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72:
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522:; scientifically speaking "slug" is a term of convenience with little taxonomic significance. The reduction or loss of the shell has evolved many times independently within several very different lineages of gastropods. The various taxa of land and sea gastropods with slug morphology occur within numerous higher taxonomic groups of shelled species; such independent slug taxa are not in general closely related to one another.
536:
399:
331:, the largest recorded specimen of which measured 39.3 centimetres (15.5 in) from snout to tail when fully extended, with a shell length of 27.3 cm (10.7 in) in December 1978. It weighed exactly 900 g (about 2 lb). Named Gee Geronimo, this snail was owned by Christopher Hudson (1955–79) of Hove, East Sussex, UK, and was collected in Sierra Leone in June 1976.
661:
49:
489:
739:, snails are traditionally cooked in an oven with rice or fried in a pan with vegetable oil and red paprika powder. Before they are used for those dishes, however, they are thoroughly boiled in hot water (for up to 90 minutes) and manually extracted from their shells. The two species most commonly used for food in the country are
342:
phase, the blastopore forms the mouth first. Cleavage in snails is spiral holoblastic patterning. In spiral holoblastic cleavage, the cleavage plane rotates each division and the cell divisions are complete. Snails do not undergo metamorphosis after hatching. Snails hatch in the form of small adults.
200:
Snails have considerable human relevance, including as food items, as pests, and as vectors of disease, and their shells are used as decorative objects and are incorporated into jewelry. The snail has also had some cultural significance, tending to be associated with lethargy. The snail has also been
514:
A shell-less animal is much more maneuverable and compressible, so even quite large land slugs can take advantage of habitats or retreats with very little space, retreats that would be inaccessible to a similar-sized snail. Slugs squeeze themselves into confined spaces such as under loose bark on
359:
Snails' eating habits vary widely, with some being generalists and some being specialist feeders. Snails feed at night. They feed primarily on decaying organic matter. Their diet also includes fungi, lichens, green foliage, worms, centipedes, insects, animal feces, carrion, and other slugs. Some
1041:
was made in this way as were other purple and blue dyes. The extreme expense of extracting this secretion is sufficient quantities limited its use to the very wealthy. It is such dyes as these that led to certain shades of purple and blue being associated with royalty and wealth.
248:
Both snails that have lungs and snails that have gills have diversified so widely over geological time that a few species with gills can be found on land and numerous species with lungs can be found in freshwater. Even a few marine species have lungs.
808:
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There is a variety of snail-control measures that gardeners and farmers use in an attempt to reduce damage to valuable plants. Traditional pesticides are still used, as are many less toxic control options such as concentrated
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metal is also a snail repellent, and thus a copper band around the trunk of a tree will prevent snails from climbing up and reaching the foliage and fruit. A layer of a dry, finely ground, and scratchy substance such as
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trees or under stone slabs, logs or wooden boards lying on the ground. In such retreats they are in less danger from either predators or desiccation. Those are often suitable places for laying their eggs.
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agent. However, this is not without problems, as the decollate snail is just as likely to attack and devour other gastropods that may represent a valuable part of the native fauna of the region.
1768:
311:
and related genera are known as giant
African land snails; some grow to 15 in (38 cm) from snout to tail, and weigh 1 kg (2 lb). The largest living species of sea snail is
1691:. Vol. Anthropological Essays Presented to Fredrick Ward Putnam in Honor of his Seventieth Birthday, by his Friends and Associates. New York: G. E. Stechert & Co. pp. 368–384.
177:
that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into. When the word "snail" is used in this most general sense, it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of
1790:
1809:
317:; its shell can measure up to 90 cm (35 in) in length, and the whole animal with the shell can weigh up to 18 kg (40 lb). Recently, the smallest land snails,
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1021:
telling the stories about the prince Panji Asmoro Bangun (also known as Raden Inu
Kertapati) and his consort, princess Dewi Sekartaji (also known as Dewi Chandra Kirana).
1770:
1573:
Monge-Nájera, J. (2019). Pulmonate snails as marginalia in medieval and
Renaissance manuscripts: a review of hypotheses. Darwin In Memoriam: History of Science. BLOG RPT.
703:
to many people in poor communities around the world. Many land snails are valuable because they can feed on a wide range of agricultural wastes, such as shed leaves in
969:
In medieval and
Renaissance manuscripts snails are depicted as a comic relief due to the similarity between the armour of knights and the shell of snails.
696:
and release most of their mucus onto the dry wood/straw. The snails are then prepared for cooking. Their texture when cooked is slightly chewy and tender.
