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be even envisioned, than for scientists and engineers involved in applied scientific research and technological innovation since in such work objectives are well-known. For example, most corporations conduct research on specific products or services that promise to yield profit for share-holders. Similarly, most of the research funded by governments is mission-oriented, such as protecting the environment, developing new drugs, or designing more lethal weapons. In cases where the application of scientific knowledge and technological innovation is well-known
242:
and physical division of labor, the resulting fragmentation of knowledge, the high degree of specialization, and the complex and hierarchical decision-making process within corporations and government research laboratories, it is exceedingly difficult for individual scientists and engineers to control the applications of their innovations. This fragmentation of work and decision-making results in fragmented moral accountability, often to the point where "everybody involved was responsible but none could be held responsible."
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299:(EPA) guidelines for emissions of dangerous pollutants and goes further to involve the community and address concerns the public might have, they might be less likely to have the EPA investigate them. According to some experts, most rules and regulations are formed due to public outcry, which threatens
257:
Another point of view is that responsibility falls on those who provide the funding for the research and technological developments (in most cases corporations and government agencies). Because taxpayers provide the funds for government-sponsored research, they and the politicians that represent them
241:
Some argue that because of the complexity of social responsibility in research, scientists and engineers should not be blamed for all the evils created by new scientific knowledge and technological innovations. First, there is fragmentation and diffusion of responsibility: Because of the intellectual
245:
Another problem is ignorance. The scientists and engineers cannot predict how their newly generated knowledge and technological innovations may be abused or misused. The excuse of ignorance is stronger for scientists involved in very basic and fundamental research where potential applications cannot
180:
One can be socially responsible passively, by avoiding engaging in socially harmful acts, or actively, by performing activities that advance social goals. Social responsibility has an intergenerational aspect, since the actions of one generation have consequences for their posterity, and also can be
216:
Are scientists and engineers morally responsible for the negative consequences that result from applications of their knowledge and inventions? If scientists and engineers take pride in the positive achievements of science and technology, shouldn't they also accept responsibility for the negative
336:
and enable end users to confirm the corporation's practices adhere to social responsibility ideals. A reputation for social responsibility leads to more positive responses toward a brand's products by inducing a reciprocal desire to help companies that have helped others, an effect that is more
199:
Another way to be socially responsible is by being careful not to spread information that you have not diligently vetted for its truth. In the modern information environment, "the stakes of credulity are simply too high," says
Francisco Mejia Uribe. Socially responsible people have "the moral
310:"; others argue that it is an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful corporations. A significant number of studies have shown no negative influence on shareholder results from CSR but rather a slightly positive correlation with improved shareholder returns.
258:
should perhaps be held accountable for the uses and abuses of science. In times past scientists could often conduct research independently, but today's experimental research requires expensive laboratories and instrumentation, making scientists dependent on those who pay for their studies.
217:
consequences related to the use or abuse of scientific knowledge and technological innovations? Scientists and engineers have a collective responsibility to examine the values embedded in the research problems they choose and the ethics of how they share their findings with the public.
677:
200:
obligation to believe only what we have diligently investigated." And a socially responsible person "in her capacity as communicator of beliefā¦ has the moral responsibility not to pollute the well of collective knowledge and instead to strive to sustain its integrity."
220:
Committees of scientists and engineers are often involved in planning governmental and corporate research programs, including those devoted to the development of military technologies and weaponry. Many professional societies and national organizations, such as the
237:
for the conduct of scientific research and engineering). Scientists and engineers, individually and collectively, have a special and greater responsibility than average citizens with respect to the generation and use of scientific knowledge.
112:
would be fertile soil in which a thriving, virtuous citizenry could grow (and in order that there could be an appropriate political context in which one could successfully practice virtues like justice which require a political context).
192:, for example, believed that "we have gotten used to regarding as valor only valor in war (or the kind that's needed for flying in outer space), the kind which jingle-jangles with medals. We have forgotten another concept of
618:
329:. A corporate reputation aligned with social responsibility is linked to higher profits, particularly when firms voluntarily report the positive and negative impacts of their social responsibility endeavors.
