Sniper rifle - Knowledge (XXG)

653: 361:. To effectively use a sniper rifle, a soldier had to go through particularly rigorous training, and most trainees did not make it past the first week. Sniper training was also so expensive to conduct that, even until as recently as 1970, the reasoning for having trained snipers as a part of an army was deemed questionable. In Britain, sniper rifles were not seen as being an integral part of an army until after the Germans boasted of their success with sniper teams during the early months of World War I. British army advisors supposed that the telescopic sights attached to sniper rifles were too easily damaged and thus not well suited for military use. However, they soon realized that these telescopic sights could be improved and made sturdy enough to withstand a sniper rifle shot. 850:, causing slight alignment or barrel harmonics changes over time and altering the point of impact. Stocks manufactured from polymers and metal alloys are less susceptible to point of impact shifting from environmental conditions. Sniper stocks are typically designed to avoid making contact with the barrel of the weapon to minimize the effects of environmental inconstancies. Modern sniper rifle stocks tend to be designed around a rigid chassis, offer user adjustability to allow shooters of various sizes and shapes to tailor the stock to their personal preferences, and modular attachment points to accommodate low-light and daylight aiming optics, laser designators, and other accessories without the need for custom-made mounting interface kits. 299: 967: 1042: 945: 919: 875: 901: 36: 857: 319: 116: 93: 365: 1030: 417: 605: 966: 846:, and can sometimes be adjusted up or down to suit the individual shooter. To further aid this individual fitting, the stock can sometimes also be adjusted for length, often by varying the number of inserts at the rear of the stock where it meets the shooter's shoulder. If the stock is manufactured from wood, environmental conditions or operational use may 486: 1050: 207:. At trials in 1857, which tested the accuracy and range of both weapons, Whitworth's design outperformed the Enfield at a rate of about three to one. The Whitworth rifle was able to hit the target at a range of 2,000 yards (around 1,830 meters), whereas the Enfield could only manage it at a distance of 1,400 yards (around 1,280 meters). During the 738:(8.6×70mm). These cartridges offer better ballistic performance and greater effective range than the 7.62×51mm. Though they are not as powerful as .50 caliber cartridges, rifles chambered for these cartridges are not as heavy as those chambered for .50 caliber ammunition, and are significantly more powerful than rifles chambered for 7.62×51mm. 1278:

target for a sniper bullet). This implies that variables such as the minimal required hit probability, local atmospheric conditions, properties and velocity of the employed bullet (parts), properties of the target, and the desired terminal effect are major relevant factors that determine the maximum effective range of the employed system.

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80% that the weapon and ammunition combination is capable of holding 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) extreme vertical spread, calculated from 150 ten-round groups that were fired unsuppressed. No individual group was to exceed 1.5 MOA (0.42 mrad) extreme vertical spread. All accuracy was taken at the 1,500 meter point.

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Although accuracy standards for police rifles do not widely exist, rifles are frequently seen with accuracy levels from 0.5 to 1.5 MOA (0.2–0.5 mrad). For typical policing situations, an extreme spread accuracy level no better than 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) is usually all that is required, as police typically

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Military sniper rifles tend to have barrel lengths of 610 mm (24 in) or longer to allow the cartridge propellant to fully burn, reducing the amount of revealing muzzle flash and increasing muzzle velocity. Police sniper rifles may use shorter barrels to improve handling characteristics. The

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are normally of precise manufacture and of a heavier cross section than more traditional barrels, in order to reduce the change in impact points between a first shot from a cold barrel and a follow-up shot from a warm barrel. Unlike many battle and assault rifles, the bores are usually not chromed to

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ammunition. Since large national militaries generally change slowly, military rifle ammunition is frequently battle-tested and well-studied by ammunition and firearms experts. Consequently, police forces tend to follow military practices in choosing a sniper rifle cartridge instead of trying to break

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for the latter, is usually determined by specific requirements of the sniper's role in a particular organization, with each design having advantages and disadvantages. For a given cartridge, a bolt-action rifle is cheaper to build and maintain, more reliable, and lighter, due to fewer moving parts in

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Sniper rifles manufactured for military service are often designed for very high durability, range, reliability, sturdiness, serviceability, and repairability under adverse environmental and combat conditions, at the sacrifice of a small degree of accuracy. Military snipers and sharpshooters may also

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The durability, accuracy and power of sniper rifles circa 2010 are beyond anything in use even ten years prior, and dwarf those of World War II sniper rifles. Modern sniper rifles are very reliable and are able to fire repeatedly without losing accuracy, whereas earlier sniper rifles were more liable

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During World War I, the accuracy of the sniper rifle was greatly improved. By the end of World War II, snipers were reported to provide "reasonable accuracy" over 600 m (656 yd) with anything over this range being unpredictable. It was during World War I and II that the word ‘sniper’ began

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Maximum range claims made by military organizations and materiel manufacturers regarding sniper weapon systems are not based on consistent or strictly scientific criteria. The problem is that the bullet only interacts after a relatively long flight path with the target (which can also be a materiel

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Sniper Weapon System adopted in 1988 has a stated maximum effective range of 800 meters and a maximum allowed average mean radius (AMR) of 1.9 inches at 300 yards from a machine rest, which corresponds to a 0.6 MOA (0.17 mrad) extreme spread for a 5-shot group when using 7.62×51mm M118 Special

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market survey called for a 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) extreme vertical spread for all shots in a 10-round group fired at targets at 300, 600, 900, 1,200, and 1,500 meters. The 2009 Precision Sniper Rifle requirements state that the PSR, when fired without a suppressor, shall provide a confidence factor of

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It was not until World War I that sniper rifles began to be used more regularly in battle and certain soldiers given specialized training to use such a rifle. In Germany, these trained snipers were given rifles with telescopic sights, which illuminated at night in order to improve their accuracy.

