449:
995:. The Maximalists endorsed not only attacks on political and government targets, but also economic terror (i.e. attacks on landowners, factory owners and so on) whereas the Popular Socialists rejected all terrorism. Other issues also divided the defectors from the PSR as Maximalists disagreed with the SRs' strategy of a two-stage revolution as advocated by Chernov, the first stage being popular-democratic and the second labour-socialist. To Maximalists, this seemed like the RSDLP distinction between bourgeois-democratic and proletarian-socialist stages of revolution. Maximalism stood for immediate socialist revolution. Meanwhile, the Popular Socialists disagreed with the party's proposal to socialise the land (i.e. turn it over to collective peasant ownership) and instead wanted to nationalise it (i.e. turn it over to the state). They also wanted landowners to be compensated while the PSR rejected indemnities. Many SRs held a mixture of these positions.
897:(though some of its ideologues considered themselves such). The SRs agreed with Marx's analysis of capitalism, but not with his proposed solution. The SRs believed that both the labouring peasantry as well as the industrial proletariat were revolutionary classes in Russia. Whereas RSDLP defined class membership in terms of ownership of the means of production, Chernov and other SR theorists defined class membership in terms of extraction of surplus value from labour. On the first definition, small-holding subsistence farmers who do not employ wage labour are – as owners of their land – members of the petty bourgeoisie, whereas on the second definition, they can be grouped with all who provide rather than purchase labour-power, and hence with the proletariat as part of the labouring class. Chernov considered the proletariat as vanguard and the peasantry as the main body of the revolutionary army.
780:. Their main innovation was a renewed dialogue with Marxism and integration of some of the key Marxist concepts into their thinking and practice. In this way, with the economic spurt and industrialisation in Russia in the 1890s, they attempted to broaden their appeal in order to attract the rapidly growing urban workforce to their traditionally peasant-oriented programme. The intention was to widen the concept of the people so that it encompassed all elements in society that opposed the
1092:
in foreign affairs, but he soon found himself marginalised and his proposals of far-reaching agrarian reform blocked by more conservative members of the government. After the failed
Bolshevik uprising of July 1917, Chernov found himself on the defensive as allegedly soft on the Bolsheviks and was excluded from the revamped coalition in August 1917. The party was now represented in the government by Nikolai Avksentiev, a defensist, as Minister of the Interior.
1003:
members had close ties to Azef, felt obliged to resign. Many regional organisations, already weakened by the revolution's defeat in 1907, collapsed or became inactive. Savinkov's attempt to rebuild the SRCO failed and it was suspended in 1911. Gershuni had defended Azef from exile in Zürich until his death there. The Azef scandal contributed to a profound revision of SR tactics that was already underway. As a result, it renounced assassinations ("
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38:
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1018:("defensists"). Many younger defensists living in exile joined the French Army as Russia's closest ally in the war. A smaller group, the internationalists, which included Chernov, favoured the pursuit of peace through cooperation with socialist parties in both military blocs. This led them to participate in the
1100:
advocated scuttling the
Constituent Assembly and forming an SR-only government, but she was not supported by Chernov and his followers. This spurred the formation a small breakaway faction of the SR party known as the "Left SRs". The Left SRs were willing to temporarily cooperate with the Bolsheviks.
1002:
suggested that Azef might be a police spy. The party's
Central Committee was outraged and set up a tribunal to try Burtsev for slander. At the trial, Azef was confronted with evidence and was caught lying, therefore he fled and left the party in disarray. The party's Central Committee, most of whose
1091:
After the fall of the first coalition in April–May 1917 and the reshuffling of the
Provisional Government, the party played a larger role. Its key government official at the time was Chernov who joined the government as Minister of Agriculture. Chernov also tried to play a larger role, particularly
715:
by the leadership of the Left SRs in July 1918 resulted in the immediate arrest of most of the party's members. Most of the Left SRs who opposed the uprising were gradually freed and allowed to keep their government positions, but were unable to organize a new central organ and gradually splintered
1014:, the party was divided on the issue of Russia's participation in the war. Most SR activists and leaders, particularly those remaining in Russia, chose to support the Tsarist government mobilisation against Germany. Together with the like-minded members of the Menshevik Party, they became known as
975:
secret police, arrested, convicted of terrorism and sentenced to life at hard labour, managing to escape, flee overseas and go into exile. Azef became the new leader of the SRCO and continued working for both the SRCO and the
Okhrana, simultaneously orchestrating terrorist acts and betraying his
1209:
held two weeks after the
Bolsheviks took power, the party still proved to be by far the most popular party across the country, gaining 37.6% of the popular vote as opposed to the Bolsheviks' 24%. However, the Bolsheviks disbanded the Assembly in January 1918 and after that the SR lost political
704:, with most of the party's seats going to the Right faction. Citing outdated voter-rolls which did not acknowledge the party split, and the Assembly's conflicts with the Congress of Soviets, the Bolshevik-Left SR government moved to dissolve the Constituent Assembly by force in January 1918.
