183:"Socialism from Above" is the name given by Draper to philosophies of collectivized property that envision administration from above by an elite, whether intellectual, political, or technical. "Socialism from Below" would proceed from a very different conception of common ownership, with power instead flowing from the workers themselves, with decision-making capacities broadly distributed. In the pamphlet, Draper argues that the divide between these two souls of socialism underlies all other divisions, such as "reformist or revolutionary, peaceful or violent, democratic or authoritarian, etc." Most of the pamphlet is a detailed typology and strongly worded criticism of various forms of socialism from above. Among the practitioners of socialism from above, Draper includes such varied forms of socialism as
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238:. Draper then lauds Marx as the first champion of socialism from below "who finally fettered the two ideas of Socialism and Democracy together". The next sections of the pamphlet consider in turn subsequent manifestations of socialism from above, including anarchists (specifically
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at its inception was guided by the principles of socialism from below or from above, although the entire pamphlet is implicitly guided by the moral and political opposition to
Stalinism that shaped Draper's life work.
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thought and action between those who favor "Socialism from Above" and those who favor "Socialism from Below". The pamphlet was first published as a lengthy article in the journal
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The piece is organized primarily as a brief history of socialism and important socialist thinkers, beginning with a critical glance at "ancestors" such as
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in 1966, expanding upon an earlier version published in 1960 in the socialist student magazine
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