441:, are collected for the production of different objects, from furniture to entire log houses. Commercial enterprises market them abroad as "dead wood" or in Finland as "kelo wood". They have been especially prized for their silver-grey weathered surface in the manufacture of vernacular or national romantic products. The suppliers of "dead wood" emphasise its age: the wood has developed with dehydration in the dry coldness of the subarctic zones, the tree having stopped growing after some 300–400 years, and the tree has remained upright for another few hundred years. "Dead wood" logs are easier to transport and handle than normal logs due to their lightness.
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birds and mammals are insectivorous and represent a major portion of the insectivorous forest fauna, and are important factors in controlling forest insect populations. There are many instances in which birds reduced outbreak populations of forest insects, such as woodpeckers affecting outbreaks of southern hardwood borers and
Engelmann spruce beetles.
140:
400:, partially submerged snags posed hazards to early riverboat navigation and commerce. If hit, snags punctured the wooden hulls used in the 19th century and early 20th century. Snags were, in fact, the most commonly encountered hazard, especially in the early years of steamboat travel. In the United States, the
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in the rivers of
Alabama to pull out and clear snags. Starting in 1824, there were successful efforts to remove snags from the Mississippi and its tributaries. By 1835, a lieutenant reported to the Chief of Engineers that steamboat travel had become much safer, but by the mid-1840s the appropriations
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Snags are optimal habitat for primary cavity nesters such as woodpeckers which create the majority of cavities used by secondary cavity users in forest ecosystems. Woodpeckers excavate cavities for more than 80 other species and the health of their populations relies on snags. Most snag-dependent
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Snag creation occurs naturally as trees die due to old age, disease, drought, or wildfire. A snag undergoes a series of changes from the time the tree dies until final collapse, and each stage in the decay process has particular value to certain wildlife species. Snag persistence depends on two
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Nilsson, Sven G; Niklasson, Mats; Hedin, Jonas; Aronsson, Gillis; Gutowski, Jerzy M; Linder, Per; Ljungberg, Håkan; Mikusiński, Grzegorz; Ranius, Thomas (2002). "Densities of large living and dead trees in old-growth temperate and boreal forests".
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growth supporting aquatic invertebrates in lowland rivers flowing through alluvial flood plains. Snags are important as sites for biofilm growth and for shelter and feeding of aquatic invertebrates in both lowland and upland rivers and streams.
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processes and follow a pathway that is influenced by biological legacies (e.g., large live trees and snags downed logs, seed banks, resprout tissue, fungi, and other live and dead biomass) that were not removed during the initial disturbance.
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Thomas, Jack W., Ralph G. Anderson, Chris Maser, and Evelyn L. Bull. 1979. Snags. p.60-77. In
Wildlife habitats in managed forests the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington, USDA Forest Service. Ag. Hand. No. 553,
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MacNally, Ralph; Parkinson, Amber; Horrocks, Gregory; Young, Matthew (2002). "Current Loads of Coarse Woody Debris on
Southeastern Australian Floodplains: Evaluation of Change and Implications for Restoration".
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Delaney, Matt; Brown, Sandra; Lugo, Ariel E.; Torres-Lezama, Armando; Quintero, Narsizo Bello (1998-03-01). "The
Quantity and Turnover of Dead Wood in Permanent Forest Plots in Six Life Zones of Venezuela1".
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require for shelter and breeding. The damage such wholesale snag removal has caused is enormous but difficult to quantify, however some quantification attempts have been made. Most snags in these systems are
296:, are ecosystems that occupy potentially forested sites after a stand-replacement disturbance and before re-establishment of a closed-forest canopy. They are generated by natural disturbances such as
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233:, along with the structural complexity of cavities, hollows, and broken tops make snags important habitat for birds, bats, and small mammals, which in turn feed larger mammalian predators.
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snags. As the dense wood of river red gum is almost impervious to rot it is thought that some of the river red gum snags removed in past decades may have been several thousand years old.
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Snags are an important structural component in forest communities, making up 10–20% of all trees present in old-growth tropical, temperate, and boreal forests. Snags and downed
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Franklin, Jerry F.; Lindenmayer, David; MacMahon, James A.; McKee, Arthur; Magnuson, John; Perry, David A.; Waide, Robert; Foster, David (2000-01-01). "Threads of
Continuity".
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Swanson, Mark E; Franklin, Jerry F; Beschta, Robert L; Crisafulli, Charles M; DellaSala, Dominick A; Hutto, Richard L; Lindenmayer, David B; Swanson, Frederick J (2011-03-01).
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In temperate forests, snags provide critical habitat for more than 100 species of bird and mammal, and snags are often called 'wildlife trees' by foresters. Dead,
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of
Patagonia, can remain intact for 100 years or more, becoming progressively shorter with age, while other snags with rapidly decaying wood, such as
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and the United States, the term snag is used to refer to the trees, branches and other pieces of naturally occurring wood found in a sunken form in
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factors, the size of the stem, and the durability of the wood of the species concerned. The snags of some large conifers, such as
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581:"High Density of Tree-Cavities and Snags in Tropical Dry Forest of Western Mexico Raises Questions for a Latitudinal Gradient"
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Keen, F. P. 1955. The rate of natural falling of beetle-killed ponderosa pine snags. Journal of
Forestry 53(10):720–723.
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379:. Large tracts of the lowland reaches of the Murray-Darling system are now devoid of the snags that native fish like
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Donato, Daniel C.; Fontaine, Joseph B.; Robinson, W. Douglas; Kauffman, J. Boone; Law, Beverly E. (2009-01-01).