67:
between economic development, and the welfare of society and the environment. Social responsibility pertains not only to business organizations but also to everyone whose actions impact the environment.
306:
Some critics argue that corporate social responsibility (CSR) distracts from the fundamental economic role of businesses; others argue that it is nothing more than superficial window-dressing, such as "
145:
believed that "In no other realm does human excellence approach so closely the paths of the gods as it does in the founding of new and in the preservation of already founded communities."
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While many corporations include social responsibility in their operations, those procuring their goods and services may also independently ensure these products are
2506:
1979:
705:
2066:
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296:
2626:
265:, has received some normative status in relation to private and public corporations in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (
30:
Social responsibility from businesses such as providing recycling bins can in turn provide opportunities for people to be socially responsible by recycling.
3291:
2357:
2058:
1398:"Normative Foundations of Technology Transfer and Transnational Benefit Principles in the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights"
281:
will "encourage voluntary commitment to social responsibility and will lead to common guidance on concepts, definitions and methods of evaluation."
3338:
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250:, a scientist or engineer cannot escape responsibility for research and technological innovation that is morally dubious. As John Forge writes in
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Ethical decision-making by businesses can prevent costly government intervention in those businesses. For instance, if a company follows the
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512:
98:
He saw ethics and politics as mutually-reinforcing: a citizen develops the virtues in large part so that they can contribute to making the
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is meant to be "a community of equals for the sake of a life which is potentially the best." Some of the virtues in his scheme of
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Certification processes like these help corporations and their consumers identify potential risks associated with a product's
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2609:
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1965:
458:
1895:
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1157:
Collins, F. (1972). "Social ethics and the conduct of science ā Specialization and the fragmentation of responsibility".
712:
2501:
1208:
Leitenberg, M. (1971). "Social responsibility (II) ā The classical scientific ethic and strategic-weapons development".
222:
833:"Managing social challenges in the nuclear decommissioning industry: A responsible approach towards better performance"
208:
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concept in which a person works and cooperates with other people and organizations for the benefit of the community.
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1992:
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711:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development. May 2004. p. 1. Archived from
44:
An organization can demonstrate social responsibility in several ways, for instance, by donating, encouraging
1635:
Johnson, Z. (January 2019). "Self-Reporting CSR Activities: When Your
Company Harms, Do You Self-Disclose?".
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prominent among consumers who value helping others and is reduced if consumers doubt a firm's intentions.
189:
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2110:
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was one of the first to address the issue of social responsibility as it relates to business activity.
1932:
Multinationals and
Corporate Social Responsibility: Limitations and Opportunities in International Law
26:
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Huesemann, Michael H.; Huesemann, Joyce A. (2011). "Critical
Science and Social Responsibility".
762:
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661:
610:
574:
433:
230:
1857:
Caring and Doing for Others: Social
Responsibility in the Domains of Family, Work, and Community
1727:
Crane, Andrew; Matten, Dirk; McWilliams, Abagail; Moon, Jeremy; Siegel, Donald S., eds. (2008).
1086:
Ziman, J. (1971). "Social responsibility (I) ā The impact of social responsibility on science".
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254:: "Ignorance is not an excuse precisely because scientists can be blamed for being ignorant."
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The social responsibility of scientists and engineers can influence how robots are programmed.
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and therefore the well-being of shareholders; if there is no outcry, this limits regulation.
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317:. Verification tools are available from many entities internationally, for example the
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Margolis, J.; Elfenbein, H.H. (2008). "Doing Well by Doing Good? Don't Count on It".
1506:
986:
673:
614:
123:
1382:
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48:, using ethical hiring procedures, and making changes that benefit the environment.
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307:
169:
45:
1122:
362:
831:
Invernizzi, Diletta
Colette; Locatelli, Giorgio; Brookes, Naomi J. (2017-10-01).
80:
philosophical tradition acknowledged the importance of social responsibility for
3820:
3710:
3628:
3551:
3501:
3404:
2795:
2750:
2715:
2090:
2045:
1883:
1673:"Good Guys Can Finish First: How Brand Reputation Affects Extension Evaluations"
801:
428:
348:
149:
606:
553:"Tightening Environmental Standards: The Benefit-Cost or the No-Cost Paradigm?"
