20:
93:
from lower to upper mantle is on the scale of a plume rather than a superplume. Evidence for the latter model includes seismic imaging of the lower mantle which reveals a large-scale low-velocity anomaly from the base of the mantle to around 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) depth, small-scale anomalies
101:
at the old end of the chain, short-lived volcanic activity, and petrological and geochemical analysis of the lavas which reveals a number of shallow-source components, are inconsistent with the plume model and have proposed a tectonic origin. According to this model, the
Society and other volcanic
130:
to escape to the surface. The timing of volcanic activity and orientation of the chain, both of which coincide closely with major alterations in plate boundary configurations and consequent changes in the lithospheric stress field and direction of asthenospheric counterflow, support this model.
134:
Some of the above features, however, can be accommodated by the plume model. The lack of initial flood basalt and short-lived activity, for example, are consistent with some versions of the superplume model which propose small-scale intermittent “plumelets” generated by the superplume, and the
88:
There are two competing versions of the mantle plume model. One version posits a narrow, discreet plume feeding only the
Society hotspot. The other proposes a superplume with narrow conduits supplying several hotspots in the south Pacific. Evidence for the former model includes magnetotelluric
89:
imaging which finds conductivity anomalies of less than 150 kilometres (93 mi) in radius indicating a plume of limited extent and seismic imaging of the transition zone under the
Society hotspot which shows a thinned area of less than 500 kilometres (310 mi) implying that the
94:
in the upper mantle which may be narrow plumes generated by the superplume and intermittent volcanic activity in south
Pacific hotspots which contrasts with the persistent volcanism expected for individual plumes.
73:
anomalies have been observed in the upper mantle and found to extend into the uppermost lower mantle, implying that the passage of hot material from the lower to upper mantle is not hindered by the
714:
757:
Natland, J.H.; Winterer, E.L. (2005). "Fissure control on volcanic action in the
Pacific". In Foulger, G.R.; Natland, J.H.; Presnall, D.C.; Anderson, D.L. (eds.).
838:"A reappraisal of stress field and convective roll models for the origin and distribution of Cretaceous to recent intraplate volcanism in the Pacific basin"
69:
Several lines of evidence support this interpretation. Age progression along the chain is consistent with estimates of the velocity of plate motion.
54:
There are currently two main hypotheses concerning the cause of volcanic activity. The conventional view is that the hotspot is underlain by a
666:
Suetsugu, D.; Isse, T.; Tanaka, S.; Obayashi, M.; Shiobara, H.; Sugioka, H.; Kanazawa, T.; Fukao, Y.; Barruol, G.; Reymond, D. (2009).
980:
286:"Mantle transition-zone structure beneath the South Pacific Superswell and evidence for a mantle plume underlying the Society hotspot"
774:
102:
chains in the south
Pacific result from a system of fissures caused by intraplate stresses related to thermal contraction of the
536:"Upper mantle structure beneath the Society hotspot and surrounding region using broadband data from ocean floor and islands"
929:
97:
Clouard and
Bonneville 2001 have argued that certain features of the Society hotspot, such as the lack of an initial flood
485:"Shear wave speed structure beneath the South Pacific superswell using broadband data from ocean floor and islands"
1157:
738:
1292:
1129:
332:"Short‐lived and discontinuous intraplate volcanism in the South Pacific: Hot spots or extensional volcanism?"
74:
1114:
973:
1106:
796:"Non-hotspot formation of volcanic chains: Control of tectonic and flexural stresses on magma transport"
667:
620:
331:
795:
445:
285:
1311:
1263:
1167:
1152:
1053:
896:
849:
807:
726:
679:
632:
591:
547:
496:
457:
395:
343:
297:
251:
621:"Electromagnetic evidence for volatile‐rich upwelling beneath the society hotspot, French Polynesia"
1185:
1038:
483:
Isse, T.; Suetsugu, D.; Shiobara, H.; Sugioka, H.; Yoshizawa, K.; Kanazawa, T.; Fukao, Y. (2006).