881:, who in particular supported their programme of land-socialization as opposed to the Bolshevik programme of land-nationalization – division of land into peasant tenants rather than collectivization into state management. The party's policy platform differed from that of the
935:
in 1906, 34 SRs were elected while 37 were elected to the second Duma in 1907. The party also boycotted both the third Duma (1907–1912) and fourth Duma (1912–1917). In this period, party membership drastically declined and most of its leaders emigrated from Russia.
787:
The party was established in 1902 out of the
Northern Union of Socialist Revolutionaries (founded in 1896), bringing together many local socialist revolutionary groups established in the 1890s, notably the Workers' Party of Political Liberation of Russia created by
1214:(the peace treaty with the Central Powers that ended Russia's participation in World War I). Both wings of the SR party were ultimately suppressed by the Bolsheviks through imprisoning some of its leaders and forcing others to emigrate. A few Left SRs like
1071:
allowed the SRs to return to an active political role. Party leaders, including
Chernov, returned to Russia. They played a major role in the formation and leadership of the soviets, albeit in most cases playing second fiddle to the Mensheviks. One member,
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executive (while initially refusing to join the
Bolshevik government) while the mainstream SR and their Menshevik allies walked out of the Congress. In late November, the Left SRs joined the Bolshevik government, obtaining three ministries.
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952:(SRCO), responsible for assassinating government officials, was initially led by Gershuni and operated separately from the party so as not to jeopardise its political actions. SRCO agents assassinated two Ministers of the Interior,
2910:
1112:
Left SRs and
Bolsheviks referred to the mainstream SR party as the "Right SR" party whereas mainstream SRs referred to the party as just "SR" and reserved the term "Right SR" for the right-wing faction of the party led by
661:, one of the leaders of the February Revolution and the second and last head of the Provisional Government (July–November 1917) was a nominal member of the SR party but in practice acted independently of its decisions.
1095:
This weakening of the party's position intensified the growing divide within it between supporters of the pluralistic Constituent Assembly, and those inclined toward more resolute, unilateral action. In August 1917,
772:. After a period of decline and marginalisation in the 1880s, the Narodnik–populist school of thought about social change in Russia was revived and substantially modified by a group of writers and activists known as
732:
leadership increasingly marginalized and ultimately purged them. A small Right SR remnant, still calling itself the Socialist Revolutionary Party, continued to operate in exile from 1923 to 1940 as a member of the
1026:
conferences with Bolshevik emigres led by Lenin. This fact was later used against Chernov and his followers by their right-wing opponents as alleged evidence of their lack of patriotism and Bolshevik sympathies.
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A distinctive feature of party tactics until about 1909 was its heavy reliance on assassinations of individual government officials. These tactics were inherited from SRs' predecessor in the populist movement,
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in March 1917 as Minister of Justice, eventually becoming the head of a coalition socialist-liberal government in July 1917, although his connection with the party was tenuous. He had served in the
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1241:" against the Bolsheviks on 6–7 July, but it failed and led to the arrest, imprisonment, exile and execution of party leaders and members. In response, some SRs turned to violence. A former SR,
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with the Bolsheviks – the Council of People's Commissioners – from November 1917 to March 1918 while the Right SRs boycotted the Soviets and denounced the Revolution as an illegal
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1917 SRs election poster whose caption in red reads партія соц.-рев. (in pre-1918 Russian), short for Party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries; the banner bears the party's motto
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944:(“People's Will”), a conspiratorial organisation of the 1880s. They were intended to embolden the "masses" and intimidate ("terrorise") the Tsarist government into
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significance. The Left SRs became the coalition partner of the Bolsheviks in the Soviet government, although they resigned their positions after the
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and they were frustrated that the Provisional Government wanted to postpone addressing the land question until after the convocation of the
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621:, but chose to run in the elections to the Second Duma and received the majority of the few seats allotted to the peasantry. Following the
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from the ranks. As a result, some SRs placed their organisation behind White lines at the service of the Red Guards and the Cheka.
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and Avksentiev. The primary issues motivating the split were participation in the war and the timing of land redistribution.