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81:
1828:
1811:
The New
Corporate Accountability: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Law
1015:
978:
156:, he wrote that "That which isn't good for the hive isn't good for the bee."
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2325:
2244:
2239:
2120:
1949:
1874:
1801:
1773:
Kalinda, B., ed. (2001). "Social
Responsibility and Organizational Ethics".
1353:
Beckwith, J.; Huang, F. (2005). "Should we make a fuss? A case for social".
1052:
757:
734:
505:"Social Responsibility in Business: Meaning, Types, Examples, and Criticism"
92:
64:
60:
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2735:
1475:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference. p. 2.
578:
196:. And that's all our society needs, just that, just that, just that!".
185:
131:
56:
1689:
965:
Barnaby, W. (2000). "Science, technology, and social responsibility".
896:"To be a responsible citizen today, it is not enough to be reasonable"
51:
Social responsibility is an individual responsibility that involves a
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4060:
4039:
3988:
3967:
3925:
3916:
3893:
3810:
3541:
3200:
3007:
2962:
2850:
2765:
2730:
2710:
2259:
2130:
939:. Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers.
777:
657:
438:
266:
142:
117:
107:
106:
an excellent and stable one. And the purpose of that was so that the
99:
38:
1310:
Forge, J (2000). "Moral responsibility and the ignorant scientist".
1836:
Pride, William M.; Hughes, Robert James; Kickapoo, Jack R. (2008).
1237:
4074:
4016:
3895:
3887:
3683:
3643:
3481:
3343:
2407:
1756:
ISO 26000 - A Standardized View on
Corporate Social Responsibility
207:
101:
25:
1031:
Edsall, J.T. (1981). "Two aspects of scientific responsibility".
482:. Vol. II. Toronto, Ont.: Seven Stories Press. p. 696.
4245:
4237:
3695:
3618:
3456:
3077:
3062:
3037:
2900:
2895:
2755:
2095:
1911:
Wayne, Dirk Matten; Pohl, Manfred; Tolhurst, Nick, eds. (2007).
1229:
On Being a
Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research
3173:
2641:
1961:
1809:
McBarnet, Doreen J.; Voiculescu, Aurora; Campbell, Tom (2007).
3815:
2392:
994:
Edsall, J.T. (1975). "Scientific freedom and responsibility".
842:. Social Responsibilities for the Management of Megaprojects.
1563:"Integrating Economic, Social, and Environmental Performance"
537:. U.S.A.: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 577.
2637:
1777:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference.
1569:(2.0 ed.). Arlington, N.Y.: Flat World Knowledge. 4.3.
277:
particularly in relation to child and maternal welfare. The
1840:(9th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Houghton McFarland Company.
1299:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 415.
3169:
935:
Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment
184:
Social responsibility can require a degree of boldness or
1561:
Carpenter, Mason; Bauer, Talya; Eiderdown, Berin (2013).
1107:"The ethical challenges of socially responsible science"
134:
were inseparable from a sense of social responsibility.
883:. Vol. 1: An Experiment in Literary Investigation.
95:
determined that "Man is by nature a political animal."
4022:
1729:
The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility
1232:(Third ed.). The National Academies Press. 2009.
706:"Perceptions and Definitions of Social Responsibility"
3859:
3836:
1754:
Idowu, Samuel; Cheney, George; Roper, Juliet (2018).
1529:"Greenwashing: Only the Appearance of Sustainability"
4207:
4125:
3952:
3879:
3829:
3352:
3250:
3207:
3136:
2945:
2909:
2683:
2449:
2406:
2380:
2278:
2188:
2002:
271:
Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights
229:in the United States, have ethical guidelines (see
1782:May, Steve; Cheney, George; Roper, Juliet (2007).
1671:
932:
1471:Kaliski, B., ed. (2001). "Ethics in Management".
2507:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
1884:"Responsibility based environmental governance"
1784:The Debate over Corporate Social Responsibility
816:Wherry, Frederick F.; Schor, Juliet B. (2015).
