Sociology of the family - Knowledge (XXG)

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marriage has several benefits. First, marriage market conditions are forces that influence marriage from outside they subjects affect, which means they impact the general trends of marriage decisions. In other words, individual circumstances cause people to make decisions about their marriages that might be specific to their personal situation; marriage markets impact all peoples' decisions about marriage from a macro level, which means stead incomes and job make for sound marriage. In addition, Job stability benefits both employers through greater productivity and families though more cohesion. Second, marriage market conditions may capture many economic influences. Empirical findings indicate that financial stability is an important requisite for marriage. In weak marriage markets (when there is high unemployment) couples who would like to get married may delay doing so due to unemployment or financial troubles. Furthermore, even couples that are already married may face doubts about the future economic status of themselves or their partners, which can create marital instability. Conversely, strong labor markets (when unemployment is low) may improve the employment situation and financial situation of either partner, which may facilitate marriage and increase economic stability. Thus, when marriage markets are strong and unemployment is low, marriage may be perceived as more attractive to individuals than when marriage markets and weak and unemployment is high.

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normal social relationships with peers and adults. There have also been studies of other aspects of personal development (including personality, self-concept, and conduct) that similarly reveal few differences between children of lesbian mothers and children of heterosexual parents. These differences are not significant but are noticeable. For example, there was a study that examined and compared particular behaviors and ideas/belief performed by sons and daughters of lesbian mothers. Studies found that 53% of the daughters of lesbian mothers aspired to pursue careers as physicians, attorneys, and engineers compared with only 21% of the daughters of heterosexual mothers. The sons of lesbian mothers also tended to be less aggressive and more nurturing than the sons of heterosexual mothers. The general concern about homosexual couples or partnerships parenting children does not have any grounds for their argument, "children who grow up with one or two gay and/or lesbian parents fare as well in emotional, cognitive, social, and sexual functioning as do children whose parents are heterosexual. Children's optimal development seems to be influenced more by the nature of the relationships and interactions within the family unit than by the particular structural form it takes."

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couples. In the 2010 U.S. Census, it was reported that 20% of lesbian and gay couple or partnership households are raising children (115,064 out of 594,000 same-sex households). The trend of child-rearing amongst gay and lesbian couples or partnerships is on the rise. Also, the support from the general public for gay and lesbian couples or partnerships to raising children is at its all-time high since the 1990s. In 1994, the idea of homosexual partnerships parenting children evenly divided Americans for support. When Americans were asked, "Do you think homosexual couples should or should not have the legal right to adopt a child", 28% of Americans said they should, and 65% said they should not. In 2003, the idea of homosexual partnerships parenting children evenly divided Americans for support. When Americans were asked the same question about the right of homosexual partnerships to raise children through adoption, 49% of Americans said they should, and 48% said they should not. In 2014, Americans were asked a very similar question. The results were almost more polarizing than the results found in 1994. Twenty years later, 63% of Americans said lesbian and gay couples or partnerships, and 35% said they should not.

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approach to explain this concept is the "gender similarity" approach, which "predicts that the convergence in men's and women's work and family demands should lead to a convergence in attitudes toward work and family responsibilities and feelings of work-family balance". In contrast, the "gender differences" approach stipulates that "normative differences between men and women remain, with the family still primarily defined as women's sphere and paid work as men's domain". There is empirical evidence in support of both theories. Some research supports the convergence of men's and women's work experiences: both men and women make adjustments in their marriage and personal lives to meet their employer's expectations, while also making adjustments at work to maintain their marital and family obligations. However, the analysis from the abovementioned study supports the gender differences model. Gender differences exist in the division of household labor and chores, with men working more hours and women spending more time on domestic and child-care responsibilities.