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59:
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653:. These divisions would ultimately result in the party splitting over the course of the summer of 1917 into the Right and
70:
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The party continued its activities in exile. A Foreign Delegation of the Central Committee was established and based in
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395:
287:
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The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism: Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries, February to October 1917
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among others. Most of the defendants were found guilty, but they did not plead guilty like the defendants in the later
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2015:
The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party from its Origins through the Revolution of 1905–07
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1128:, the split within the SR party became final. The Left SR stayed at the Congress and were elected to the permanent
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parties, while a radical faction within the SRs rejected the Provisional Government's authority in favor of the
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The Narodniks in the Russian Revolution: Russia's Socialist-Revolutionaries in 1917 – a Documentary History
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The Left SRs left their coalition with the Bolsheviks in March 1918 in protest against the signing of the
269:
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2753:
2453:
1749:". Russian emigres and most Western historians used the term "SR" to describe the mainstream party while
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comrades. Boris Savinkov ran many of the actual operations, notably the assassination attempt on Admiral
664:
By November 1917, the Provisional Government had been widely discredited by its failure to withdraw from
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instead of immediately confiscating the land from the landowners and redistributing it to the peasants.
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control of the country. The Bolsheviks thus moved to hand power to the 2nd Congress of Soviets in the
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2059:
The Sickle Under the Hammer: The Russian Socialist Revolutionaries in the Early Months of Soviet Rule
1745:
Following this pattern, Soviet authorities called the trial of the SR Central Committee in 1922 the "
1719:
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on 25 October, when the Bolsheviks proclaimed the deposition of the Provisional government in
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in 1906, the controversy over terrorism was one of the main reasons for the split between the
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However, terrorism was controversial for the party from the beginning. At its 2nd Congress in
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early in the afternoon on 6 July. Following the assassination, the left SRs attempted a "
17:
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Russian Workers and the Socialist Revolutionary Party Through the Revolution of 1905–07
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2013:
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182:
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1990:
1850:
The Twelve Who Are to Die : the Trial of the Socialists-Revolutionists in Moscow
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186:
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was installed by the Whites as "Supreme Leader" in November 1918, he expelled all
1041:
1864:
1704:Чего Хотят Социалисты Революционеры И Программа Партии Социалистов Революционеров
1676:Чего Хотят Социалисты Революционеры И Программа Партии Социалистов Революционеров
1660:Чего Хотят Социалисты Революционеры И Программа Партии Социалистов Революционеров
1647:Сообщение «Революционной России» об образовании партии социалистов-революционеров
1053:("Through struggle you will attain your rights"); and the globe bears the slogan
383:
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818:
669:
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37:
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964:, the Governor of Ufa N. M. Bogdanovich and many other high-ranking officials.
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into multiple pro-Bolshevik parties, which would all ultimately merge with the
156:
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The party's ideology was built upon the philosophical foundation of Russia's
3707:
3406:
2673:
2215:
1932:
The Agrarian Program of the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1900–1911
1532:
1278:
1125:
1088:, breakaway SRs that defied the party's refusal to participate in the Duma.
1085:
874:
870:
757:
602:
590:
586:
300:
2911:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
2097:
Undercover Agents in the Russian Revolutionary Movement, SR Party 1902–1914
625:, the SRs boycotted all subsequent Dumas until the fall of the Tsar in the
1992:
The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914–1917
2868:
761:
681:
1171: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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908:
894:
878:
2484:
People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption"
1233:
who were left SRs assassinated the German ambassador to Russia, Count
900:
688:. After a few weeks of deliberation, the Left SRs ultimately formed a
1313:
984:
924:
912:
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movement of the 1860s–1870s and its worldview developed primarily by
247:
1913:
The Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party Before the First World War
1257:
alongside some Mensheviks and other banned socialist elements. The
1245:, tried to assassinate Lenin on 30 August. Many SRs fought for the
1101:
The Left SRs believed that Russia should withdraw immediately from
834:). Party leaders included Grigori Gershuni, Catherine Breshkovsky,
2945:
1230:
899:
629:
of March 1917. Controversially, the party leadership endorsed the
1865:
Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 – 19
1825:
Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924
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693:
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1894:
Entangled in Terror: The Azef Affair and the Russian Revolution
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345:
31:
1988:
Melancon, Michael (1990). Ohio State University Press (ed.).
381:
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Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of Popular Freedom
2011:
Perrie, Maureen (1976). Cambridge University Press (ed.).