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in historical times. A history of
Scotland written in the 1800s recounts a description of various snails and their use as food items in times of plague.
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Because of its slowness, the snail has traditionally been seen as a symbol of laziness. In
Christian culture, it has been used as a symbol of the
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Land snails, freshwater snails and sea snails are all eaten in many countries. In certain parts of the world snails are fried. For example, in
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bore a snail shell on his back. This symbolised rebirth; the snail's penchant for appearing and disappearing was analogised with the
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1203:
575:
1107:"On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia"
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The only additional development they will undergo is to consume calcium to strengthen their shell. Snails can be male, female,
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that serves mainly as a calcium lactate repository, and others have some to no shell at all. Other than that there is little
424:
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Land snails are known as an agricultural and garden pest but some species are an edible delicacy and occasionally household
958:
In contemporary speech, the expression "a snail's pace" is often used to describe a slow, inefficient process. The phrase "
2838:
1886:
291:, eating plants or rasping algae from surfaces with their radulae, though a few land species and many marine species are
2843:
1105:
Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael (2010).
1505:
Susan
Milbrath, Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars, University of Texas Press, 01/01/2010
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Most snails have thousands of microscopic tooth-like structures located on a banded ribbon-like tongue called a
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688:. For purposes of cultivation, the snails are kept in a dark place in a wired cage with dry straw or dry wood.
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groups that are not necessarily more closely related to each other than they are related to some other groups.
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As well as being eaten as gourmet food, several species of land snails provide an easily harvested source of
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302:. Snails cannot absorb colored pigments when eating paper or cardboard so their feces are also colored.
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difference between slugs and snails. There are however important differences in habitats and behavior.
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191:, and land snails that have only a very small shell (that they cannot retract into) are often called
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Snails and slug species that are not normally eaten in certain areas have occasionally been used as
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919:
962:" is used to mean regular postal service delivery of paper messages as opposed to the delivery of
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wine-grape vines are often used for this purpose. During the rainy period, the snails come out of
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642:) will capture and eat garden snails, and because of this it has sometimes been introduced as a
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rather than snails. Some species of slug have a maroon-brown shell, some have only an internal
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snails constitute the majority of snail species, and have much greater diversity and a greater
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185:. Gastropods that naturally lack a shell, or have only an internal shell, are mostly called
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Throughout history, snails have been kept as pets. There are many famous snails such as
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wrote that snails signified the time to harvest by climbing the stalks, while the
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2019:
1994:
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287:. The radula works like a file, ripping food into small pieces. Many snails are
241:
group; in other words, snails with lungs and snails with gills form a number of
149:
1684:
2798:
2638:
2564:
2281:
1950:
1685:"A Curious Survival in Mexico of the Use of the Purpura Shell-fish for Dyeing"
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978:
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878:
728:. The eggs of certain snail species are eaten in a fashion similar to the way
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Ancient
Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
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1935:
1586:
Ziderman, I. I. (1986). "Purple dye made from shellfish in antiquity".
1385:
807:
560: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
162:
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2387:
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2009:
1165:"Floor tiles made of coloured snail poo by Lieske Schreuder - design"
886:
882:
843:
729:
623:
615:
284:
257:
93:
1711:"BBC Radio 3 – Slow Radio – Seven of the world's most famous snails"
605:. In addition, their mucus can also be used for skin care products.
252:
Snails can be found in a very wide range of environments, including
1422:
Domestic annals of
Scotland, from the reformation to the revolution
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Snails can also be associated with parasitic diseases such as
602:
529:
392:
1761:. The shell is so heavy that its bottom side becomes visible.
351:
so there are many different systems of sexual determination.
327:
The largest known land gastropod is the
African giant snail
169:
is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class
1575:
https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/38872
1190:
How Long Things Live & How They Live As Long As They Do
225:. As traditionally defined, the Pulmonata were found to be
1305:
Texas Bug Book: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly - Page 144
1013:
about a princess magically transformed and contained in a
324:
have been discovered in China, and measure 0.86 mm long.
1454:. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. p.
420:
942:'s arrows might be based on early observations of the
684:. The practice of rearing snails for food is known as
1399:"The height of slow-food, France serves snail caviar"
1542:"Lovebirds and Love Darts: The Wild World of Mating"
1382:"Do Egg Shells Help Stop Snails From Eating Plants?"