588:"The Social-Financial Performance Relationship"
252:Moral Responsibility and the Ignorant Scientist
1607:"Resources for Verifying Sustainable Products"
1466:
1464:
818:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society
279:International Organization for Standardization
4251:
4235:
3185:
2653:
1973:
1913:The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility
1786:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
297:United States Environmental Protection Agency
181:more or less respectful for their ancestors.
8:
1297:Scientific knowledge and its social problems
533:Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (2009).
4187:
4164:
4155:
4146:
1501:(3). Elsevier North-Holland Inc.: 185ā213.
840:International Journal of Project Management
535:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
3826:
3292:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
3192:
3178:
3170:
2660:
2646:
2638:
1980:
1966:
1958:
1159:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1152:
1150:
894:Mejia Uribe, Francisco (12 January 2021).
729:
727:
725:
478:Jensen, Derrick (2006). "Responsibility".
1934:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1813:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1130:
820:. U.S.A.: SAGE Publications. p. 476.
568:
1859:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1527:GĆ³ngora, Alejos; LucĆa, Claudia (2013).
166:Social responsibility of the businessman
3339:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
2811:Right to an adequate standard of living
2341:Pollutant release and transfer register
1737:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.001.0001
1488:"Social Irresponsibility in Management"
923:
921:
470:
19:For other types of responsibility, see
1284:. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
1105:Resnik, D. B.; Elliott, K. C. (2016).
2126:Principles for Responsible Investment
1898:from the original on 3 September 2019
7:
2615:
1775:Encyclopedia of Business and Finance
1473:Encyclopedia of Business and Finance
752:
750:
624:from the original on 13 October 2017
557:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
168:published by the American economist
3324:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
2791:Human right to water and sanitation
2675:the philosophy of and activism for
906:from the original on 30 August 2023
586:Preston, Lee E. (1 December 1997).
2305:Environmental full-cost accounting
1405:Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
1179:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb21230.x
551:Palmer, Karen (1 September 1995).
14:
1072:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
967:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
275:International Bioethics Committee
2614:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2179:
2086:Extended producer responsibility
1454:ISO 26000: Social responsibility
881:The Gulag Archipelago, 1918ā1956
879:Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (1973).
403:
389:
375:
361:
347:
176:Individual social responsibility
2295:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
1704:from the original on 2020-08-07
1617:from the original on 2022-10-04
1396:Faucet, T.A.; Nasu, H. (2009).
1282:Modern science and human values
1262:from the original on 2023-08-30
953:from the original on 2023-08-30
861:from the original on 2023-06-17
639:"The Blended Value Proposition"
515:from the original on 2023-08-27
424:Corporate social responsibility
291:Corporate Social Responsibility
285:Corporate social responsibility
227:National Academy of Engineering
63:one lives within, and possible
21:Responsibility (disambiguation)
3277:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
2821:Right to a healthy environment
2567:Socially responsible marketing
2562:Socially responsible investing
1678:Journal of Consumer Psychology
1312:Science and Engineering Ethics
852:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.12.002
459:Socially responsible investing
1:
2557:Socially responsible business
1123:10.1080/08989621.2014.1002608
3926:
3917:
3894:
2502:Environmental pricing reform
2033:environmental responsibility
1507:10.1016/0148-2963(77)90011-X
1495:Journal of Business Research
1486:Armstrong, J. Scott (1977).
1210:Impact of Science on Society
1088:Impact of Science on Society
646:California Management Review
261:Quasi-legal instruments, or
223:National Academy of Sciences
118:
108:
100:
4023:
3860:
3837:
2532:Market governance mechanism
2388:Global Reporting Initiative
2358:standards and certification
2265:Social return on investment
1915:. London; New York: Wiley.
1731:. Oxford University Press.
1637:Corporate Reputation Review
1611:Sustainable Facilities Tool
4324:
2472:Community interest company
2416:Community-based monitoring
2250:Genuine progress indicator
1930:Zerk, Jennifer A. (2006).
1758:. Springer International.