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earnings in one single year. For this reason, low income families will save money by leaving one parent at home outside of the workforce to care for the children. Individuals who specialize in unpaid labor in the household may feel subordinated to the breadwinner because they feel they have minimal voice in their relationship or financial decisions. Additionally, women who take time out of the workforce to raise their young children will lose out on wages, benefits, and social security contributions. To illustrate this, mothers who take three or more years off of work for their family have about 37% decrease in income, this is also considered to be the "mommy tax". Of course, this is less noticeable among women who are married to breadwinners because they are willing to share their income and wealth with their stay at home spouse.

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regards to child adoption by same-sex couple. The "best interest of the child" seems to be the driving force behind the push back and reasoning for the remaining lack of support for homosexual couples or partnerships adopting or raising children. The central argument in the debate for legal rights, policies and overall support is related to the idea of same-sex couples raising children is the well-being of children raised in those families. There are concerns like about the mental, emotional and even the social development of children who are raised in same sex couple or partnership households. There has been a plethora of research conducted that provides insight into a range of issues, including the personal development, gender development, peer relationships, and family relationships of children with same-sex parents.

1589:'s research on the effect of divorce on children (based on the Marin County Project) suggests that, "children with divorced parents often reach adulthood as psychologically troubled individuals who find it difficult to maintain satisfying relationships with others". Quantitative research done by other scholars supports Wallerstein's conclusion. It has been shown that children with divorced parents have an increased risk of: experiencing psychological problems, having troubled marriages, divorcing and having poor relationships with parents especially the father. Wallerstein, however, has a disputed an "extreme version" of her theory where she claims that the difference between the children with divorced and continuously married parents is dramatic and pervasive. 1428:

the marriage market, instead remaining single. The driving force behind this process is that a marriage in which both partners or only the husband have low education end with divorce at a substantially higher rate than marriages where both partners or the husband do not have low education. Young women with medium education levels tend to have the highest rates of marriage. Highly educated men tend to marry highly educated women. Moreover, men and women who have attained high levels of education delay marriage past the age when other individuals typically marry. This trend becomes stronger with age: the proportion of men with high educations who are married to women with similarly high educations reaches 64% when the men are 46 years old.

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produce a male heir to the property of the household. Since child mortality was common, women had to be more or less continuously pregnant during their marriage to guarantee a living male heir. Furthermore, this heir had to be legitimate, if disputes over inheritance were to be avoided. This legitimacy could only be ensured by the heads of households marrying virgins and ensuring the chastity of their wives for the duration of the marriage. Equally, daughters had to be sexually pure if they were to be eligible for marriage to other property-holding families. Such marriages were prompted solely by the need to produce children and had none of the elements of eroticism and sexual compatibility of contemporary marriages.

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their first child between 2008 and 2009, observing how social media pressured them in their roles as parents. What she found was an increased level in confidence from the fathers and the opposite effect in mothers; fathers felt more confident after viewing other parents on social media, while mothers were worried after viewing posts depicting ideal or perfect family photos or concerned with the comments they would receive on their posts from others criticizing their parenting. This led directly into increased levels of stress and lower confidence, which affected the children's reactions to their parents, altering the behavior of the children.