1330:"Slug vs Snail - Difference and Comparison - Diffen"
861:, the snail is associated with sexual desire, being
416:
2781:
2747:
2710:
2660:
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2628:
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2528:
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2224:
2145:
2091:
2048:
1916:
1907:
65:
41:
1187:
1017:shell. The folklore is a part of popular Javanese
499:that lack a conspicuous shell are commonly called
1228:"The world's smallest snail has been discovered"
1029:Certain varieties of snails, notably the family
276:. Numerous kinds of snail can also be found in
1623:"Whelks and purple dye in Anglo-Saxon England"
1352:"Snail Mucin for Skin Care: Products and Uses"
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1887:
1308:. University of Texas Press. September 2005.
8:
1485:. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 41.
1443:
1441:
425:introducing citations to additional sources
1278:. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County
1033:, produce a secretion that is a color-fast
674:, edible snails are served for instance in
2634:
2525:
2286:
1913:
1894:
1880:
1872:
47:
38:
1140:
1130:
966:, which can be virtually instantaneous.
576:Learn how and when to remove this message
1778:Snails feeding on the sea floor (50 sec)
908:
415:Relevant discussion may be found on the
338:. That means during development, in the
1735:
1519:. London: Aquarian Press. p. 213.
1083:
268:snails may be more familiar to laymen,
1630:The Archeo+Malacology Group Newsletter
799:, which can be transmitted to humans.
1540:Mayell, Hillary (February 13, 2004).
877:Snails were widely noted and used in
7:
711:are produced commercially for food.
558:adding citations to reliable sources
233:, dating from 2010. But snails with
205:in reference to slow-moving things.
148:. The name is most often applied to
1226:Hogenboom, Melissa (27 July 2020).
946:behavior of the land snail species
873:Divination and other religious uses
1799:Video of snail after rain (31 sec)
1600:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1986.tb03743.x
1272:"A Microscopic Look at Snail Jaws"
1054:(Born Jeremy) and within fiction,
938:has suggested the ancient myth of
14:
1517:Symbolic and Mythological Animals
1451:Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery
1362:from the original on 18 July 2023
360:snails feed on other snails too.
1843:
1823:
1804:
1783:
1766:
1750:
1738:
1621:Biggam, Carole P. (March 2006).
1588:Review of Progress in Coloration
534:
408:relies largely or entirely on a
397:
229:in a molecular study per Jörger
70:
1350:Howley, Elaine (18 July 2022).
1186:Fredericks, Anthony D. (2010).
1072:Pasilalinic-sympathetic compass
545:needs additional citations for
1757:Snail climbing stone slabs at
518:Slugs as a group are far from
1:
305:Several species of the genus
1818:Snail moving on a wet ground
1546:news.national-geographic.com
987:Dewi Sekartaji as Keong Emas
264:depths of the sea. Although
1838:Snail moving across leaves.
1550:National Geographic Society
1194:. Stackpole Books. p.
165:. However, the common name
130:sealed in its shell with a
2860:
1482:Symbols and Their Meanings
1092:"Snails used in Jewellery"
976:
930:Professor Ronald Chase of
653:
386:
367:
364:Types of snails by habitat
61:, a species of land snail
25:
18:
2812:
2396:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
1868:, Infoqis Publishing, Co.
1689:Putnam Anniversary Volume
709:giant African land snails
67:Scientific classification
55:
46:
2267:Placopecten magellanicus
2111:New Zealand green-lipped
1687:. In Boas, Franz (ed.).
1479:Tresidder, Jack (2006).
1388:. Accessed 01 July 2019.
1132:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323
1111:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2772:Acanthopleura granulata
2341:(group of four species)
1655:: Eisenbrauns. p.
973:In Indonesian mythology
823:Larco Museum Collection
644:biological pest control
631:can also deter snails.
30:. For land snails, see
2765:Acanthopleura echinata
2675:Atlantic white-spotted
2126:Asian/Philippine green
1866:Introduction to Snails
1643:Moorey, Peter (1999).
1515:Cooper, J. C. (1992).
1250:Guinness World Records
988:
927:
826:
667:
598:
493:
137:
21:Snail (disambiguation)
2701:Amphioctopus fangsiao
2345:South African abalone
2217:("true oyster" genus)
1983:California butterclam
1448:de Vries, Ad (1976).
986:
912:
810:
707:. In some countries,
663:
591:
491:
320:Angustopila dominikae
124:
2839:Mollusc common names
2426:Ribbed Mediterranean
1941:Grooved carpet shell
1653:Winona Lake, Indiana
1427:W. & R. Chambers
905:Love darts and Cupid
718:, they are fried as
665:French cooked snails
554:improve this article
421:improve this article
221:belong to the group
26:For sea snails, see
19:For other uses, see
2844:Paraphyletic groups
2421:Rayed Mediterranean
2015:Japanese littleneck
1405:. 20 December 2007.