1111:Accountability in Research
607:10.1177/000765039703600406
288:
18:
2841:Right to rest and leisure
2673:
2590:
2497:Environmental degradation
2346:Sustainability accounting
2210:Ethical positioning index
2177:
1649:10.1057/s41299-018-0051-x
1324:10.1007/s11948-000-0036-9
1070:The Responsible Scientist
321:environmental standards,
319:Underwriters Laboratories
76:Writers in the classical
4306:Sociological terminology
2891:Universal basic services
2527:Health impact assessment
2398:Sustainability reporting
2367:Toxics Release Inventory
2161:Transparency (behavioral
2136:Social impact assessment
2025:Corporate accountability
1855:Rossi, Alice S. (2001).
1567:Principles of Management
1016:10.1126/science.11643270
979:10.1179/isr.2000.25.1.20
273:developed by the UNESCO
204:Scientists and engineers
3154:Minnie Cumnock Blodgett
2582:Supply chain management
2522:Global justice movement
2321:profit-and-loss account
1586:Harvard Business Review
1280:Lowrance, W.W. (1985).
1053:10.1126/science.7209513
454:Social entrepreneurship
4252:
4236:
4188:
4165:
4156:
4147:
3144:Ellen Swallow Richards
2886:Universal basic income
2547:SDG Publishers Compact
2309:Environmental conflict
2116:Organizational justice
1882:Salles, Denis (2011).
595:Business & Society
213:
190:Alexander Solzhenitsyn
35:Social responsibility
31:
4281:Social responsibility
3741:Righteous indignation
2866:Social responsibility
2537:Product certification
2336:Life-cycle assessment
2255:Performance indicator
2146:Social responsibility
2111:Organizational ethics
2041:social responsibility
1295:Ravetz, J.R. (1996).
637:Emerson, Jed (2003).
383:Libertarianism portal
211:
116:He believed that the
29:
3259:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
3058:Industrial relations
2542:Public participation
2477:Conflict of interest
2067:inequality in the UK
2059:in the United States
2051:Environmental racism
1670:Johnson, Z. (2019).
1367:10.1038/nbt1205-1479
1355:Nature Biotechnology
315:socially sustainable
3329:Theological virtues
3232:Positive psychology
2721:Consumer protection
2512:Ethical consumerism
2462:Benefit corporation
2354:metrics and indices
2156:Sullivan principles
2071:injustice in Europe
1171:1972NYASA.196..213C
1045:1981Sci...212...11E
1008:1975Sci...188..687E
570:10.1257/jep.9.4.119
444:Shareholder primacy
301:profit maximization
4286:Concepts in ethics
3761:Self-transcendence
3353:Individual virtues
3297:Nine Noble Virtues
3226:Nicomachean Ethics
2922:Consumer education
2881:Supportive housing
2871:Subsidized housing
2861:Security of person
2816:Right to education
2600:Environment portal
2372:Triple bottom line
2300:Emission inventory
2205:Double bottom line
2151:Stakeholder theory
1457:. 2009. p. 8.
1417:10.1093/jmp/jhp021
1068:Forge, J. (2008).
763:Nicomachean Ethics
434:Inclusive business
231:Engineering ethics
214:
164:In 1953, the book
32:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
3415:Conscientiousness
3282:Epistemic virtues
3167:
3166:
2973:Child development
2927:Consumer movement
2917:Consumer activism
2836:Right to property
2726:Critical thinking
2635:
2634:
2552:Social enterprise
2457:Bangladesh Accord
2317:management system
2313:impact assessment
2290:Carbon accounting
2220:Impact assessment
2171:UN Global Compact
2063:in Western Europe
2015:Aarhus Convention
1765:978-3-319-92650-6
1690:10.1002/jcpy.1109
1361:(12): 1479ā1480.
1002:(4189): 687ā693.
503:Ganti, Akhilesh.