446:"High-precision lead isotopes and stripy plumes: Revisiting the Society chain in French Polynesia"
1223:
1058:
912:
865:
837:
695:
648:
419:
359:
1043:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1124:
1096:
1015:
989:
966:
884:
770:
441:
411:
215:
156:
127:
32:
81:
imaging has found higher conductivity in the upper mantle under the active area southeast of
47:
spanning around 720 kilometres (450 mi) of the ocean which formed between 4.5 and <1
1276:
1238:
1119:
904:
857:
815:
811:
762:
734:
687:
640:
599:
555:
551:
514:
504:
465:
403:
351:
305:
301:
259:
205:
197:
161:
115:
78:
59:
1271:
1180:
1091:
1063:
1005:
997:
791:
123:
40:
900:
853:
730:
683:
636:
595:
500:
461:
399:
347:
255:
1218:
1175:
1147:
1081:
1073:
1033:
1010:
210:
185:
819:
309:
1305:
1248:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1086:
1048:
1025:
916:
869:
652:
423:
363:
264:
239:
151:
139:
111:
63:
36:
699:
1288:
1213:
668:"South Pacific mantle plumes imaged by seismic observation on islands and seafloor"
55:
1139:
534:
Isse, T.; Sugioka, H.; Ito, A.; Shiobara, H.; Reymond, D.; Suetsugu, D. (2016).
103:
861:
908:
766:
759:
Plates, plumes, and paradigms: Geological
Society of America Special Paper 388
560:
535:
469:
384:"Broad plumes rooted at the base of the Earth's mantle beneath major hotspots"
383:
136:
107:
70:
944:
931:
240:"Tomographic imaging of multiple mantle plumes in the uppermost lower mantle"
619:
Tada, N.; Tarits, P.; Baba, K.; Utada, H.; Kasaya, T.; Suetsugu, D. (2016).
90:
48:
415:
219:
201:
691:
644:
509:
484:
355:
407:
604:
579:
519:
330:
Koppers, A.A.P.; Staudigel, H.; Pringle, M.S.; Wijbrans, J.R. (2003).
284:
Niu, F.; Solomon, S.C.; Silver, P.G.; Suetsugu, D.; Inoue, H. (2002).
98:
82:
19:
186:"The age and origin of the Pacific islands: A geological overview"
119:
44:
18:
885:"Linear volcanic chains in oceans: Possible formation mechanisms"
962:
578:
Nolasco, R.; Tarits, P.; Filloux, J.H.; Chave, A.D. (1998).
958:
739:
10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0695:HMPHAF>2.0.CO;2
190:
715:"How many Pacific hotspots are fed by deep-mantle plumes?"
580:"Magnetotelluric imaging of the Society Islands hotspot"
135:
petrology and geochemistry of the lavas may be due to
1262:
1194:
1166:
1138:
1105:
1072:
1024:
996:
761:. Geological Society of America. pp. 687–710.
58:which has transported hot material from the lower
43:, an archipelago of fourteen volcanic islands and
85:consistent with anomalously hot rising material.
752:
750:
748:
573:
571:
435:
433:
325:
323:
321:
319:
179:
177:
831:
829:
377:
375:
373:
233:
231:
229:
39:which is responsible for the formation of the
974:
8:
23:The Society hotspot is marked 38 on the map.
279:
277:
275:
981:
967:
959:
62:to the surface, creating the chain as the
603:
559:
518:
508:
263:
209:
173:
114:, and changes in the configuration of
382:French, S.W.; Romanowicz, B. (2015).
7:
713:Clouard, V.; Bonneville, A. (2001).
672:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
336:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
66:has moved northwest over the plume.
800:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
290:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
184:Neall, V.E.; Trewick, S.A. (2008).
14:
244:Geophysical Journal International
238:Rhodes, M.; Davies, J.H. (2001).
265:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01512.x
118:which have enabled pre-existing
584:Journal of Geophysical Research
450:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1:
820:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00227-2
310:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00523-X
842:International Geology Review
625:Geophysical Research Letters
489:Geophysical Research Letters
142:being sampled by the plume.