1123:2010BMCEE..10..323J
920:Monachoides vicinus
803:Cultural depictions
173:that have a coiled
2794:Land snail farming
2208:Gillardeau oysters
1926:Atlantic jackknife
1852:Hyblaean Mountains
1556:on January 9, 2006
1167:. 26 November 2013
989:
928:
917:by the land snail
827:
777:angiostrongyliasis
767:Parasitic diseases
722:, a dish known as
705:banana plantations
668:
629:diatomaceous earth
599:
494:
138:
2821:
2820:
2799:Gastropod anatomy
2758:Chiton magnificus
2743:
2742:
2720:New Zealand arrow
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2495:Kelletia lischkei
2460:Littorina sitkana
2406:Yellow-foot opihi
2276:
2275:
2170:Colchester native
1833:
1813:
1794:
1773:
1666:978-1-57506-042-2
1526:978-1-85538-118-6
1492:978-0-7607-8164-7
1465:978-0-7204-8021-4
932:McGill University
586:
585:
578:
486:
485:
471:
329:Achatina achatina
183:freshwater snails
119:
118:
16:Shelled gastropod
2851:
2635:
2549:Chorus giganteus
2526:
2287:
2250:Pecten jacobaeus
1957:Mactra stultorum
1914:
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1552:. Archived from
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1503:
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1469:
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1417:Chambers, Robert
1413:
1407:
1406:
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1389:
1380:Sanders, April.
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1270:Vendetti, Jann.
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925:sexual selection
640:Rumina decollata
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374:Freshwater snail
203:figure of speech
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39:
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2804:Bivalve anatomy
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2725:Japanese flying
2706:
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2616:
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2559:
2515:
2465:
2435:
2416:Common European
2382:
2354:
2272:
2256:Peruvian calico
2220:
2141:
2138:(mussel family)
2087:
2044:
1989:Senilia senilis
1903:
1902:Edible mollusks
1900:
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672:French cuisine
656:Snails as food
654:Main article:
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609:In agriculture
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597:– garden snail
594:Cornu aspersum
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419:. Please help
406:This section
405:
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387:Main article:
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345:hermaphroditic
314:Syrinx aruanus
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811:Land snails (
809:
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797:clonorchiasis
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748:Helix pomatia
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543:This section
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509:morphological
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448:
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441:
438: –
437:
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432:Find sources:
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410:single source
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144:is a shelled
143:
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127:Helix pomatia
123:
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58:Helix pomatia
54:
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29:
22:
2770:
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2699:
2690:Southern red
2586:
2579:
2572:
2547:
2521:Other snails
2520:
2493:
2458:
2265:
2248:
2234:Atlantic bay
2212:
2200:
2165:Southern mud
2037:
2029:
1987:
1968:Ocean quahog
1955:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1705:
1688:
1675:
1646:
1638:
1629:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1545:
1535:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1481:
1474:
1450:
1421:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1324:
1304:
1280:. Retrieved
1275:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1231:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1189:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1159:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1086:
1049:
1028:
1015:golden snail
1004:Golden Snail
1003:
991:
990:
968:
957:
947:
929:
918:
895:Tecciztecatl
876:
855:metaphorical
833:
825:, Lima, Peru
812:
789:fascioliasis
770:
758:
746:
740:
734:
723:
713:
698:
675:
669:
650:Culinary use
639:
633:
612:
600:
592:
572:
563:
552:Please help
547:verification
544:
520:monophyletic
517:
513:
495:
474:
464:
457:
450:
443:
431:
407:
358:
340:gastrulation
333:
328:
326:
318:
312:
306:
304:
282:
251:
247:
239:polyphyletic
237:also form a
230:
227:polyphyletic
213:Snails that
212:
199:
192:
186:
166:
141:
139:
125:
56:
36:
2735:Neon flying
2441:Periwinkles
2401:Turtle/talc
2334:Green ormer
2244:New Zealand
2214:Crassostrea
2195:Sydney rock
2073:New Zealand
1995:Smooth clam
1963:Blunt gaper
1255:17 December
1035:natural dye
1019:Panji cycle
913:The use of
865:by the god
863:personified
851:snail slime
761:famine food
755:Famine food
694:hibernation
622:solutions.