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and sniper rifle, and allow for a greater rate (and hence volume) of fire. As such rifles may be modified service rifles, an additional benefit can be commonality of operation with the issued infantry rifle. A bolt action is most commonly used in both military and police roles due to its higher

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The recent trend in specialized military sniper rifles is towards larger calibers that offer relatively favorable hit probabilities at greater range with anti-personnel cartridges, such as .300 Winchester Magnum and .338 Lapua Magnum, and anti-materiel cartridges, such as

1635:: "The information about counter-sniper operations describes techniques for identifying snipers amongst groups of other soldiers. The most easily recognizable feature of a sniper from a great distance is the fact that the sniper's rifle is longer than all the others". 624:

is less specialized than a typical military sniper rifle, often only intended to extend the range of a group of soldiers. Therefore, when a semi-automatic action is used, it is due to an overlap with the roles of standard-issue weapons. There may also be additional

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by the barrel itself, sling, bipod, or the sniper's hands that can interfere with barrel harmonics. The end of the barrel is usually crowned or machined to form a rebated area around the muzzle proper to avoid asymmetry or damage, and consequent inaccuracy.

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employ their rifles at shorter ranges. At 100 m (109 yd) or less, a rifle with a relatively low accuracy of only 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) should be able to repeatedly hit a 3 cm (1.2 inch) target. A 3 cm diameter target is smaller than the

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be required to carry their rifles and other equipment for long distances, making it important to minimize weight. Military organizations often operate under strict budget constraints, which influences the type and quality of sniper rifles they purchase.

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with a diameter of 23.3 cm (9.2 in) at 800 m (875 yd). This average extreme spread for a 5-shot group and the accompanying hit probability are considered sufficient for effectively hitting a human at an 800-meter distance.

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Law enforcement-specific rifles are usually used in non-combat (often urban) environments, so they do not have the requirement to be as hardy or portable as military versions; they may also be smaller due to the decrease in required range.

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In 1982, a U.S. Army draft requirement for a Sniper Weapon System was: "The System will: (6) Have an accuracy of no more than 0.75 MOA (0.2 mrad) for a 5-shot group at 1,500 meters when fired from a supported, non-benchrest position". The

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to more accurately observe and target objects at a greater distance than ever before. The telescopic sight, or scope, was originally fixed and could not be adjusted, which therefore limited its range. By the 1870s, the perfection of

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is often fitted on the rifle, used by the sniper to achieve better stability when standing, kneeling, or sitting. The sniper uses the sling to "lock in" by wrapping their non-firing arm into the sling, keeping that arm still.

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multi-caliber modular sniper rifle based on an aluminum alloy chassis stock with fully adjustable side-folding buttstock and a front offering rail interface system attachment points, with mounted Picatinny rails for tactical

1077:) accuracy. A standard-issue military sniper rifle is typically capable of 1–3 MOA (0.3–0.9 mrad) accuracy, with a police sniper rifle capable of 0.25–1.5 MOA (0.1–0.4 mrad) accuracy. For comparison, a competition target or 1084:

A 1 MOA (0.28 mrad) average extreme spread (the center-to-center distance between the two most distant bullet holes) for a 5-shot group translates into a 69% probability that the bullet's point of impact will be in a

400:. Sniper rifles continue to be adapted and improved upon, with the effective range of sniper rifles (c. 2001) exceeding 1,000 m (1,094 yd), making them one of the most accurate and efficient weapons in use. 629:

advantages if the DMR uses the same ammunition as the more common standard-issue weapons. These rifles enable a higher volume of fire, but sacrifice some long-range accuracy. They are frequently built from existing

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is the adjustable cheek piece, where the shooter's cheek meets the rear of the stock. For most rifles equipped with a telescopic sight, this area is raised slightly because the telescope is positioned higher than

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Unlike police sniper rifles, military sniper rifles tend to be employed at the greatest possible distances, so that range advantages, like an increased difficulty to spot and engage the sniper, can be exploited.

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In a military setting, logistical concerns are the primary determinant of the cartridge used, so sniper rifles are usually limited to rifle cartridges commonly used by the military force employing the rifle and

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During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed for fitting onto the rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of a Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by

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so as not to expose themselves to the deadly accuracy of a sniper. Some soldiers even began to disregard orders from commanding officers to protect against potential harm, which thus broke down the

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The features of a sniper rifle can vary widely depending on the specific tasks it is intended to perform. Features that may distinguish a sniper rifle from other weapons are the presence of a

900: 775:. These large cartridges are required to be able to fire projectiles containing payloads such as explosives, armor-piercing cores, incendiaries or combinations of these, such as the 756:

in sniping roles against targets such as vehicles, equipment and structures, or for the long-range destruction of explosive devices; these rifles may also be used against personnel.

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Certain commercial cartridges designed with only performance in mind, without the logistical constraints of most armies, have also gained popularity in the 1990s. These include the

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Sniper rifles have continued to be used consistently throughout the later part of the 20th century in Korea, Vietnam and the Middle East as an integral part of the modern style of

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the mechanism. In addition, the absence of uncontrolled automatic cartridge case ejection helps avoid revealing the shooter's position. Semi-automatic weapons can serve both as a

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A police semi-automatic sniper rifle may be used in situations that require a single sniper to engage multiple targets in quick succession; military semi-automatics, such as the

548:). The telescopic sights used on sniper rifles differ from other optical sights in that they offer much greater magnification (more than 4× and up to 40×) and have a much larger 334:

to be used commonly, whereas previously those who were armed with sniper rifles were referred to as sharpshooters or marksmen. These marksmen, wielding sniper rifles such as the

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that contributes to heat dissipation by increasing the surface area, while simultaneously decreasing the weight of the barrel, is sometimes used on sniper rifle barrels.

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The most popular military sniper rifles (in terms of numbers in service) are chambered for 7.62 mm (0.30 inch) caliber ammunition, such as 7.62×51mm and

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Sniper rifles built or modified for use in law enforcement are generally required to have the greatest possible accuracy, but do not need to have as long a range.