1875:, serve as a primary explanation for men to avoid fatherhood. For men, it is difficult to separate occupational success from fatherhood because financially providing for one's family has been central to the identity of being a father in the United States. As a result, a complex relationship is formed between economic struggles and the importance of fatherhood. Men who are not employed or have low earnings often feel as if they have failed as both fathers and men. On the other hand, men who have a low socioeconomic status find fatherhood very appealing because it gives them a measure of accomplishment denied to them by the occupational world. 54: 2088:: This discussion is more critical (though not dismissive) of the social constructionist approaches that have dominated the sociology of childhood since the 1990s. More open to materialist perspectives, it seeks an interdisciplinary path that recognizes the biological as well as the social and cultural shaping of childhood and holds open the possibility of an interdisciplinary Childhood Studies emergent from current multi-disciplinary efforts. This scholarship has two important influences. Firstly, a so-called 'new wave' of childhood studies, heavily influenced by Alan Prout's (2005) seminal book 1928:. This type of family style is becoming increasingly accepted in Canada and has increased from 8% in 1981 to 16.4% in 2001. In the last few decades, living with your significant other has become normalized in society. Cohabitation has drastically increased in the United States within the last 50 years, increasing by nearly 900 percent. Data from a 2012 Census showed that 7.8 million couples are living together without first getting married, compared to 2.9 million in 1996. And two-thirds of couples married in 2012 shared a home together for more than two years before their marriage. 2050:: This approach derives from youth sociology as well as ethnography. Focusing on everyday life and the ways children orient themselves in society, it engages with the cultural performances and the social worlds they construct and take part in. Theory and research methodology approach children as active participants and members of society right from the beginning. Thus they are neither analyzed as outsiders to society nor as merely 'emergent' members of society. Therefore, the sociology of childhood distinguishes itself from the established concepts of 2092:. In this work, Prout examines how childhoods are not merely constructed socially – via discourses, laws or institutions – but materially, through toys, food and medicines. Since then, sociologists such as Nick Lee have offered important analyses of the ways in which the 'entanglements' between children and non-human materialities and technologies have become ever-more important to the governance and regulation of children's lives, through what he terms the 'biopoliticisation' of childhood. Secondly, nonrepresentational approaches to 1464:(EMTs). The class-disadvantaged group had fewer choices regarding their work hours and faced greater constraints in flexibility and control of their time. Women in particular need flexible work hours in order to meet the inflexible demands that marriage and a family place upon them, as traditional gender expectations stipulate that the woman be the primary caregiver. The results of this study demonstrate that class, intersecting with gender, influences the ability of men and women to obtain and utilize flexibility with their time. 120: 2187:, and fathers tend to be more invested in families with sons than families with daughters in terms of both time and money. However, the association of gender with father investment has been weakening over the years, and the differentials are not large. Parents tend to enroll their daughters in more cultural activities than their sons (e.g. art classes, dance classes, and musical instrument lessons), and tend to be more invested in school-related parent involvement programs for their sons than their daughters. 34: 1493:

in their marriage. As demonstrated by Gertsel and Clawson, higher-level occupations are generally more accommodating to family life than are lower level occupations (2014). Furthermore, the number of hours worked and the work spillover into family life are the most telling predictors of perceived imbalance in marriage. Keene and Quadagno found a greater likelihood of perceived imbalance when work duties caused men or women to miss a family event or make it difficult to maintain their home (2004).

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the mother is the parent raising the child. The high percentage of mothers becoming the sole parent is sometimes due to the result of a divorce, unplanned pregnancy or the inability to find a befitting partner. Children who are raised by a single parent are commonly at a disadvantage due to the characteristics of parenting. A mother and father both make significant contributions to the development of a child, therefore one parent's ability to raise a child on her or his own may be hindered.

1623: 1720:, and 14% were to women ages 35 and older. In the United States, a study found that the average woman spends 5 years working and building a career before having children, and mothers working non-salary jobs began having children at age 27, compared to mothers with salary positions, who became pregnant at age 31. The study shows that the difference in age of child birth is related to education, since the longer a woman has been in school, the older she will be when she enters the workforce. 1501:

efficiently to maximize family income. As a result, women are left to specialize in unpaid household work because women are presumed to be more efficient at childcare and generally earn less than men in the labor force. Many women either minimize, shift or completely dismiss their initial career or education aspirations when anticipating parenthood. Consequently, this forces women into disadvantaged career opportunities and reasserts the gender labor market inequality.

1321:'witchcraft craze' in Medieval Europe. According to Turner, this was a device to regulate the behavior of women, and the attack on women as witches was principally "a critique of their sexuality". "Women were closely associated with witchcraft, because it was argued that they were particularly susceptible to the sexual advances of the devil. ... Women were seen to be irrational, emotional and lacking in self-restraint; they were especially vulnerable to satanic temptation." 1484:

that "undoes gender".Today we see a shift in gender roles with twice as many stay at home fathers then there were two decades ago. Four out of five of the stay at home fathers report that they are only home due to disabilities, illness, in school, unemployed or retired. But race also plays a factor in employment for fathers. African American, Hispanic, Asian men and men with limited education are more likely to stay at home than white highly educated men.