1883:
Lapeshkin, A. I. (1977). Yuridicheskaya literatura (ed.).
1930:
Immonen, Hannu (1988). Finnish Historical Society (ed.).
2057:
Radkey, Oliver (1964). Columbia University Press (ed.).
2034:
Radkey, Oliver (1958). Columbia University Press (ed.).
998:
In late 1908, a Russian Narodnik and amateur spy hunter
1949:
King, Francis (2007). Socialist History Society (ed.).
2602:
Russian political movements and non-registered parties
2132:
Partija Socialistov-Revoljucionerov (Rossija) Archives
1911:
Hildermeier, Manfred (200). Palgrave Macmillan (ed.).
1892:
Geifman, Anna (2000). Scholarly Resources Inc. (ed.).
1229:
by the Bolsheviks in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, two
2290:
Workers' Party for the Political Liberation of Russia
1622:
1304:
in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and the 1930s.
537:
525:
505:
2095:
Schleifman, Nurit (1988). Palgrave Macmillan (ed.).
2076:
Rice, Christopher (1988). Palgrave Macmillan (ed.).
1868:. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 337.
1753:
used the term "Right SR" until the fall of the USSR.
931:. Although the party officially boycotted the first
3723:
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1225:Dissatisfied with the large concessions granted to
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2035:
2012:
1989:
589:, the SRs won a mass following among the Russian
360:("Through struggle you will attain your rights!")
877:– it garnered much support among Russia's rural
696:. The SRs obtained a majority in the subsequent
3883:Organizations of the Russian Revolution of 1905
2285:Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists
585:Russian republic. The ideological heirs of the
2122:Programme of the Socialist Revolutionary Party
967:In 1903, Gershuni was betrayed by his deputy,
911:pamphlet published by the SRs exile branch in
3369:
2628:
2156:
1720:"The Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly"
1616:
1054:
531:
499:
489:
369:
355:
143:
8:
2379:Communist Party of the Republic of Tatarstan
1207:election to the Russian Constituent Assembly
3385:Modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution
543:
239:Southern Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries
237:Northern Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries
3848:1940 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
3807:Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia
3376:
3362:
3354:
2997:
2658:
2635:
2621:
2613:
2163:
2149:
2141:
1885:The Soviet Federalism: Theory and Practice
1201:Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks
796:in 1899. A primary party theorist emerged
155:
133:
3843:1901 establishments in the Russian Empire
2136:International Institute of Social History
1689:
1261:against the Bolsheviks was led by an SR,
1187:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:1902–1921 major political party in Russia
3873:Political parties disestablished in 1940
1734:Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands
1468:
1438:
1375:
1332:
1040:
3397:Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)
2896:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
2839:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
1639:
1624:Partìya sotsìalistovъ-revolyutsìonerovъ
1592:
1581:Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party
1555:– cultural almanac connected with esers
1286:trial of SRs was held in Moscow in 1922
1130:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
919:The party played an active role in the
800:, the editor of the first party organ,
728:of 1917–1922, but the White movement's
3853:Democratic socialist parties in Europe
3715:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
3574:Central Executive Committee of Ukraine
3477:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
2951:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
2246:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1976:
1966:
1823:Felshtinsky, Yuri (October 26, 2010).
1571:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1122:Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets
883:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
619:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
599:redistribution of land to the peasants
3878:Political parties established in 1901
1059:("land and freedom"), expressing the
720:by 1921. The Right SRs supported the
676:to draft a Constitution, leaving the
527:Pártiya sotsialístov-revolyutsionérov
429:First All-Russian Congress of Soviets
7:
3863:Democratic socialist parties in Asia
2779:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
2206:Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)
1169:adding citations to reliable sources
1007:") as a means of political protest.
808:). Later party periodicals included
718:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
516:Па́ртия социали́стов-революционе́ров
60:adding citations to reliable sources
3487:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2742:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
2449:National Republican Party of Russia
2434:Mari National Rebirth Party "Ushem"
1618:Партія соціалистовъ-революціонеровъ
145:Партія соціалистовъ-революціонеровъ
3507:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
3502:Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
2864:Council of the People's Commissars
2514:Russian Democratic Reform Movement
2333:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
2127:Party of Socialist Revolutionaries
1791:The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923
1318:Labour and Socialist International
1284:Following Lenin's instructions, a
1271:Provisional All-Russian Government
735:Labour and Socialist International
593:by endorsing the overthrow of the
553:Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries
332:Labour and Socialist International
139:Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries
25:
3812:All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets
3627:Ukrainian Social Democratic Party
3492:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
2534:Social Democratic Party of Russia
2524:Russian Party of Social Democracy
2479:Party of Workers' Self-Government
2469:Party of Russian Unity and Accord
2172:Defunct Russian political parties
357:Въ борьбѣ обрѣтешь ты право свое!
