1782:
46:(NRS) to classify readers, but have since been used by many other organisations for wider applications and have become a standard for market research. They were developed in the late 1950s and refined in following years and achieved widespread usage in 20th century Britain. Their definition is maintained by the
213:
groupings (ABC1) grew from 34% in 1968, to 55% of the population in 2016. Within this section, the professional and managerial groupings (A and B) doubled, from only 12% in 1968 to 27% in 2016. C2DE has shrunk over this period from 65% to 45% of the population. With pensioners and unemployed people
221:
poll found that 41% of ABC1 identified themselves as working class (and 51% as middle class), while 66% of C2DEs identified themselves as working class (and 25% as middle class). Matthew Smith, Head of Data
Journalism at
186:
Retired people are placed in grade E if they only have a state pension and benefits. If they have an occupational or private pension, they are graded according to the highest graded job they did before retiring.
69:
The classifications are based on the occupation of the head of the household. The grades are often grouped into ABC1 and C2DE, representing 55% and 45% of the population in 2016 respectively.
226:, said that while NRS groupings "are often used as shorthand to refer to the middle class and working class", "the problem is that the NRS social grade was never designed to describe class".
313:
858:
375:
240:
469:
1811:
1806:
1586:
1461:
1471:
1729:
627:
320:
1578:
1516:
1558:
889:
535:
1553:
1563:
61:. The distinguishing feature of the NRS social grade is that it is based on occupation, rather than income, wealth or property ownership.
1596:
1744:
1724:
1703:
1708:
1591:
1434:
443:
1816:
1456:
289:
388:
1446:
1739:
1511:
1506:
990:
1734:
1568:
1533:
1484:
1208:
503:
1688:
1678:
1545:
753:
1668:
1007:
528:
43:
1693:
1633:
498:
350:
1638:
1628:
985:
797:
414:
1785:
1683:
1618:
383:
47:
1643:
1272:
1014:
1698:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1501:
569:
521:
1759:
1754:
1658:
1528:
1479:
873:
839:
824:
660:
607:
250:
235:
1143:
948:
923:
903:
807:
210:
198:
1300:
1282:
1277:
1265:
1099:
918:
898:
868:
650:
622:
508:
1305:
1223:
960:
913:
851:
680:
1749:
1623:
1523:
1353:
1161:
1051:
1002:
975:
728:
723:
576:
1494:
1186:
997:
743:
733:
293:
214:
included in C2DE, this means that ABC1 represents a majority of the working population.
174:
State pensioners, casual and lowest grade workers, unemployed with state benefits only.
1451:
1395:
1234:
1191:
1119:
863:
834:
759:
713:
655:
612:
39:
286:
1800:
1292:
1089:
878:
748:
738:
696:
670:
665:
602:
562:
126:
Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial roles, administrative or professional
1325:
1252:
1031:
1021:
940:
690:
597:
547:
499:
National
Readership Survey information on social grade and its discriminatory power
419:
245:
58:
470:"Why claims from polls about what 'working class people' think are usually wrong"
1489:
1320:
1310:
1260:
1242:
1153:
1114:
908:
819:
802:
191:
1335:
675:
35:
1381:
1376:
1343:
1315:
1203:
1198:
1134:
1109:
1056:
970:
685:
617:
444:"How well do ABC1 and C2DE correspond with our own class identity? | YouGov"
201:
with the addition of a Class F signifying
Farmers and Agricultural Workers.
17:
1390:
1362:
1348:
1215:
1181:
1139:
1124:
1084:
829:
1386:
1371:
1367:
1129:
1079:
1071:
1061:
965:
953:
812:
708:
702:
1358:
1171:
1104:
1044:
1039:
846:
223:
218:
1166:
1094:
645:
54:
1176:
718:
194:, and this group is not separated by the classification scheme.