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Approximate maximum effective ranges of common cartridges when used in an adequately accurate rifle system with special long-range high accuracy ammunition at

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series of sniper rifles is standard issue in the armies of several countries, including those of Britain, Ireland, and Germany (picture shows a rifle of the

2051: 1861: 4595: 1254:. Since sniper rifles of this class must compete with several other types of military weapons with similar range, snipers invariably must employ skilled 199:, which meant that the projectile did not have to "bite" into the rifling grooves as with conventional rifling. His rifle was far more accurate than the 956:"M24 SWS total conversion upgrade" based on an aluminum alloy chassis stock with fully adjustable side-folding buttstock and tubular handguard offering 1923: 1126:, which had to meet an accuracy requirement to fire ≤ 1 MOA/0.28 mrad (less than a 2-inch shot group at 200 yards) before being released for fielding. 2137:, a national-level policing organization, has recently specified an accuracy level of 0.5 MOA for 5 shots at 100 yd for sniper rifles issued to their 357:

Though sniper rifles had proved to be extremely effective in combat, there was still a great reluctance in many militaries to adopt a trained sniper

1107: 4839: 3905: 1274:. This allows snipers to take fewer risks and spend less time finding concealment when facing enemies that are not equipped with similar weapons. 798:—installed so that the barrel contacts the rest of the rifle only at the receiver. A free-floating barrel avoids contact with the fore-end of the 298: 4896: 1122:

corresponded to 1.4 MOA (0.39 mrad) extreme spread for 5 shot group on 100 meters. In 2011, the US military adapted the .300 Winchester Magnum

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Perhaps the single most important characteristic that sets a sniper rifle apart from other military or police small arms is the mounting of a

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is one rifle specifically designed to meet these criteria and is often referred to as an ideal example of this type of sniper rifle. The

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was a British Army unit formed in 1899 that was renowned for the expert marksmanship and stalking skills of its personnel. The men wore

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said of them that "keener men never lived". After the Boer War, the Scouts became the first official sniper unit in the British Army.

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shorter barrels' muzzle velocity loss is unimportant at closer ranges; the impact velocity of the bullet is more than sufficient.

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on the battlefield. The sniper rifle soon acquired the reputation of being one of the most effective and ruthless weapons of war.

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Some of the first sniper rifles designed specifically to meet police and other law-enforcement requirements were developed for

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projectile. Due to the considerable size and weight of anti-materiel rifles, two- or three-man sniper teams become necessary.

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to aid with judgment of distance, which is an important factor in accurate shot placement due to the bullet's trajectory.

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Worldwide, the trend is similar. The preferred sniper cartridge in Russia is another .30 caliber military cartridge, the

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Anti-materiel rifles tend to be semi-automatic and of a larger caliber than other rifles, using cartridges such as the

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operators tend to prefer semi-automatic rifles over bolt-action rifles for certain applications such as detonating

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Raudzens, George (1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History".

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Raudzens, George (1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History".

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Raudzens, George (1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History".

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magazine rifles led to sniper rifles having "effective accurate" ranges of up to a mile away from their target.

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with classic shaped wooden stock with cheek piece and free floating barrel. The L42A1 was a conversion of

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Pegler, Martin. Out Of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. 19.

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A Marine manually extracts an empty cartridge and chambers a new 7.62×51mm round in his bolt-action

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Shooting bags are also commonly used to help stabilize the rifle or to provide an adjustable base.

822: 753: 693: 617: 594: 536:, which is relatively easy to distinguish from smaller optical aiming devices found on some modern 463: 256: 147: 136: 2089: 748:(Special Applications Scoped Rifle), a .50-caliber anti-materiel rifle also used as a sniper rifle 342:, had a drastic and demoralizing effect on the battlefield. Soldiers would often remain hidden in 4817: 4763: 4724: 4424: 4414: 4226: 4214: 3832: 3614: 3421: 3391: 3055: 2777: 2415: 2120: 1078: 807: 696:(Germany). The .30-06 Springfield continued in service with U.S. Marine Corps snipers during the 685: 549: 208: 108: 318: 2525: 115: 4534: 4529: 4482: 4419: 4404: 4199: 4002: 3967: 3822: 3782: 3730: 3562: 3461: 3456: 3446: 3202: 3126: 3096: 3060: 3050: 3008: 2842: 2593: 2558: 2531:

Detail of Russian snipers and sniper rifles of World War Two by Chris Eger, military historian

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extreme spread levels against a human torso at 800 m (left) and a human head at 100 m (right)

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in the 1970s, well after general adoption of the 7.62×51mm. At the present time, in both the

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sniper rifle. The bolt handle is held in the shooter's hand and is not visible in this photo.

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Modern sniper rifles can be divided into two basic classes: military and law enforcement.

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stock with fully adjustable side-folding thumb hole polymer stock side panels and custom

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Out of Nowhere: A history of the military sniper, from the Sharpshooter to Afghanistan

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with classic shaped polymer stock with removable spacers to adjust the length of pull.

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was arguably the first long-range sniper rifle in the world. Designed in 1854 by Sir

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or assault rifles, often simply by adding a telescopic sight and adjustable stock.

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was built for, and is marketed to, law enforcement rather than military agencies.

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were tasked to kill Union field artillery crews, and were responsible for killing

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The Ultimate Sniper: an Advanced Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers

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The Ultimate Sniper: an Advanced Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers

1074: 1058: 843: 745: 720: 697: 684:(.308 Winchester) cartridge in the 1950s, standard military cartridges were the 673: 568: 423: 368: 204: 155: 124: 1734: 1708: 813:

Sniper-rifle barrels may also utilize a threaded muzzle or combination device (

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Most telescopic lenses employed in military or police roles also have special

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Minimum documented range is 5 yards, maximum documented range is 187 yards:

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Precision Weapon Engagement Ranges & Dispersion according to the US Army

626: 609: 604: 598: 376: 2253: 1837:. OutdoorsFan Media. InterMedia Outdoors, Inc. 27 June 2008. Archived from 1452: 154:. The modern sniper rifle is a portable shoulder-fired rifle with either a 2510: 4758: 4746: 4289: 4173: 4129: 4119: 4114: 4090: 3842: 3827: 3431: 3322: 2986: 2837: 2795: 2747: 2700: 2505: 1054: 656: 358: 347: 327: 292: 235: 107:

accuracy to maximal effective range of about 800 meters. The M24 was the

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Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 19

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from a safe distance and penetrating reinforced structures that enemy

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Type of rifle used for long-range engagements against enemy personnel

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Long Rifle: One Man's Deadly Sniper Missions in Iraq and Afghanistan

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Long Rifle: One Man's Deadly Sniper Missions in Iraq and Afghanistan

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for extreme accuracy and chambered for a high-ballistic performance

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with classic shaped polymer stock with adjustable length of pull.