1328:
862:10.2747/0020-6814.45.4.287
1285:
909:10.1134/S0016852107040024
767:10.1130/0-8137-2388-4.687
561:10.1186/s40623-016-0408-2
470:10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.010
540:Earth, Planets and Space
16:Pacific volcanic hotspot
812:2000E&PSL.181..539H
552:2016EP&S...68...33I
302:2002E&PSL.198..371N
202:10.1098/rstb.2008.0119
24:
1287:Proposed mechanisms:
1107:Indo-Australian Plate
444:; Hémond, C. (2016).
110:-induced flow of the
22:
1264:South American Plate
1168:North American Plate
883:Peive, A.A. (2007).
836:Smith, A.D. (2003).
692:10.1029/2009GC002533
645:10.1002/2016GL071331
590:(B12): 30287–30309.
510:10.1029/2006GL026872
356:10.1029/2003GC000533
941: /
901:2007Geote..41..281P
854:2003IGRv...45..287S
731:2001Geo....29..695C
684:2009GGG....1011014S
637:2016GeoRL..4312021T
631:(23): 12021–12026.
596:1998JGR...10330287N
501:2006GeoRL..3316303I
462:2016GeCoA.189..236C
408:10.1038/nature14876
400:2015Natur.525...95F
348:2003GGG.....4.1089K
256:2001GeoJI.147...88R
196:(1508): 3293–3308.
945:17.533°S 149.833°W
790:Hieronymus, C.F.;
25:
1299:
1298:
950:-17.533; -149.833
605:10.1029/98JB02129
157:Rarotonga hotspot
1319:
983:
976:
969:
960:
956:
955:
953:
952:
951:
946:
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939:
938:
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934:
921:
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880:
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833:
824:
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754:
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480:
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428:
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379:
368:
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327:
314:
313:
296:(3–4): 371–380.
281:
270:
269:
267:
235:
224:
223:
213:
181:
162:Tarava Seamounts
116:plate boundaries
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1281:
1258:
1190:
1162:
1134:
1101:
1068:
1020:
998:Antarctic Plate
992:
987:
949:
947:
943:
940:
935:
932:
930:
928:
927:
925:
924:
882:
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877:
835:
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827:
789:
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755:
746:
712:
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707:
665:
664:
660:
618:
617:
613:
577:
576:
569:
533:
532:
528:
482:
481:
477:
456:(15): 236–250.
439:
438:
431:
394:(7567): 95–99.
381:
380:
371:
329:
328:
317:
283:
282:
273:
237:
236:
227:
183:
182:
175:
170:
148:
79:Magnetotelluric
75:transition zone
41:Society Islands
29:Society hotspot
17:
12:
11:
5:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1297:
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1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1158:Juan Fernández
1155:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:East Australia
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1074:Eurasian Plate
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1000:
994:
993:
988:
986:
985:
978:
971:
963:
923:
922:
895:(4): 281–295.
875:
848:(4): 287–302.
825:
806:(4): 539–554.
782:
775:
744:
705:
658:
611:
567:
526:
495:(16): L16303.
475:
429:
369:
315:
271:
225:
172:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
159:
154:
147:
144:
31:is a volcanic
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1324:
1313:
1310:
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1307:
1294:
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1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1196:Pacific Plate
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
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1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1026:African Plate
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
984:
979:
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918:
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867:
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851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Bercovici, D.
786:
783:
778:
776:9780813723884
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
749:
745:
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736:
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728:
724:
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486:
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455:
451:
447:
443:
440:Cordier, C.;
436:
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409:
405:
401:
397:
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389:
385:
378:
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365:
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203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
180:
178:
174:
167:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Arago hotspot
150:
149:
145:
143:
141:
140:oceanic crust
138:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:asthenosphere
109:
105:
100:
95:
92:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
64:Pacific Plate
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:Pacific Ocean
35:in the south
34:
30:
21:
1293:Plate theory
1289:Mantle plume
1253:
1054:Sierra Leone
926:
892:
889:Geotectonics
888:
878:
845:
841:
803:
799:
785:
758:
722:
718:
708:
675:
671:
661:
628:
624:
614:
587:
583:
543:
539:
529:
492:
488:
478:
453:
449:
391:
387:
342:(10): 1089.