1420:
777:
517:
513:
112:
Intermediate managerial roles, administrative or professional
415:"Riven by class and no social mobility - Britain in 2007"
95:
Higher managerial roles, administrative or professional
1717:
1609:
1577:
1544:
1470:
1433:
1334:
1291:
1251:
1233:
1152:
1070:
1030:
939:
932:
887:
790:
636:
590:
209:Since the creation of the system, the size of the
190:Only around 2% of the UK population identifies as
241:National Statistics Socio-economic Classification
197:The grading system is also sometimes used in the
268:
266:
529:
8:
1213:
351:"Social Grade | National Readership Survey"
1439:
1430:
1417:
936:
787:
774:
587:
536:
522:
514:
160:Semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers
376:"Definitions employed in Social Grading"
285:Occupation groupings: a job dictionary.
71:
42:. They were originally developed by the
262:
57:, NRS social grade is not the same as
314:"Social Grade: A Classification Tool"
7:
345:
343:
341:
308:
306:
304:
302:
442:Smith, Matthew (19 November 2019).
1812:Social class in the United Kingdom
1807:Demographics of the United Kingdom
779:
413:Glover, Julian (20 October 2007).
25:
272:Wilmshurst, J. & MacKay, A.,
78:Chief income earner's occupation
1781:
1780:
274:The Fundamentals of Advertising
1422:
504:MORI information on the grades
1:
27:UK demographic classification
509:Demographic classifications
1833:
628:Weberian (three-component)
84:Frequency in 2008 - Ipsos
81:Frequency in 1968 - Ipsos
44:National Readership Survey
36:demographic classification
1776:
1442:
1429:
1416:
786:
773:
586:
557:
170:
156:
145:
139:
122:
108:
97:
91:
77:
74:
1750:Pre-industrial East Asia
87:Frequency in 2016 - NRS
1817:Socio-economic mobility
798:Administrative detainee
384:Market Research Society
319:. Ipsos. Archived from
287:Market Research Society
143:Skilled manual workers
48:Market Research Society
1214:
387:. 2019. Archived from
1755:Pre-industrial Europe
1612: or countries
1423:By country or region
661:Class discrimination
251:Socioeconomic status
236:Acorn (demographics)
1144:Vanniar (Chieftain)
394:on 19 December 2019
292:29 May 2010 at the
199:Republic of Ireland
1725:18th-century Spain
1579:Standard of living
1283:Upper middle class
1278:Lower middle class
869:Political prisoner
651:Chattering classes
623:Spoon class theory
476:. 25 November 2019
1794:
1793:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1605:
1604:
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1407:
1404:
1403:
1306:Lumpenproletariat
808:illegal immigrant
769:
768:
681:Classless society
184:
183:
32:NRS social grades
16:(Redirected from
1824:
1784:
1783:
1611:
1512:Mexican-American
1440:
1431:
1418:
1219:
1162:Business magnate
1052:Knowledge worker
937:
825:dual or multiple
788:
775:
729:Social exclusion
724:Social cleansing
638:
588:
577:Economic classes
538:
531:
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486:
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326:on 15 March 2016
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72:
34:are a system of
21:
1832:
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1822:
1821:
1797:
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1573:
1540:
1524:Underprivileged
1466:
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1400:
1330:
1287:
1247:
1229:
1148:
1066:
1026:
928:
883:
782:
781:
765:
744:Social position
734:Social mobility
632:
582:
553:
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542:
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474:The Independent
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296:, London, 2006.