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new ground with less-perfected (but possibly better) ammunition.

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may be capable of accuracy up to 0.15–0.3 MOA (0.04–0.09 mrad).

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were used by both sides. The British were equipped with the

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Weaver, Verdetta J.; Lewis, Dorothy E. (13 February 2009).

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Five-minute Sniper 101 Tutorial, Colonial Days to Present

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sniper rifle has an accuracy guarantee of 0.25 MOA (0.07

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for camouflage and were expertly skilled in observation.

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Russian will soon have a new sniper rifle 'the Tochnost'

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They Shoot to Kill: A Psycho-History of Criminal Sniping

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fitted the scope above the barrel for optimal accuracy.

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Confederate sharpshooters equipped with Whitworth rifles

2372:. Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). 1860. 1831:"US Special Operations Considers A ".338" Sniper Rifle" 275:, the marksman was a crucial component in battle. The 552:(40 to 50 mm in diameter) for a brighter image. 192:, a prominent British engineer, it used barrels with 4885: 4826: 4787: 4715: 4667: 4576: 4473: 4330: 4266: 4182: 4101: 3925: 3855: 3729: 3630: 3289: 3187: 3135: 3078: 3036: 2892: 2786: 2536:

demigodllc.com: Practical long-range rifle shooting

1990:"Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) Vendor Questionnaire" 2289: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1102:A 2008 United States military market survey for a 837:The most common special feature of a sniper rifle 644:, are used in similar "target-rich" environments. 1396:. Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). 2351:Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century 2332:Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper 2082:"XM2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle / M2010 ESR (USA)" 1601:Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century 1575:Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century 1546:Out Of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper 1524:Out Of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper 1493:Out Of Nowhere: A History Of The Military Sniper 1480:Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century 1467:Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century 821:and attachment mount) to allow the fitting of a 4877:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW) 2431:(2891). The British Medical Journal. 1916: 765. 1569: 1567: 267:rifle, while the Boers had received the latest 2119:. Primedia Enthusiast Magazine. Archived from 1782:(in Russian). 4 September 2009. Archived from 1615:Popenker, Max (2001). "Modern sniper rifles". 1611: 1609: 1453:"Lovat Scouts, Sharpshooters – United Kingdom" 111:standard-issue sniper rifle from 1988 to 2010. 2566: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 791:avoid inaccuracy due to an uneven treatment. 8: 271:rifles from Germany. In the open terrain of 1742:U.S. Army Materiel System Analysis Activity 1698:"Statistical notes on rifle group patterns" 4832: 4552: 4272: 4107: 4085: 3861: 3735: 3295: 3276: 3089: 2903: 2655: 2602: 2573: 2559: 2551: 2052:"M24 Sniper Weapon System Reconfiguration" 2203:Some information publicly available from 1770: 1768: 1766: 1469:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010, p. 31. 663:cartridges used by an Italian soldier in 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 2516:Tack Driving Tactical Rifle from Tac Ops 1647:Cartridges for Long-Range Sniping Rifles 1141: 1108:United States Special Operations Command 680:Before the introduction of the standard 255:, the latest breech-loading rifles with 203:, which had shown weaknesses during the 43:This article includes a list of general 1930:. Harris Tactical Group. Archived from 1548:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, pp. 19–20. 1372: 852: 340:Mosin–Nagant Model 1891/30 sniper rifle 2486: 2476: 2445: 2434: 2386: 2375: 892:World War II-era British sniper rifles 2506:Modern Firearms list of sniper rifles 1495:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 222. 1114:In 2008, the US military adopted the 121:Accuracy International Arctic Warfare 7: 2273:. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. 1751:from the original on 1 December 2012 1733:Weaver, Jonathan M. Jr. (May 1990). 2511:SniperCentral list of sniper rifles 2466:Violence Policy Center (May 1999). 1603:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 75. 1590:. Guilford: The Lyons Press, p. 11. 1526:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 16. 1482:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 36 2155:"Police Sniper Utilization Survey" 2088:. 24 December 2010. Archived from 1663:Military Technologies of the World 1577:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, p. 6. 1069:is usually capable of between 3–6 794:When installed, barrels are often 692:(7.7×56mmR) (United Kingdom), and 589:accuracy and ease of maintenance. 489:Looking through a telescopic sight 221:Battle of Spotsylvania Court House 150:and surveillance uses by military 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 2250:International Standard Atmosphere 2050:Street, David (19 October 2009). 