339:
335:
293:
289:
250:(1): 88–92.
247:
243:
193:
189:
133:
126:and shallow
96:
91:thermal flux
87:
68:
56:mantle plume
53:
28:
26:
1312:Volcanology
1186:Yellowstone
1140:Nazca Plate
1039:New England
948: /
678:(11): n/a.
442:Chauvel, C.
104:lithosphere
1224:Louisville
1059:St. Helena
546:(33): 33.
520:2115/52170
168:References
108:subduction
1244:Rarotonga
1234:Marquesas
1229:Macdonald
1153:Galápagos
1130:Lord Howe
1125:Tasmantid
1097:Jan Mayen
1016:Kerguelen
917:128409663
870:129463020
653:132297145
424:205245093
364:131213793
137:subducted
1306:Category
1277:Trindade
1239:Pitcairn
1120:Crosgove
990:Hotspots
936:149°50′W
794:(2000).
700:52267924
416:26333468
220:18768382
146:See also
1272:Noronha
1254:Society
1181:Bermuda
1092:Iceland
1064:Tristan
1044:Réunion
1006:Balleny
933:17°32′S
897:Bibcode
850:Bibcode
808:Bibcode
727:Bibcode
719:Geology
680:Bibcode
633:Bibcode
592:Bibcode
548:Bibcode
497:Bibcode
458:Bibcode
396:Bibcode
344:Bibcode
298:Bibcode
252:Bibcode
211:2607379
122:in the
71:Seismic
33:hotspot
1219:Hawaii
1176:Anahim
1148:Easter
1082:Azores
1034:Canary
1011:Erebus
915:
868:
773:
698:
651:
422:
414:
388:Nature
362:
218:
208:
128:mantle
99:basalt
83:Tahiti
60:mantle
45:atolls
1249:Samoa
1209:Bowie
1204:Arago
1087:Eifel
1049:Shona
913:S2CID
866:S2CID
725:(8).
696:S2CID
649:S2CID
420:S2CID
360:S2CID
124:crust
1214:Cobb
771:ISBN
412:PMID
216:PMID
120:melt
27:The
905:doi
858:doi
816:doi
804:181
763:doi
735:doi
688:doi
641:doi
600:doi
588:103
556:doi
515:hdl
505:doi
466:doi
454:189
404:doi
392:525
352:doi
306:doi
294:198
260:doi
248:147
206:PMC
198:doi
194:363
77:.
1308::
1291:·
911:.
903:.
893:41
891:.
887:.
864:.
856:.
846:45
844:.
840:.
828:^
814:.
802:.
798:.
769:.
747:^
733:.
723:29
721:.
717:.
694:.
686:.
676:10
674:.
670:.
647:.
639:.
629:43
627:.
623:.
598:.
586:.
582:.
570:^
554:.
544:68
542:.
538:.
513:.
503:.
493:33
491:.
487:.
464:.
452:.
448:.
432:^
418:.
410:.
402:.
390:.
386:.
372:^
358:.
350:.
338:.
334:.
318:^
304:.
292:.
288:.
274:^
258:.
246:.
242:.
228:^
214:.
204:.
192:.
188:.
176:^
106:,
51:.
49:Ma
982:e
975:t
968:v
919:.
907::
899::
872:.
860::
852::
822:.
818::
810::
779:.
765::
741:.
737::
729::
702:.
690::
682::
655:.
643::
635::
608:.
602::
594::
564:.
558::
550::
523:.
517::
507::
499::
472:.
468::
460::
426:.
406::
398::
366:.
354::
346::
340:4
312:.
308::
300::
268:.
262::
254::
222:.
200::
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