449:Social enterprise
397:Philosophy portal
369:Liberalism portal
194:valorācivil valor
16:Ethical framework
4313:
4301:Social movements
4257:
4241:
4193:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4028:
3931:
3922:
3899:
3865:
3842:
3827:
3756:Self-cultivation
3309:Prussian virtues
3272:Cardinal virtues
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3023:Health promotion
3013:Health education
2937:Social movements
2932:Environmentalism
2876:Supported living
2831:Right to housing
2771:Homeless shelter
2662:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2598:
2183:
2101:Little Eichmanns
1982:
1975:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1926:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1878:
1851:
1832:
1805:
1778:
1769:
1750:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1580:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1535:. Archived from
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1509:. Archived from
1492:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:. Archived from
1402:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1027:
990:
961:
959:
958:
938:
925:
916:
915:
913:
911:
891:
885:
884:
876:
870:
869:
867:
866:
860:
846:(7): 1350ā1364.
837:
828:
822:
821:
813:
807:
806:
793:
787:
786:
774:
768:
767:
754:
745:
744:
731:
720:
719:
717:
710:
702:
696:
692:
690:
688:
682:
676:. Archived from
658:10.2307/41166187
643:
633:
631:
629:
623:
592:
582:
572:
545:
539:
538:
530:
524:
523:
521:
520:
500:
494:
493:
475:
413:
408:
407:
399:
394:
393:
392:
385:
380:
379:
378:
371:
366:
365:
357:
352:
351:
121:
111:
105:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4260:
4203:
4121:
3948:
3875:
3825:
3348:
3334:Three Treasures
3251:Virtue families
3246:
3220:Moral character
3203:
3198:
3168:
3163:
3132:
3123:Water treatment
3113:Social sciences
3108:Social programs
3093:Quality of life
3033:Health sciences
3028:Health research
2946:Fields of study
2941:
2905:
2701:Assisted living
2679:
2669:
2666:
2636:
2631:
2586:
2445:
2402:
2376:
2281:
2274:
2270:Whole-life cost
2200:Corporate crime
2191:
2184:
2175:
2106:Loss and damage
2076:Ethical banking
2020:Climate justice
2007:
1998:
1986:
1956:
1942:
1929:
1923:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1881:
1867:
1854:
1848:
1835:
1821:
1808:
1794:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1726:
1722:
1720:Further reading
1717:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1583:
1577:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1039:(4490): 11ā14.
1030:
993:
964:
956:
954:
947:
930:
926:
919:
909:
907:
893:
892:
888:
878:
877:
873:
864:
862:
858:
835:
830:
829:
825:
815:
814:
810:
797:Marcus Aurelius
795:
794:
790:
776:
775:
771:
756:
755:
748:
733:
732:
723:
715:
708:
704:
703:
699:
695:
686:
684:
680:
641:
636:
627:
625:
621:
590:
585:
550:
546:
542:
532:
531:
527:
518:
516:
502:
501:
497:
490:
477:
476:
472:
467:
411:Politics portal
409:
402:
395:
390:
388:
381:
376:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
343:
293:
287:
235:Research ethics
206:
178:
162:
154:Marcus Aurelius
140:
90:
74:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4242:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3874:
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3866:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Accountability
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Home economics
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Accountability
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2612:
2602:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:GxP guidelines
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Social justice
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2048:
2043:
2037:responsibility
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1996:accountability
1987:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1941:978-0521844994
1940:
1927:
1922:978-0470723951
1921:
1908:
1879:
1866:978-0226728728
1865:
1852:
1847:978-0618770915
1846:
1833:
1820:978-0521868181
1819:
1806:
1793:978-0195178821
1792:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1751:
1745:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1684:(4): 565ā583.
1662:
1643:(4): 153ā164.
1627:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1581:
1575:
1557:
1550:
1519:
1516:on 2005-11-17.
1478:
1460:
1444:
1388:
1345:
1318:(3): 341ā349.
1302:
1287:
1272:
1246:
1238:10.17226/12192
1219:
1200:
1165:(4): 213ā222.
1146:
1097:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1028:
991:
962:
946:978-0865717046
945:
927:
917:
886:
871:
823:
808:
788:
769:
746:
721:
718:on 2006-10-07.
697:
694:
693:
634:
583:
563:(4): 119ā132.