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Raphael, Martin G.; White, Marshall (1984-01-01). "Use of Snags by Cavity-Nesting Birds in the Sierra Nevada".
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Successional stages of a snag from death of a tree to final decomposition.
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represent a large portion of the woody biomass in a healthy forest.
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579:Vázquez, Leopoldo; Renton, Katherine (2015-01-23).
182:for a wide variety of wildlife but pose hazards to
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
269:on the Pacific Coast of North America, and the
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
723:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
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281:, break up and collapse in 2–10 years.
143:A fir tree snag among living fir trees
288:Stage 5 snags, Wallowa County, Oregon
244:snag provides nest cavities for birds
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670:"Region 6 – Resource Management"
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504:Forest Ecology and Management
312:Water hunting birds like the
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402:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
229:. These organisms and their
294:complex early seral forests
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1339:Growth and yield modelling
464:Complex early seral forest
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1913:Earth sciences portal
1899:Climate change portal
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364:feeds near a snag in the
1485:Great Green Wall (China)
1058:Close to nature forestry
776:Conservation in Practice
1519:Million Tree Initiative
1941:Environment portal
1373:Sustainable management
1268:Trillion Tree Campaign
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1310:Woodland Carbon Code
1275:Forest certification
1183:Even-aged management
1098:Sustainable forestry
928:at Wikimedia Commons
377:Murray-Darling basin
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2011:Ecology terminology
1334:Formally designated
1178:Ecological thinning
1088:Plantation forestry
996:Research institutes
905:. pp. 193–272.
863:2002ResEc..10..627M
851:Restoration Ecology
735:2011FrEE....9..117S
648:Wildlife Monographs
597:2015PLoSO..1016745V
547:1998Biotr..30....2D
459:Coarse woody debris
204:coarse woody debris
176:coarse woody debris
76:"Snag" ecology
1927:Ecology portal
1460:Forest degradation
1455:Ecosystem services
1063:Community forestry
903:Dover Publications
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474:Stream restoration
469:Large woody debris
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1841:Resin tapper
1821:Truck driver
1816:River driver
1565:Tree hugging
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1500:timber mafia
1490:High grading
1475:Ghost forest
1445:Clearcutting
1368:Silviculture
1344:Horticulture
1188:Fire ecology
1103:Urban forest
1078:Mycoforestry
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1034:Agroforestry
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117:October 2016
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1885:WikiProject
1809:smokejumper
1789:Firefighter
1752:Occupations
1736:Woodworking
1317:Forestation
1248:restoration
1203:informatics
1068:Ecoforestry
782:(1): 8–17.
541:(1): 2–11.
479:Tree hollow
416:Puget Sound
318:kingfishers
304:that reset
188:Scandinavia
2005:Categories
1831:Lumberjack
1826:Log scaler
1709:engineered
1660:non-timber
1633:sawmilling
1585:Industries
1552:svedjebruk
1263:transition
1243:protection
1233:old-growth
1218:governance
1173:Dendrology
1123:management
989:Ministries
752:1885/60278
679:2016-10-22
535:Biotropica
485:References
421:Montgomery
404:operated "
381:Murray cod
344:sites for
87:newspapers
2031:Limnology
2016:Dead wood
1779:Ecologist
1692:Tree farm
1593:Coppicing
1535:chitemene
1435:Acid rain
1383:allometry
1305:SmartWood
1253:secondary
1238:pathology
1213:inventory
1151:driftwood
1017:Arbor Day
879:1526-100X
835:1365-2745
796:1552-5228
761:1540-9309
615:1932-6203
563:1744-7429
406:snagboats
398:deadheads
373:Australia
334:Australia
231:consumers
27:Dead tree
1980:Category
1794:handcrew
1764:Arborist
1759:Forester
1719:mahogany
1665:palm oil
1655:charcoal
1640:Products
1575:Wildfire
1388:breeding
1349:GM trees
1198:dynamics
1010:Journals
1003:Colleges
963:Forestry
633:25615612
585:PLOS ONE
453:See also
342:spawning
298:wildfire
215:bacteria
2026:Habitat
1990:Outline
1804:lookout
1799:hotshot
1680:tanbark
1650:biomass
1645:biochar
1623:plywood
1608:Logging
1512:wilding
1161:log jam
1118:Ecology
859:Bibcode
731:Bibcode
656:3830575
624:4304802
593:Bibcode
543:Bibcode
439:torraka
414:in the
350:biofilm
223:insects
192:Finland
180:habitat
172:streams
152:ecology
101:scholar
1836:Ranger
1784:Feller
1769:Bucker
1675:rubber
1618:lumber
1428:topics
1415:volume
1410:height
1356:i-Tree
1193:Forest
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1405:girth
1400:crown
1361:urban
1258:stand
1166:slash
1156:large
1027:Types
975:Index
698:512p.
652:JSTOR
279:birch
275:aspen
219:fungi
108:JSTOR
94:books
18:Snags
1729:teak
1714:fuel
1704:Wood
1524:REDD
1378:Tree
1295:PEFC
1280:ATFS
926:Snag
875:ISSN
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792:ISSN
757:ISSN
629:PMID
611:ISSN
559:ISSN
435:kelo
346:fish
277:and
265:and
217:and
170:and
160:tree
156:snag
154:, a
80:news
1300:SFI
1290:FSC
1285:CFS
1223:law
1208:IPM
1120:and
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619:PMC
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371:In
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