3523:West Ukrainian People's Republic
2874:Military Revolutionary Committee
2231:Party of Revolutionary Communism
1316:. The party was a member of the
1145:
1051:Въ борьбѣ обрѣтешь ты право свое
962:Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich
893:– in that it was not officially
447:
36:
3803:All-Ukrainian National Congress
2769:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2509:Russian Communist Workers Party
2369:Buryat-Mongolian People's Party
2295:Zionist Socialist Workers Party
2196:Constitutional Democratic Party
1996:. Ohio State University Press.
1156:needs additional citations for
713:uprising against the Bolsheviks
649:and began to drift towards the
71:"Socialist Revolutionary Party"
47:needs additional citations for
3888:Politics of the Russian Empire
3676:Polish Democratic Center Party
3303:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2844:Russian Provisional Government
2273:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
2211:Jewish Socialist Workers Party
2019:. Cambridge University Press.
1078:Russian Provisional Government
776:(neo-populists), particularly
631:Russian Provisional Government
1:
3838:Socialist Revolutionary Party
3691:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2968:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2715:Ukrainian War of Independence
2268:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2061:. Columbia University Press.
2042:. Columbia University Press.
1953:. Socialist History Society.
746:Before the Russian Revolution
633:and participated in multiple
482:Socialist Revolutionary Party
3638:Soviet of Peasants Deputies
3589:Ukrainian Socialist Parties
2879:Russian Constituent Assembly
2774:Red Army invasion of Georgia
2759:Estonian War of Independence
2316:Communist Party of the RSFSR
2226:Party of Narodnik Communists
1896:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1481:
1451:
1137:After the October Revolution
1107:Russian Constituent Assembly
702:Russian Constituent Assembly
566:, during both phases of the
3649:Soviet of Soldiers Deputies
3461:Crimean Regional Government
3433:Ukrainian People's Republic
3423:Ukrainian People's Republic
3323:Workers' Councils in Poland
2921:Ukrainian People's Republic
2764:Latvian War of Independence
2439:Movement of Women of Russia
2394:Democratic Choice of Russia
2280:Union of the Russian People
1623:
1288:, which led to protests by
1273:was formed. However, after
1084:with the social democratic
1061:agrarian socialist ideology
538:
526:
506:
3904:
3687:Russian Socialist Parties
3646:Soviet of Workers Deputies
3554:Central Council of Ukraine
3343:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
2985:General Jewish Labour Bund
2854:Pro-independence movements
2549:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
2414:Future of Russia–New Names
2409:Fatherland Socialist Party
2201:Party of Democratic Reform
1827:. New York: Enigma Books.
1528:Centrocaspian Dictatorship
1198:
1034:
869:The party's programme was
749:
3817:Labor Congress of Ukraine
3799:
3672:Polish Socialist Parties
3652:Jewish Socialist Parties
3641:Ukrainian Peasant Society
3482:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
3456:Crimean People's Republic
3416:Ukrainian national states
3392:
3313:Hungarian Soviet Republic
2689:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
2592:List of political parties
2582:
2459:Party of Economic Freedom
1800:10.1007/978-1-349-63648-8
1617:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1216:Yakov Grigorevich Blumkin
1055:
1050:
850:, Rakitnikov (Maksimov),
532:
515:
500:
490:
455:
446:
370:
356:
323:International affiliation
154:
144:
18:Socialist-Revolutionaries
3308:Bavarian Soviet Republic
3298:Revolutions of 1917–1923
2564:Union of Women of Russia
2494:People's Patriotic Union
2464:Party of Peace and Unity
2444:National Bolshevik Party
2384:Conceptual Party "Unity"
2328:Liberal Democratic Party
1239:Third Russian Revolution
929:Saint Petersburg Soviets
3632:Ukrainian Radical Party
3538:Kuban People's Republic
3449:Crimean national states
3402:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2725:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
2474:Party of Social Justice
2404:Fatherland – All Russia
2359:Baltic Republican Party
2179:Constitutional monarchy
1853:. Berlin: 1922. p. 293.
1768:Encyclopædia Britannica
1576:Transcaspian Government
1539:Revolutsionnaya Rossiya
1320:between 1923 and 1940.