547:
540:
525:
495:
489:978-1583227305
488:
469:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
419:Accountability
415:
414:
400:
386:
372:
358:
342:
339:
289:Main article:
286:
283:
205:
202:
177:
174:
161:
158:
139:
136:
89:
86:
82:human thriving
73:
70:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4319:
4318:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Social ethics
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4150:
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4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
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4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
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4005:
4004:
4000:
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3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3957:
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3945:
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3938:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3920:
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3908:
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3897:
3892:
3890:
3889:
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3872:
3871:
3867:
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3832:
3828:
3822:
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3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Sportsmanship
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Righteousness
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
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3702:
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3690:
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3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
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3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Nonattachment
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
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3406:
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3320:
3319:Seven virtues
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3288:
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3267:
3266:BrahmavihÄrÄs
3263:
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3243:
3242:Virtue ethics
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3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
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3208:About virtues
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3149:Julia Lathrop
3147:
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3088:Public health
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3018:Health policy
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2847:
2844:
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2834:
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2827:
2826:Right to food
2824:
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2809:
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2801:Personal life
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2786:Housing First
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2627:Organizations
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2487:Disinvestment
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2436:
2435:certification
2432:
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2426:
2425:certification
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2421:Environmental
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2283:
2280:Environmental
2277:
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2266:
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2261:
2258:
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2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
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2238:
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2232:
2230:
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2225:
2224:environmental
2221:
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2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:environmental
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
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1897:
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1748:
1746:9780191576997
1742:
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1539:on 2020-03-12
1538:
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1434:on 2011-06-11
1430:
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125:
124:virtue ethics
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4003:Brahmacharya
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3801:Tranquillity
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3721:Renunciation
3679:Philanthropy
3674:Perspicacity
3634:Magnificence
3587:Intelligence
3567:Impartiality
3487:Faithfulness
3375:Authenticity
3301:
3287:Five virtues
3264:
3257:
3237:Trait theory
3224:
3159:Melvil Dewey
3003:Food science
2865:
2846:Right to sit
2781:Housekeeping
2619:
2492:Eco-labeling
2467:Child labour
2362:supply chain
2360: /
2356: /
2352: /
2348: /
2319: /
2315: /
2311: /
2307: /
2145:
2081:Ethical code
2069: /
2065: /
2061: /
2057: /
2053: /
2039: /
2035: /
2031: /
2027: /
1931:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1891:
1888:S.A.P.I.EN.S
1887:
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1681:
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1619:. Retrieved
1610:
1601:
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1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:the original
1533:IESE Insight
1532:
1522:
1511:the original
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1494:
1481:
1472:
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1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1408:
1404:
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1264:. Retrieved
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678:the original
649:
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626:. Retrieved
598:
594:
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556:
543:
534:
528:
517:. Retrieved
509:Investopedia
508:
498:
479:
473:
331:
323:BioPreferred
312:
308:greenwashing
305:
294:
270:
260:
256:
251:
247:
244:
240:
219:
215:
198:
193:
183:
179:
170:Howard Bowen
165:
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160:Modern times
147:
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138:Ancient Rome
128:magnificence
115:
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55:between the
50:
46:volunteerism
43:
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3821:Workmanship
3711:Punctuality
3629:Magnanimity
3552:Hospitality
3502:Forgiveness
3447:Discernment
3405:Cleanliness
3137:Key players
2953:Air quality
2796:Life skills
2751:Food safety
2746:Environment
2716:Consumerism
2572:Stakeholder
2350:measurement
2091:Externality
2046:Dirty hands
1411:(3): 1ā26.
802:Meditations
429:Good German
150:Meditations
4275:Categories
4134:Auctoritas
3982:Aparigraha
3961:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
3943:Sophrosyne
3911:Eutrapelia
3796:Temperance
3776:Solidarity
3766:Simplicity
3726:Resilience
3701:Politeness
3669:Patriotism
3649:Moderation
3522:Good faith
3512:Generosity
3472:Equanimity
3452:Discipline
3410:Compassion
3128:Well-being
3098:Sanitation
3083:Psychology
3078:Prevention
2998:Employment
2856:Sanitation
2806:Preference
2576:engagement
2431:Fair trade
2282:accounting
2215:Higg Index
2192:accounting
2008:principles
1708:2020-05-07
1621:2016-03-11
1438:2009-06-18
1266:2023-08-30
957:2023-08-30
865:2023-08-30
783:De Legibus
601:(4): 419.