1513:. vol. 1, no. 2891, 1916, p. 765. 1116:M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System 1065:A military-issue battle rifle or 2427:"Telescopic Sights for Rifles". 2169:Police Sniper Utilization Survey 1860:Byrd, Richard A (17 June 2008). 1735:"AMSAA Technical Report No. 461" 1509:"Telescopic Sights For Rifles." 965: 943: 917: 899: 873: 855: 34: 2400:The Journal of Military History 2254:Common Calibers Used by Snipers 1922:Beckstrand, Tom (1 July 2009). 1559:The Journal of Military History 1440:The Journal of Military History 890:No. 4 Mk1(T) and No. 4 Mk1*(T) 2111:Johnson, Dan (February 2005). 481:Distinguishing characteristics 1: 4742:Firearms by country 4657:Civilian Marksmanship Program 2353:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2334:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2315:. Guilford: The Lyons Press. 1293:Longest recorded sniper kills 688:(7.62×63mm) (United States), 1707:. p. 21. Archived from 1033:Comparison of 0.5, 1, and 3 4913:Federal Assault Weapons Ban 4811:Campaign Against Arms Trade 2192:American Sniper Association 2188:"Sniper Utilization Survey" 2173:American Sniper Association 1511:The British Medical Journal 1258:to conceal their position. 1124:M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle 930:based on an aluminum alloy 371:era sniper rifles, US Army 217:Major General John Sedgwick 4958: 4867:High-capacity magazine ban 3993:Mean time between failures 2522:Detailed accuracy articles 2232:The Police Operations Page 1120:M24 .300 Winchester Magnum 925:Accuracy International AWM 504:2 – Main targeting chevron 324:Model 1891/30 sniper rifle 4835: 4596:Household ownership rates 4551: 4275: 4110: 4084: 3864: 3738: 3298: 3275: 3092: 2906: 2667: 2654: 2605: 2601: 1561:. vol. 54, no. 4, p. 420. 1442:, vol. 54, no. 4, p. 415. 1362:Designated marksman rifle 502:1 – Lead/deflection scale 302:German sniper aiming his 2228:"Police Sniper Training" 1331:Related military weapons 1303:Precision-guided firearm 999:Non-static weapon mounts 752:Snipers may also employ 723:, are chambered for it. 520:, and the presence of a 506:3 – Bullet drop chevrons 430:, during sniper training 396:to lose accuracy due to 285:Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard 101:M24 Sniper Weapon System 4897:by U.S. state 4307:Overpressure ammunition 4242:Improved Military Rifle 3948:Circular error probable 2867:Personal defence weapon 2349:Pegler, Martin (2010). 2330:Pegler, Martin (2004). 2296:. Krause Publications. 2288:De Haas, Frank (1995). 2269:Tobias, Ronald (1981). 1599:Pegler, Martin (2010). 1573:Pegler, Martin (2010). 1544:Pegler, Martin (2004). 1522:Pegler, Martin (2004). 1491:Pegler, Martin (2004). 1478:Pegler, Martin (2010). 1406:Pegler, Martin (2011). 1308:Fully powered cartridge 1138:Maximum effective range 958:rail integration system 524:and other accessories. 475:FN Special Police Rifle 471:Heckler & Koch PSG1 64:more precise citations. 4591:Civilian gun ownership 4120:Firing (Shooting) 2459:"Modern Sniper Rifles" 2457:Popenker, Max (2001). 2444:Cite journal requires 2385:Cite journal requires 2165:on 28 September 2007. 1924:"SOCOM PSR Contenders" 1314:Related military roles 1196:.300 Winchester Magnum 1104:Precision Sniper Rifle 1062: 1046: 1038: 806:External longitudinal 749: 732:.300 Winchester Magnum 668: 613: 509: 490: 431: 380: 330: 315: 128: 112: 4065:Handgun effectiveness 3998:Minute of Angle (MOA) 3874:Ballistic coefficient 2850:Semi-automatic pistol 2252:sea level conditions 2238:on 27 September 2007. 2153:Bartlett, Derrick D. 1660:Lee, Tae-Woo (2009). 1644:Williams, Anthony G. 1412:. Osprey Publishing. 1288:List of sniper rifles 1052: 1044: 1032: 744: 734:(7.62×67mm), and the 655: 607: 496: 488: 421:U.S. Marine Corps SRT 419: 367: 321: 301: 135:is a high-precision, 118: 95: 4682:in the United States 4340:Armour piercing 3901:Rangefinding/keeping 3813:Push/Controlled feed 3605:Synchronization gear 3340:Blank-firing adapter 3191: or famous 2311:Lebleu, Jon (2008). 1714:on 26 September 2006 1586:Lebleu, Jon (2008). 754:anti-materiel rifles 728:7mm Remington Magnum 601:are using as cover. 460:1972 Summer Olympics 201:Pattern 1853 Enfield 4774:Privately made 4737:Firearm brands 4623:State firearms 4603:Exhibition shooting 4586:Celebratory gunfire 4445:Plastic tipped 4375:High explosive 3896:Physics of firearms 2092:on 29 December 2010 1337:Anti-materiel rifle 1320:Designated marksman 1298:Long range shooting 938:mounting interface. 618:designated marksman 595:unexploded ordnance 567:The choice between 464:U.S. Secret Service 4872:Right to bear arms 4818:Featureless rifles 4764:Improvised firearm 4725:3D printed firearm 4613:United States 4508:Fully powered 4415:Total metal jacket 4055:Stock measurements 2778:Underwater firearm 2674: versus 2524:, by barrel maker 2489:has generic name ( 2292:Bolt Action Rifles 2226:(September 1990). 2209:Major John Plaster 1695:Wheeler, Robert E. 1063: 1047: 1039: 960:attachment points. 750: 686:.30-06 Springfield 669: 665:Herat, Afghanistan 614: 510: 491: 432: 381: 331: 316: 209:American Civil War 129: 113: 109:United States Army 103:is capable of 0.5 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4886:United States Gun 4547: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4430:Hollow point 4355:Full metal jacket 4262: 4261: 4220:Tubes and Primers 4080: 4079: 4030:Power factor 3968:Gun harmonisation 3921: 3920: 3851: 3850: 3725: 3724: 3707:Night vision 3271: 3270: 3183: 3182: 3097:Automatic shotgun 3074: 3073: 2661:Types of firearms 2650: 2649: 1928:Tactical-life.com 1806:"MIL-R-71126(AR)" 1786:on 1 October 2009 1381:"Whitworth Rifle" 1244: 1243: 1206:.338 Lapua Magnum 1148:Maximum effective 1099:Ball cartridges. 