1212:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
921:1905 Russian Revolution
802:Revolutsionnaya Rossiya
709:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
312:Political position
259:Revolutsionnaya Rossiya
3681:Polish Socialist Party
3497:Odessa Soviet Republic
3338:Slovak Soviet Republic
3318:Hungarian–Romanian War
3020:Provisional Government
2539:Socialist United Party
2080:. St. Martin's Press.
1915:. St. Martin's Press.
1764:"Constituent Assembly"
1747:Trial of the Right SRs
1064:
950:SR Combat Organisation
916:
752:SR Combat Organisation
389:
371:«Рабо́чая Марселье́за»
270:SR Combat Organization
3736:Volodymyr Vynnychenko
3605:Socialists-Sovereigns
3533:Kholodny Yar Republic
3010:Nicholas II of Russia
2519:Russian Party of Life
1115:Catherine Breshkovsky
1044:
958:Vyacheslav von Plehve
946:political concessions
903:
790:Catherine Breshkovsky
388:
377:Worker's Marseillaise
173:(since December 1917)
3569:Constituent Assembly
3328:Polish–Ukrainian War
2730:Polish–Ukrainian War
2720:Ukrainian–Soviet War
1788:Carr, E. H. (1950).
1542:– organ of the Party
1165:improve this article
806:Revolutionary Russia
690:coalition government
674:Constituent Assembly
583:democratic socialist
581:and supporters of a
396:Constituent Assembly
327:Second International
297:Democratic socialism
56:improve this article
3741:Vsevolod Holubovych
3731:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
2980:Union of October 17
2799:Kronstadt rebellion
2794:Workers' Opposition
2669:February Revolution
2399:Dignity and Charity
2221:Union of October 17
1718:Tony Cliff (1978).
1663:. 1915. p. 10.
1613:Pre-reform spelling
1069:February Revolution
647:Congress of Soviets
627:February Revolution
579:agrarian socialists
3766:Volodymyr Zatonsky
3751:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
3248:Stepan Petrichenko
3172:Alexander Kerensky
2684:October Revolution
2644:Russian Revolution
2597:Politics of Russia
2544:Spiritual Heritage
2342:Post-Soviet period
2236:Popular Socialists
1862:Kowalski, Werner.
1679:. 1915. p. 8.
1074:Alexander Kerensky
1065:
1037:Russian Revolution
1031:Russian Revolution
1010:With the start of
993:Popular Socialists
971:, an agent of the
917:
840:Nikolai Avksentiev
686:October Revolution
659:Alexander Kerensky
615:Revolution of 1905
568:Russian Revolution
460:Politics of Russia
390:
293:Agrarian socialism
3825:
3824:
3756:Noman Çelebicihan
3583:Political parties
3516:Other territories
3441:
3351:
3350:
3333:Polish–Soviet War
3286:
3285:
3220:Alexander Antonov
3215:Maria Spiridonova
3144:Felix Dzerzhinsky
3061:Alexander Kolchak
3038:Alexander Guchkov
2827:
2826:
2754:Polish–Soviet War
2737:Finnish Civil War
2710:Russian Civil War
2610:
2609:
2454:Our Home – Russia
2364:Beer Lovers Party
2261:internationalists
1960:978-0-9555138-2-4
1809:978-1-349-63650-1
1751:Soviet historians
1732:Hildermeier, M.,
1559:Russian Civil War
1519:
1518:
1324:Electoral history
1263:Aleksandr Antonov
1255:Russian Civil War
1197:
1196:
1189:
1098:Maria Spiridonova
1005:individual terror
726:Russian Civil War
643:social-democratic
524:
478:
477:
465:Political parties
386:
266:Paramilitary wing
229:1940 (officially)
204:January 1902
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3895:
3858:Agrarian parties
3791:Maria Nikiforova
3771:Georgiy Pyatakov
3761:Yukhym Medvediev
3598:independent left
3435:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3355:
3243:Maria Nikiforova
3139:Nikolai Bukharin
3109:Grigory Zinoviev
3076:Nikolai Yudenich
2998:
2859:Petrograd Soviet
2789:Tambov Rebellion
2784:Left SR uprising
2659:
2637:
2630:
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2614:
2323:Democratic Union
2241:Russian Assembly
2165:
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1690:Lapeshkin (1977)
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1259:Tambov Rebellion
1227:Imperial Germany
1192:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1149:
1141:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1000:Vladimir Burtsev
905:Kampf un kempfer
794:Grigory Gershuni
766:Alexander Herzen
557:
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191:Grigory Gershuni
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3428:Ukrainian State
3411:
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3382:
3352:
3347:
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3278:Peter Kropotkin
3224:
3186:
3153:
3129:Semyon Budyonny
3085:
3042:
3014:
2989:
2927:
2916:Tsentralna Rada
2823:
2698:
2679:Kornilov affair
2650:
2641:
2611:
2606:
2587:Portal:Politics
2578:
2574:Women of Russia
2559:Union of Greens
2337:
2311:Communist Party
2299:
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2113:
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1744:
1740:
1736:. Cologne 1978.