519:2023-08-27
355:Law portal
327:Green Seal
65:trade-offs
4291:Euthenics
4182:Humanitas
3928:Phronesis
3919:Philotimo
3771:Sincerity
3736:Reverence
3604:Judgement
3592:Emotional
3582:Integrity
3572:Innocence
3527:Gratitude
3507:Frugality
3497:Foresight
3477:Etiquette
3467:Endurance
3442:Diligence
3365:Alertness
3314:Scout Law
3215:Endowment
3103:Self care
3073:Organisms
3068:Nutrition
2993:Education
2988:Economics
2968:Chemistry
2958:Bioethics
2776:Household
2761:Happiness
2741:Education
2677:Euthenics
2668:Euthenics
2517:Euthenics
2482:Disasters
2441:ISO 19011
2381:Reporting
2331:ISO 14031
2326:ISO 14000
2245:ISO 45001
2240:ISO 26000
2121:Pollution
2055:in Russia
2029:behaviour
1829:181421309
1698:150973752
1657:170000354
987:144627671
910:30 August
758:Aristotle
735:Aristotle
674:153947907
615:153778049
334:lifecycle
93:Aristotle
88:Aristotle
61:ecosystem
4175:Gravitas
4158:Dignitas
3904:Ataraxia
3786:Sympathy
3716:Religion
3706:Prudence
3664:Patience
3639:Meekness
3614:Kindness
3562:Humility
3557:Humanity
3492:Fidelity
3437:Courtesy
3400:Chivalry
3395:Chastity
3385:Charisma
3380:Calmness
3370:Altruism
2978:Cleaning
2910:Activism
2706:Autonomy
2684:Concepts
2610:Category
2408:Auditing
2229:equality
1950:76849750
1896:Archived
1875:45064591
1838:Business
1802:70292018
1702:Archived
1615:Archived
1425:19395367
1383:20366847
1375:16333283
1340:40073027
1332:11273459
1260:Archived
1256:25009901
1195:38345454
1141:26193168
1024:11643270
951:Archived
904:Archived
856:Archived
805:. VI.64.
740:Politics
666:41166187
619:Archived
513:Archived
341:See also
263:soft law
248:a priori
225:and the
59:and the
4230:Sadaqah
4216:Ganbaru
4149:Decorum
4141:Caritas
4096:ÅraddhÄ
4082:Shaucha
4047:Kshanti
3975:Akrodha
3830:Chinese
3731:Respect
3654:Modesty
3624:Loyalty
3609:Justice
3577:Insight
3537:Honesty
3532:Heroism
3462:Empathy
3420:Courage
3390:Charity
3303:PÄramÄ«s
3201:Virtues
3118:Society
3053:Hygiene
3048:Housing
2983:Ecology
2736:Ecology
2621:Commons
2574: (
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2433: (
2423: (
2222: (
2166:social)
1902:15 June
1543:27 July
1187:4504112
1167:Bibcode
1132:4631672
1061:7209513
1041:Bibcode
1033:Science
1004:Bibcode
996:Science
687:20 July
628:20 July
579:2138393
480:Endgame
186:courage
148:In the
132:justice
126:, like
78:Western
72:History
57:economy
53:balance
39:ethical
4198:Virtus
4190:Pietas
4109:Upekį¹£Ä
4102:SaddhÄ
4068:PrajƱÄ
4061:MuditÄ
4040:Kshama
4033:Karuį¹Ä
3996:Asteya
3989:Ärjava
3968:Ahimsa
3953:Indian
3936:Sophia
3811:Wisdom
3689:Filial
3597:Social
3542:Honour
3008:Health
2963:Botany
2851:Safety
2766:Health
2731:Desire
2711:Choice
2696:Agency
2260:SA8000
2234:social
2190:Social
2131:Racism
2004:Ethics
1989:Social
1948:
1938:
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1800:
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900:Psyche
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