978: 955: 929: 911: 885: 867: 736:.338 Lapua Magnum 694:7.92×57 mm Mauser 661:.338 Lapua Magnum 454:police after the 385:guerrilla warfare 269:Mauser Model 1895 234:. This allowed a 197:polygonal rifling 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 4949: 4833: 4779:Small arms trade 4717:Firearm industry 4568:, and 4553: 4425:Hollow base 4273: 4252:Smokeless powder 4108: 4086: 4035:Precision-guided 3862: 3736: 3543:Rail system 3417:Flash suppressor 3296: 3277: 3223:Winchester rifle 3213:Antique firearms 3143:20-gauge shotgun 3090: 2904: 2656: 2603: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2552: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2474: 2472: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2432: 2423: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2373: 2364: 2345: 2326: 2307: 2295: 2284: 2256: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2200: 2198: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2161:. Archived from 2150: 2144: 2143: 2130: 2128: 2123:on 27 April 2005 2113:"Precision Pair" 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2005: 1999:. Archived from 1994: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1969: 1963:. Archived from 1958: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1835:Tactical Gun Fan 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1772: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1750: 1739: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1702: 1691: 1678: 1677: 1657: 1651: 1642: 1636: 1629:Plaster, John L. 1626: 1620: 1613: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1584: 1578: 1571: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1520: 1514: 1507: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1476: 1470: 1465:Pegler, Martin. 1463: 1457: 1456: 1455:. 20 March 2020. 1449: 1443: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1142: 976: 969: 953: 947: 927: 921: 909: 903: 883: 877: 865: 859: 819:flash suppressor 577:recoil operation 546:reflector sights 534:telescopic sight 528:Telescopic sight 514:telescopic sight 428:M24 sniper rifle 352:chain of command 312:telescopic sight 261:smokeless powder 190:Joseph Whitworth 167:telescopic sight 165:, fitted with a 96:The bolt-action 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4917: 4881: 4850:Concealed carry 4845:Assault weapons 4840:Air travel 4822: 4799: and 4783: 4711: 4671: 4663: 4652:Shooting sports 4642:Pistol duelling 4572: 4539: 4503:Rifle cartridge 4469: 4410:Supercavitating 4405:Soft point 4326: 4258: 4232:Ball propellant 4178: 4097: 4076: 4072:Twist rate 3963:Gun chronograph 3953:Effective range 3917: 3847: 3818:Recoil-operated 3721: 3626: 3285: 3267: 3253:Colt Peacemaker 3179: 3153:Dragon's breath 3148:Breaching round 3131: 3112:Double-barreled 3070: 3046:General purpose 3032: 2888: 2782: 2723:Multiple-barrel 2663: 2646: 2597: 2579: 2502: 2497: 2485: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2456: 2443: 2433: 2426: 2412:10.2307/1986064 2397: 2384: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2348: 2342: 2329: 2323: 2310: 2304: 2287: 2281: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2126: 2124: 2117:Guns & Ammo 2110: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2060:Federal Service 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2006:on 30 June 2017 2003: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1970:on 30 June 2017 1967: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1901:Federal Service 1890: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1870:Federal Service 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744:. p. 166. 1737: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1700: 1693: 1692: 1681: 1674: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1643: 1639: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1565: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1460: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1437: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1342:Anti-tank rifle 1284: 1149: 1140: 1079:benchrest rifle 1071:minute of angle 1027: 1022: 1011:shooting sticks 988: 981: 970: 961: 948: 939: 922: 913: 904: 895: 878: 869: 863:Steyr SSG 69 PI 860: 835: 785: 650: 565: 542:submachine guns 530: 508:4 – Rangefinder 507: 505: 503: 501: 483: 456:Munich massacre 441: 439:Law enforcement 414: 406: 393: 375:(top) and USMC 328:PU 3.5×21 sight 253:Second Boer War 249: 228:Chance Brothers 186:Whitworth rifle 182: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4944: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4687:Assassinations 4684: 4678: 4676: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4556: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4210:Percussion cap 4207: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4089: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4060:Stopping power 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3978:Length of pull 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3803:Out-of-battery 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3427:Forward assist 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3397:Cocking handle 3394: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3281:Mechanics and 3280: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3107:Combat shotgun 3104: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2872:Submachine gun 2869: 2862:Pistol caliber 2859: 2858: 2857: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2606: 2599: 2598: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2508: 2501: 2500:External links 2498: 2496: 2495: 2487:|author1= 2463: 2454: 2446:|journal= 2424: 2406:(4): 403–434. 