1731:
1727:
1722:. Marxists.org.
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1331:
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1310:
1298:Albert Einstein
1275:Admiral Kolchak
1235:Wilhelm Mirbach
1220:Communist Party
1203:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1162:
1150:
1139:
1039:
1033:
954:Dmitry Sipyagin
942:Narodnaya Volya
885:(RSDLP) – both
860:Ilya Rubanovich
856:Nikolay Rusanov
814:Labour's Banner
754:
748:
743:
678:soviet councils
570:, and in early
564:Imperial Russia
560:political party
558:), was a major
555:
552:
549:
546:
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41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:Symon Petliura
3743:
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3561:
3556:
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3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Makhnovshchina
3525:
3519:
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3504:
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3265:
3260:
3258:Semen Karetnyk
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3182:Boris Sokoloff
3179:
3177:Boris Savinkov
3174:
3169:
3167:Viktor Chernov
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Yakov Sverdlov
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Mikhail Frunze
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Vladimir Lenin
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3048:White movement
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:Pavel Milyukov
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
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2849:White movement
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2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:Central Powers
2809:
2803:Interventions
2801:
2796:
2791:
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2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:People's Union
2496:
2491:
2489:People's Party
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
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2429:Liberal Russia
2426:
2421:
2419:Green Alliance
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2116:External links
2114:
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2111:
2105:
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2086:
2073:
2067:
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2048:
2031:
2025:
2008:
2002:
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1847:Woitinsky, W.
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1710:
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1692:, p. 318.
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1495:Viktor Chernov
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1465:Viktor Chernov
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1435:Viktor Chernov
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1429:1907 (October)
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1402:Viktor Chernov
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1396:1907 (January)
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1372:Viktor Chernov
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1290:Eugene V. Debs
1195:
1194:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1035:Main article:
1032:
1029:
989:SR Maximalists
978:Fyodor Dubasov
864:Boris Savinkov
836:Andrei Argunov
824:People's Cause
798:Viktor Chernov
778:Viktor Chernov
747:
744:
742:
739:
730:anti-socialist
617:alongside the
613:following the
476:
475:
473:
472:
467:
462:
456:
453:
452:
444:
443:
439:
438:
433:
431:
425:
424:
419:
417:
411:
410:
400:
398:
392:
391:
368:
366:
362:
361:
353:
349:
348:
340:
336:
335:
324:
320:
319:
314:
308:
307:
290:
284:
283:
280:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
234:Merger of
231:
230:
227:(functionally)
217:
213:
212:
202:
198:
197:
195:Viktor Chernov
183:Andrei Argunov
180:
176:
175:
165:
161:
160:
152:
151:
141:
138:
137:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3900:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Nestor Makhno
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:Major figures
3722:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Minor Council
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:Soviet states
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:International
3289:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Viktor Bilash
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Nestor Makhno
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Mark Natanson
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Yakov Blumkin
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Joseph Stalin
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3081:Lavr Kornilov
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Pyotr Krasnov
3069:
3067:
3066:Anton Denikin
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Pyotr Wrangel
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2694:Junker mutiny
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:Soviet period
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2099:. Macmillan.
2098:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1903:0-8420-2651-7
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1834:9781929631957
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1773:September 30,
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:Party leader
1334:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1180:
1177:December 2010
1170:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1154:This section
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:, joined the
1075:
1070:
1063:of the party.
