Darling basin
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2000:Ecology terminology
1323:Formally designated
1167:Ecological thinning
1077:Plantation forestry
985:Research institutes
894:. pp. 193–272.
852:2002ResEc..10..627M
840:Restoration Ecology
724:2011FrEE....9..117S
637:Wildlife Monographs
586:2015PLoSO..1016745V
536:1998Biotr..30....2D
448:Coarse woody debris
193:coarse woody debris
165:coarse woody debris
65:"Snag" ecology
1916:Ecology portal
1449:Forest degradation
1444:Ecosystem services
1052:Community forestry
892:Dover Publications
804:Journal of Ecology
463:Stream restoration
458:Large woody debris
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418:Dead wood products
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1830:Resin tapper
1810:Truck driver
1805:River driver
1554:Tree hugging
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1489:timber mafia
1479:High grading
1464:Ghost forest
1434:Clearcutting
1357:Silviculture
1333:Horticulture
1177:Fire ecology
1092:Urban forest
1067:Mycoforestry
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1023:Agroforestry
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106:October 2016
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48:Please help
43:verification
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1874:WikiProject
1798:smokejumper
1778:Firefighter
1741:Occupations
1725:Woodworking
1306:Forestation
1237:restoration
1192:informatics
1057:Ecoforestry
771:(1): 8–17.
530:(1): 2–11.
468:Tree hollow
405:Puget Sound
307:kingfishers
293:that reset
177:Scandinavia
1994:Categories
1820:Lumberjack
1815:Log scaler
1698:engineered
1649:non-timber
1622:sawmilling
1574:Industries
1541:svedjebruk
1252:transition
1232:protection
1222:old-growth
1207:governance
1162:Dendrology
1112:management
978:Ministries
741:1885/60278
668:2016-10-22
524:Biotropica
474:References
410:Montgomery
393:operated "
370:Murray cod
333:sites for
76:newspapers
2020:Limnology
2005:Dead wood
1768:Ecologist
1681:Tree farm
1582:Coppicing
1524:chitemene
1424:Acid rain
1372:allometry
1294:SmartWood
1242:secondary
1227:pathology
1202:inventory
1140:driftwood
1006:Arbor Day
868:1526-100X
824:1365-2745
785:1552-5228
750:1540-9309
604:1932-6203
552:1744-7429
395:snagboats
387:deadheads
362:Australia
323:Australia
220:consumers
16:Dead tree
1969:Category
1783:handcrew
1753:Arborist
1748:Forester
1708:mahogany
1654:palm oil
1644:charcoal
1629:Products
1564:Wildfire
1377:breeding
1338:GM trees
1187:dynamics
999:Journals
992:Colleges
952:Forestry
622:25615612
574:PLOS ONE
442:See also
331:spawning
287:wildfire
204:bacteria
2015:Habitat
1979:Outline
1793:lookout
1788:hotshot
1669:tanbark
1639:biomass
1634:biochar
1612:plywood
1597:Logging
1501:wilding
1150:log jam
1107:Ecology
848:Bibcode
720:Bibcode
645:3830575
613:4304802
582:Bibcode
532:Bibcode
428:torraka
403:in the
339:biofilm
212:insects
181:Finland
169:habitat
161:streams
141:ecology
90:scholar
1825:Ranger
1773:Feller
1758:Bucker
1664:rubber
1607:lumber
1417:topics
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1399:height
1345:i-Tree
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1389:crown
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1145:large
1016:Types
964:Index
687:512p.
641:JSTOR
268:birch
264:aspen
208:fungi
97:JSTOR
83:books
1718:teak
1703:fuel
1693:Wood
1513:REDD
1367:Tree
1284:PEFC
1269:ATFS
915:Snag
864:ISSN
820:ISSN
781:ISSN
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618:PMID
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424:kelo
335:fish
266:and
254:and
206:and
159:and
149:tree
145:snag
143:, a
69:news
1289:SFI
1279:FSC
1274:CFS
1212:law
1197:IPM
1109:and
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