2395: 2387:|journal= 2365: 2360:978-1849083980 2359: 2346: 2341:978-1846031403 2340: 2327: 2322:978-1599214405 2321: 2308: 2302: 2285: 2279: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2241: 2215: 2179: 2145: 2103: 2073: 2042: 2017: 1981: 1945: 1934:on 5 June 2009 1914: 1883: 1852: 1841:on 6 June 2011 1822: 1797: 1762: 1725: 1705:bobwheeler.com 1679: 1673:978-0275995393 1672: 1652: 1637: 1621: 1605: 1592: 1579: 1563: 1550: 1537: 1528: 1515: 1497: 1484: 1471: 1458: 1444: 1431: 1418: 1398: 1386: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1216:12.7×99mm NATO 1212: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1176:7.62×51mm NATO 1172: 1171: 1168: 1166:5.56×45mm NATO 1162: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 990:An adjustable 987: 984: 983: 982: 971: 964: 962: 949: 942: 940: 936:Picatinny rail 923: 916: 914: 905: 898: 896: 879: 872: 870: 861: 854: 834: 831: 784: 781: 777:Raufoss Mk 211 682:7.62×51mm NATO 649: 646: 632:selective fire 591:Special forces 573:semi-automatic 564: 561: 550:objective lens 538:assault rifles 529: 526: 518:prone position 482: 479: 440: 437: 413: 410: 405: 404:Classification 402: 392: 389: 248: 245: 241:breech loading 181: 178: 160:semi-automatic 144:anti-personnel 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4954: 4943: 4942:Sniper rifles 4940: 4939: 4937: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4769:Most-produced 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 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3488: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3233:Mauser rifles 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3158:Shotgun shell 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 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1863: 1856: 1853: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1823: 1811: 1810:everyspec.com 1807: 1801: 1798: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1726: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1421: 1419:9781849088756 1415: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357:Carbine rifle 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1347:Assault rifle 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1227: 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operation 578: 574: 570: 562: 560: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 527: 525: 523: 519: 515: 499: 495: 487: 480: 478: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 438: 436: 429: 425: 422: 418: 411: 409: 403: 401: 399: 398:wear and tear 390: 388: 386: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:Karabiner 98k 329: 325: 320: 313: 309: 305: 304:Karabiner 98k 300: 296: 294: 288: 286: 282: 281:ghillie suits 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 246: 244: 242: 237: 233: 229: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195: 191: 187: 179: 177: 175: 172: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 148:anti-materiel 145: 141: 138: 134: 126: 122: 117: 110: 106: 102: 99: 94: 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 18:Sniper rifles 4789:Arms control 4669:Gun violence 4636:Jungle style 4635: 4608:Gun cultures 4513:Intermediate 4190:Fire forming 4040:Rate of fire 3911:Stadiametric 3889:Transitional 3833:Self-loading 3788:Gas-operated 3748:Blow-forward 3680:Red dot 3590:Squeeze bore 3538:Pistol slide 3523:Muzzle brake 3491:Bottom metal 3038:Machine guns 3020: 2696:Line thrower 2676:muzzleloader 2672:Breechloader 2437:cite journal 2428: 2403: 2399: 2378:cite journal 2369: 2350: 2331: 2312: 2291: 2270: 2244: 2236:the original 2231: 2218: 2204: 2202: 2195:. 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Retrieved 1408: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1375: 1352:Battle rifle 1325:Scout sniper 1276: 1260: 1249: 1245: 1240:1,800–2,300 1230:1,500–2,000 1220:1,500–2,000 1210:1,200–1,500 1128: 1113: 1101: 1092: 1083: 1064: 1020:Capabilities 1015: 997: 989: 980:attachments. 975:(MK 22 PSR) 973:Barrett MRAD 836: 827: 815:muzzle brake 812: 805: 793: 786: 758: 751: 730:(7.2×64mm), 725: 717:Mosin–Nagant 710: 690:.303 British 679: 670: 639: 615: 586:battle rifle 566: 554: 531: 511: 468: 449: 445: 442: 433: 407: 394: 391:21st century 382: 356: 332: 289: 277:Lovat Scouts 273:South Africa 250: 247:20th century 225: 183: 133:sniper rifle 132: 130: 76: 67: 48: 4903:Legislation 4855:in the U.S. 4806:Disarmament 4801:Gun control 4498:Handloading 4285:Dummy round 4157:Cooking off 4152:Malfunction 4140:Field strip 4135:Maintenance 4025:Penetration 3988:Match grade 3906:Mathematics 3838:Single-shot 3778:Closed bolt 3692:Scope mount 3655:Holographic 3645:Finderscope 3533:Pistol grip 3511:Speedloader 3365:Telescoping 3345:Breechblock 3218:Gatling gun 3117:Pump action 2758:Single-shot 2681:Combination 2197:25 February 2159:Swat Digest 2127:25 February 2096:25 February 1845:25 February 1790:25 February 1718:25 February 1252:7.62×54mm R 1075:milliradian 986:Accessories 888:Lee–Enfield 844:iron sights 704:and within 698:Vietnam War 674:match grade 659:rifle with 657:Sako TRG-42 569:bolt-action 452:West German 424:sniper team 369:Vietnam War 265:Lee–Metford 