1062:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Mark Natanson
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:People's Will
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
753:
745:
740:
738:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:or convene a
671:
667:
662:
660:
657:. Meanwhile,
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:to the First
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:The SRs were
575:
573:
572:Soviet Russia
569:
565:
561:
540:
528:
522:
513:
508:
497:
487:
483:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
450:
445:
440:
432:
430:
426:
418:
416:
412:
408:
399:
397:
393:
378:
367:
363:
354:
350:
347:
341:
337:
333:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
289:
285:
281:
274:
271:
268:
264:
261:
260:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
236:
232:
218:
214:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
166:
162:
158:
153:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3690:
3263:Fedir Shchus
3205:Boris Kamkov
3158:
3149:Alexei Rykov
3114:Leon Trotsky
2967:
2901:Green armies
2891:Black Guards
2424:Khostug Tyva
2267:
2216:Labour Group
2096:
2077:
2058:
2037:
2014:
1991:
1950:
1931:
1912:
1893:
1884:
1876:Bibliography
1863:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1824:
1818:
1790:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1659:
1653:
1642:
1608:
1595:
1564:Green armies
1537:
1487:
1457:
1427:
1394:
1364:
1342:Performance
1311:
1294:Karl Kautsky
1283:
1243:Fanny Kaplan
1224:
1204:
1183:
1174:
1163:Please help
1158:verification
1155:
1119:
1111:
1094:
1090:
1066:
1056:земля и воля
1015:
1009:
997:
982:
966:
938:
918:
904:
868:
852:Vadim Rudnev
844:Mikhail Gots
831:
828:Volia Naroda
827:
823:
817:
813:
810:Znamia Truda
809:
805:
801:
786:
774:neonarodniki
773:
770:Pyotr Lavrov
755:
706:
668:, implement
663:
576:
495:
485:
481:
479:
257:
244:Headquarters
187:Mikhail Gots
171:Right Esers
164:Abbreviation
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3666:Poalei Zion
3564:Directorate
3547:Parliaments
3438:Directorate
3387:(1917–1920)
3273:Fanya Baron
3253:Lev Chernyi
3104:Lev Kamenev
3028:Georgy Lvov
3002:Monarchists
2504:Right Cause
2374:Civic Union
2349:Adyghe Hase
1977:|work=
1549: [
1499:17,256.911
1422:Opposition
1389:Opposition
1353:Percentage
1345:Government
1302:show trials
1218:joined the
1103:World War I
1012:World War I
923:and in the
819:Delo Naroda
724:during the
670:land reform
666:World War I
435:285 / 1,090
334:(1923–1940)
329:(1889–1916)
276:Membership
3832:Categories
3776:Yuri Gaven
3708:Mensheviks
3703:Bolsheviks
3656:Fareynikte
3620:Borotbists
3230:Anarchists
3091:Bolsheviks
2961:Mensheviks
2956:Bolsheviks
2906:Red Guards
2749:Heimosodat
2662:Revolution
2554:Styr Nyxas
2529:Sakha Omuk
2256:mensheviks
2251:bolsheviks
2106:0333432657
2087:0312016743
2068:0231025246
2049:0231021704
2026:0521212138
2003:0814205283
1941:9518915075
1922:0312236301
1634:References
1601:Left Esers
1599:After the
1469:Boycotted
1439:Boycotted
1376:Boycotted
1329:State Duma
1279:Socialists
1199:See also:
1020:Zimmerwald
969:Yevno Azef
933:State Duma
871:democratic
750:See also:
651:Bolsheviks
635:coalitions
601:. The SRs
442:Party flag
305:Federalism
82:newspapers
3868:Narodniks
3407:Act Zluky
3159:Right SRs
2884:elections
2703:Civil War
2674:July Days
2648:Civil War
2183:Civil War
1979:ignored (
1969:cite book
1533:Narodniks
1515:Majority
1507:324 / 703
1359:Position
1269:the SRs'
1126:Petrograd
1086:Trudoviks
1016:oborontsy
891:Menshevik
887:Bolshevik
879:peasantry
875:socialist
698:elections
623:1907 coup
607:elections
603:boycotted
591:peasantry
587:Narodniks
521:romanized
470:Elections
415:1907 Duma
407:1917–1918
402:324 / 767
317:Left-wing
282:1,000,000
254:Newspaper
216:Dissolved
3781:Béla Kun
3661:The Bund
3436:(led by
3192:Left SRs
2973:Left SRs
2869:Red Army
2817:Siberian
1522:See also
1414:37 / 518
1409:Unknown
1406:Unknown
1381:34 / 478
1308:In exile
1231:Chekists
1024:Kienthal
991:and the
784:regime.
762:populist
758:Narodnik
682:de facto
655:Left SRs
597:and the
562:in late
421:37 / 518
301:Narodism
288:Ideology
179:Founders
112:May 2022
2994:Figures
2933:Parties
2134:at the
1707:. 1917.
1482:Absent
1474:0 / 509
1452:Absent
1444:0 / 509
1253:in the
1205:In the
1120:At the
1047:Russian
973:Okhrana
909:Yiddish
895:Marxist
782:Tsarist
741:History
700:to the
639:liberal
547:
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