336:protostomes
334:Snails are
289:herbivorous
278:fresh water
154:terrestrial
150:land snails
2834:Gastropods
2828:Categories
2652:Bottletail
2639:Cuttlefish
2599:Freshwater
2543:Korean mud
2506:Pear whelk
2282:Gastropods
2239:Great/king
2185:Windowpane
2180:Portuguese
2116:California
2020:Razor clam
2000:Soft-shell
1720:2020-02-14
1560:2010-02-21
1282:2022-01-05
1117:(1): 323.
1078:References
1000:Indonesian
992:Keong Emas
979:Keong Emas
960:snail mail
915:love darts
879:divination
836:deadly sin
817:sp.) on a
732:is eaten.
725:sate kakul
566:March 2018
497:Gastropods
477:March 2018
447:newspapers
370:Land snail
300:carnivores
260:, and the
201:used as a
194:semi-slugs
179:sea snails
171:Gastropoda
132:calcareous
114:Gastropoda
32:Land snail
2647:Spineless
2511:Lightning
2479:Channeled
2136:Mytilidae
2025:Pod razor
1946:Hard clam
1608:1472-3581
1594:: 46–52.
1356:U.S. News
1031:Muricidae
944:love dart
893:moon god
830:Symbolism
716:Indonesia
417:talk page
378:Sea snail
297:predatory
293:omnivores
243:taxonomic
223:Pulmonata
160:gastropod
157:pulmonate
146:gastropod
135:epiphragm
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
28:Sea snail
2815:Category
2730:Humboldt
2680:Big blue
2538:Mud-flat
2489:Kellet's
2329:Greenlip
2324:Blacklip
2226:Scallops
1909:Bivalves
1697:10011191
1683:(1909).
1419:(1858).
1360:Archived
1335:29 March
1171:29 March
1151:20973994
1066:See also
1025:Textiles
1011:folklore
1008:Javanese
996:Javanese
954:Metaphor
936:Montreal
814:Scutalus
737:Bulgaria
690:Coppiced
677:Escargot
620:wormwood
308:Achatina
217:using a
209:Overview
163:molluscs
104:Mollusca
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
2749:Chitons
2662:Octopus
2630:Inkfish
2612:Nerites
2501:Knobbed
2388:Limpets
2373:Elegant
2360:Conches
2350:Chilean
2291:Abalone
2175:Pacific
2160:Olympia
2155:Eastern
2147:Oysters
2093:Mussels
2050:Cockles
2039:Paphies
1936:Geoduck
1745:A snail
1732:Gallery
1403:Reuters
1386:SF Gate
1366:29 July
1276:nhm.org
1211:19 June
1142:3087543
1119:Bibcode
1046:As pets
701:protein
505:vestige
461:scholar
436:"Snail"
274:biomass
262:abyssal
258:deserts
254:ditches
215:respire
110:Class:
42:Snails
2670:Common
2555:Bailer
2484:Common
2471:Whelks
2454:Banded
2449:Common
2431:Rustic
2203:/Bluff
2078:Sydney
2068:Goolwa
2058:Common
2010:Tuatua
1695:
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887:Hesiod
881:. The
844:Psalms
730:caviar
624:Copper
616:garlic
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376:, and
285:radula
270:marine
231:et al.
2712:Squid
2695:Mimic
2607:Apple
2411:China
2368:Queen
2314:Green
2309:Black
2299:White
2261:Yesso
2121:Brown
2063:Blood
2031:Ensis
1978:Venus
1951:Horse
1918:Clams
1626:(PDF)
1052:Lefty
964:email
940:Cupid
891:Aztec
885:poet
883:Greek
867:Uayeb
853:as a
849:uses
840:sloth
819:Moche
720:satay
679:à la
501:slugs
468:JSTOR
454:books
383:Slugs
347:, or
235:gills
188:slugs
175:shell
167:snail
142:snail
2565:Land
2339:Pāua
2319:Pink
2190:Rock
2131:Date
2101:Blue
1693:LCCN
1661:ISBN
1632:(9).
1604:ISSN
1521:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1433:here
1368:2023
1337:2018
1310:ISBN
1257:2016
1213:2012
1200:ISBN
1173:2018
1147:PMID
1058:and
1056:Gary
1002:for
998:and
899:moon
847:58:8
795:and
745:and
634:The
603:pets
492:Slug
440:news
389:Slug
355:Diet
266:land
219:lung
181:and
2530:Sea
2378:Dog
2304:Red
1715:BBC
1657:138
1596:doi
1456:430
1232:BBC
1137:PMC
1127:doi
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838:of
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