251:During the 205:Crimean War 156:bolt action 125:German Army 62:introducing 4707:Gun safety 4702:Gunfighter 4493:Centrefire 4475:Cartridges 4455:Snake shot 4395:Round shot 4385:Projectile 4370:Incendiary 4268:Ammunition 4227:Propellant 4195:Obturation 4167:Squib load 4095:ammunition 3933:Accurizing 3869:Ballistics 3783:Electronic 3702:Telescopic 3553:Recoil pad 3412:Firing pin 3387:Bump stock 3350:Breechface 3291:Components 3283:components 3136:Ammunition 2884:Wallet gun 2828:Pepper-box 2773:Spring-gun 2768:Smoothbore 2763:Sleeve gun 2262:References 2086:World Guns 1815:26 October 1617:World Guns 1425:2013-11-18 1272:14.5×114mm 1268:12.7×108mm 1256:fieldcraft 1236:14.5×114mm 1226:12.7×108mm 1200:900–1,200 1190:800–1,000 1186:7.62×54mmR 1180:800–1,000 1150:range (m) 1145:Cartridge 1132:brain stem 1001:, such as 823:suppressor 769:14.5×114mm 765:12.7×108mm 746:M82A1 SASR 713:7.62×54mmR 627:logistical 599:combatants 575:, usually 306:with 4×36 232:Birmingham 171:centerfire 137:long-range 70:April 2023 45:references 4747:Gun shops 4697:Forensics 4672:and 4618:Gun shows 4360:Frangible 4350:Expanding 4302:Gas check 4297:Flechette 4280:Cannelure 4205:Gunpowder 4162:Hang fire 4130:Firefight 3983:Lock time 3973:Headspace 3938:Bore axis 3823:Repeating 3773:Open bolt 3687:Magnifier 3573:Auto sear 3479:Wheellock 3474:Flintlock 3452:Half-cock 3407:Extractor 3308:Feed ramp 3238:Tommy Gun 3228:M1 Garand 3163:.410 bore 3127:Sawed-off 3102:Coach gun 3016:Repeating 3009:Polygonal 2933:Automatic 2916:Anti-tank 2801:Derringer 2691:Flare gun 2526:Dan Lilja 2066:17 August 2010:17 August 1974:17 August 1938:17 August 1907:17 August 1876:17 August 1755:17 August 1264:12.7×99mm 1156:5.45×39mm 1073:(0.9–1.7 951:M2010 ESR 642:M110 SASS 544:(such as 293:gunsmiths 257:magazines 194:hexagonal 174:cartridge 98:7.62×51mm 4936:Category 4908:Politics 4828:Gun laws 4759:Gunsmith 4647:Politics 4566:industry 4488:Caseless 4290:Snap cap 4183:Ignition 4174:Ricochet 4115:Dry fire 4091:Shooting 4018:Velocity 3884:Terminal 3879:External 3843:Slamfire 3828:Revolver 3743:Blowback 3610:Tapering 3585:Silencer 3548:Receiver 3486:Magazine 3442:Foregrip 3432:Freebore 3402:Cylinder 3360:Rotating 3323:Trunnion 3189:Historic 3080:Shotguns 2999:Marksman 2977:Elephant 2879:Starting 2838:Revolver 2806:Duelling 2796:Cane gun 2788:Handguns 2748:Riot gun 2716:Takedown 2701:Long gun 2686:Elephant 2590:glossary 2582:Firearms 2479:cite web 1746:Archived 1631:(1993). 1282:See also 1170:600–800 1160:600–800 1055:Tango 51 1025:Accuracy 1007:monopods 719:and the 648:Magazine 557:reticles 426:with an 412:Military 379:(bottom) 359:regiment 348:trenches 344:foxholes 322:Russian 236:marksman 4895: ( 4862:License 4630:Hunting 4578:Society 4558:Society 4535:Wildcat 4530:Pinfire 4460:Spitzer 4390:Raufoss 4332:Bullets 4322:Wadding 4237:Cordite 4215:Rimfire 4145:Fouling 4125:Gunshot 4103:Gunshot 3943:Caliber 3926:Metrics 3857:Physics 3758:Boxlock 3731:Actions 3717:Zeroing 3712:Thermal 3670:Reticle 3640:Diopter 3615:Trigger 3462:Striker 3437:Forearm 3422:Fluting 3392:Chamber 3380:Tilting 3370:Flapper 3330:Bayonet 3318:Threads 3082: ( 3004:Rifling 2992:Varmint 2982:Express 2972:Buffalo 2967:Hunting 2950:Carbine 2921:Assault 2896: ( 2823:Machine 2743:Pen gun 2738:Net gun 2733:Needler 2725: ( 2706:Carbine 2627:History 2610:Firearm 2584: ( 2420:1986064 2211:, 1993. 2056:Fbo.gov 1997:Fbo.gov 1961:Fbo.gov 1897:Fbo.gov 1866:Fbo.gov 932:chassis 907:M24 SWS 808:fluting 788:Barrels 761:.50 BMG 500:reticle 458:at the 291:German 180:History 152:snipers 58:improve 4692:Deaths 4674:safety 4562:safety 4440:Meplat 4420:Tracer 4247:Ramrod 4200:Primer 4045:Recoil 4008:Energy 4003:Muzzle 3675:Reflex 3632:Sights 3580:Shroud 3563:Safety 3457:Linear 3447:Hammer 3375:Roller 3303:Barrel 3056:Medium 3021:Sniper 2962:Double 2938:Battle 2894:Rifles 2833:Pocket 2811:Pistol 2753:Rotary 2711:Musket 2642:Weapon 2632:Safety 2594:topics 2592:, and 2418: 2357: 2338: 2319: 2300: 2277: 1780:Enotus 1670: 1416: 1270:, and 1003:bipods 977:(2013) 954:(2011) 928:(1996) 910:(1988) 884:(1970) 866:(1969) 783:Barrel 771:, and 620:rifle 563:Action 163:action 47:, but 4525:Paper 4483:Blank 4450:ABCBC 4435:Minié 4380:HEIAP 4365:Green 4317:Sabot 4050:Group 3958:Gauge 3793:Lever 3768:Break 3665:Laser 3650:Globe 3620:guard 3600:Stock 3595:Choke 3263:Glock 3258:M1911 3243:MP 40 3203:AR-15 3198:AK-47 3061:Heavy 3051:Light 2615:lists 2471:(PDF) 2416:JSTOR 2141:teams 2004:(PDF) 1993:(PDF) 1968:(PDF) 1957:(PDF) 1749:(PDF) 1738:(PDF) 1712:(PDF) 1701:(PDF) 1368:Notes 992:sling 881:L42A1 839:stock 833:Stock 800:stock 622:(DMR) 610:M40A3 522:bipod 498:PSO-1 326:with 310:ZF39 308:Zeiss 140:rifle 4893:Laws 4797:Arms 4752:list 4730:list 4570:laws 4518:list 4400:SLAP 4345:Cast 4093:and 4013:Rise 3808:Pump 3753:Bolt 3697:Tang 3660:Iron 3568:Sear 3501:Drum 3496:Clip 3469:Lock 3355:Bolt 3335:Belt 3313:Slug 3175:Slug 3170:Shot 3122:Riot 3084:list 3026:list 2987:Punt 2955:list 2943:list 2926:list 2898:list 2855:list 2843:list 2816:list 2727:list 2586:list 2491:help 2450:help 2391:help 2355:ISBN 2336:ISBN 2317:ISBN 2298:ISBN 2275:ISBN 2199:2019 2139:SWAT 2133:The 2129:2019 2098:2019 2068:2013 2062:Desk 2037:2011 2012:2013 1976:2013 1940:2013 1909:2013 1903:Desk 1878:2013 1872:Desk 1847:2019 1817:2014 1792:2019 1757:2013 1720:2019 1668:ISBN 1414:ISBN 1059:mrad 1053:The 1009:and 773:20mm 706:NATO 571:and 540:and 469:The 373:XM21 338:and 259:and 184:The 119:The 4465:VLD 4312:PCA 3558:Rim 3248:Uzi 3208:M16 3066:SAW 2637:War 2622:Gun 2408:doi 2135:FBI 1096:M24 1035:MOA 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