294:Wayback Machine
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28:
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1745:Ottoman Empire
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1730:Ancient Greece
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1597:Home-ownership
1594:
1589:
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1452:American Dream
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864:Migrant worker
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827:
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780:By demographic
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760:Status Anxiety
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714:Ranked society
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656:Class conflict
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639: topics
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874:Socioeconomic
872:
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749:Social stigma
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739:Social orphan
737:
735:
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730:
727:
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722:
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717:
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699:
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697:Nouveau riche
694:
692:
689:
687:
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674:
672:
671:Class traitor
669:
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666:Class society
664:
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635:
629:
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624:
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603:Gilbert model
601:
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595:
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356:
355:www.nrs.co.uk
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64:
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60:
56:
53:According to
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49:
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37:
33:
19:
1760:Soviet Union
1735:Ancient Rome
1592:Homelessness
1517:Upper Middle
1389: /
1370: /
1361: /
1326:Working poor
1222:
1209:Robber baron
1032:Intellectual
1022:Royal family
986:Ancient Rome
840:second-class
758:
701:
700: /
695:
691:High society
598:Elite theory
575:
568:
561:
548:Social class
478:. Retrieved
473:
464:
452:. Retrieved
448:yougov.co.uk
447:
437:
425:. Retrieved
420:The Guardian
418:
408:
396:. Retrieved
389:the original
382:
370:
358:. Retrieved
354:
328:. Retrieved
321:the original
281:
273:
246:Social class
216:
211:white-collar
208:
196:
189:
185:
68:
59:social class
52:
38:used in the
31:
29:
18:Social grade
1679:New Zealand
1396:Untouchable
1321:Proletariat
1311:Pea-pickers
1261:Bourgeoisie
949:Aristocracy
835:naturalized
830:native-born
480:18 February
454:18 February
360:19 November
192:upper class
1801:Categories
1669:Luxembourg
1559:Inequality
1224:Superclass
1015:Hereditary
991:Post-Roman
982:Patrician
852:adolescent
676:Classicide
427:17 October
257:References
1694:Sri Lanka
1587:Education
1554:Household
1447:Affluence
1382:Rat tribe
1344:Ant tribe
1316:Precariat
1301:Lazzaroni
1243:Bohemians
1204:Overclass
1199:Old money
1135:Spartiate
1110:Kshatriya
1100:Hashashin
1057:Professor
998:Political
971:Oligarchy
961:Hanseaten
879:Stateless
859:Convicted
791:By status
754:Subaltern
686:Euthenics
618:New class
1786:Category
1718:Historic
1639:Colombia
1629:Cambodia
1564:Personal
1462:Mobility
1391:Freedman
1377:Plebeian
1363:Prisoner
1349:Commoner
1235:Creative
1216:Seigneur
1182:Nobility
1140:Vanniyar
1125:Pendekar
1085:Cossacks
719:Snobbery
591:Theories
450:. YouGov
423:. London
330:6 August
290:Archived
276:, (1999)
230:See also
1689:Romania
1684:Nigeria
1569:Poverty
1472:Classes
1457:History
1368:Peasant
1354:Outcast
1293:Working
1273:Burgher
1130:Samurai
1120:Ocēlōtl
1080:Chhetri
1072:Warrior
1062:Scholar
976:Russian
966:Magnate
954:Aristoi
933:By type
820:Citizen
813:refugee
709:Poverty
703:Parvenu
637:Related
608:Marxian
570:Stratum
398:10 July
217:A 2019
205:History
1644:France
1624:Belize
1619:Africa
1546:Income
1502:Middle
1495:Gentry
1359:Outlaw
1266:Petite
1253:Middle
1187:Landed
1172:Gentry
1105:Knight
1045:Priest
1040:Clergy
1003:Family
941:Ruling
890:collar
847:Clique
563:Status
224:YouGov
219:YouGov
75:Grade
65:Grades
1740:Aztec
1699:Tibet
1674:Nepal
1664:Italy
1654:India
1649:Haiti
1634:China
1534:Under
1529:Lower
1507:Black
1490:Donor
1485:Black
1480:Upper
1387:Slave
1336:Under
1192:Petty
1167:Elite
1154:Upper
1095:Harii
1090:Cuāuh
924:White
904:Green
803:Alien
646:Caste
392:(PDF)
379:(PDF)
324:(PDF)
317:(PDF)
55:Ipsos
1659:Iran
1372:Serf
1177:Lord
1115:Nair
1008:List
919:Pink
909:Grey
899:Blue
888:By "
482:2024
456:2024
429:2009
400:2024
362:2018
332:2016
180:10%
166:15%
163:15%
152:20%
149:21%
146:65%
135:28%
132:29%
129:22%
118:23%
115:23%
98:12%
30:The
914:New
177:8%
140:C2
123:C1
104:4%
101:4%
1803::
472:.
446:.
417:.
381:.
353:.
340:^
301:^
265:^
171:E
157:D
109:B
92:A
50:.
1142:/
892:"
537:e
530:t
523:v
484:.
458:.
431:.
402:.
364:.
334:.
20:)
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