2004:. Up to this time, sociology had approached children and childhood mainly from a socialization perspective, and the emergence of the new childhood sociological paradigm ran parallel to the feminist critique of sociological traditions. Childhood sociologists attacked the "adultocentric" approach and the "separative view" of sociology towards children. Not surprisingly, then, the key works in the sociology of childhood are quite interdisciplinary, linking 2109:. Nevertheless, during the mid-2010s, a so-called 'spatial turn' in childhood and education studies saw increasing cross-fertilisation between these fields and the take-up of children's geographers' work by sociologists and others. Therefore, the prospects for cross-disciplinary scholarship around hybridity, spatiality and a 'new wave' remain very promising – perhaps most evident in a recent volume by Julie Seymour, Abigail Hackett and Lisa Procter. 45: 1729: 1650:

across cultures. These activities include nurturing, protecting, and training their children. An individual's mothering actions are shaped by their beliefs about family, individuality, the nature of childhood, and the nature of their child. These are also often shaped by their own childhood and past experiences with children. The dynamic interactions between the mother and child create deep and meaningful connections.

1557:, infidelity, quarrels and limitations on personal freedom. Generally people tend to stay in high rewards and low cost relationships. However, the reverse situation, that is, a costly marriage with few benefits does not automatically lead to divorce. Couples must overcome barriers such as religious beliefs, social stigma, and financial dependence or law restrictions before they successfully dissolve their marriage. 5601: 1596:, who argues that the negative effects of divorce on children have been exaggerated and that most children grow up without long-term harm. Hetherington's data showed that 25% of children with divorced parents reach adulthood with a serious social, emotional or psychological problem, compared to 10% of children with continuously married parents. 75% of the children grow up to be well-functioning adults. 1561:

there are gender differences in the process of ejection. For example, a woman will be more upset when her husband emotionally cheats on her and a man will be more upset when his wife physically cheats on him. The reason for this stems from evolutionary roots, a man emotionally cheating on his wife equates to a loss or reduction in resources for the wife to raise the children whereas an act of physical

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leaves to handle domestic labor and child-care. In other words, they make job sacrifices. On the other hand, men are less likely to utilize family-friendly policies to make work sacrifices; they spend less at home and more time working. In essence, both men and women of class-advantaged occupations use the flexibility that their status provides them to "enact neotraditional gender expectations".

1695:. Anna Reeves Jarvis was a woman who originally organized Mother's Work Day's protesting the lack of cleanliness and sanitation in the work place. Jarvis died in 1905 and her daughter created a National Mother's Day to honor her mother. Mothers frequently have a very important role in raising offspring and the title can be given to a non-biological mother that fills this role. This is common in 2215: 1147: 2191:

average in anticipation for their sons' enrollment in educational institutions after high school graduation. However, this may not lead to more academic or work success for sons later in life. Parents are also more likely to underestimate daughters' abilities in math and science while overestimating that of sons. Daughters also, on average, also do more housework than sons, which reflects

5637: 1448:. Conversely, men and women who do not have access to such flexibility and control of their time are pressured to weaken conventional gender expectations regarding marriage, family, and jobs. Gertsel and Clawson conducted a study in which they collected data from four groups of paid care workers, divided by class and gender (2014). The two class-advantaged groups were 5625: 1553:

proportional to the rewards one gets from the relationship minus the cost of the relationship. All the things that can be seen as gains from the relationship such as love, sex, companionship, emotional support and daily assistance are the rewards of the relationship. The costs would the negative aspects of the relationship such as

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Significant social differences also exist between boys and girls when experiencing and dealing with social stress. Boys experience more social stress among their peers than girls in the form of verbal and physical abuse, but girls experience more social stress through strains in their friendships and

1859:. Men who fail to successfully become fathers or are unable to have children view the lack of fatherhood as a threat to their masculinity. As a result, the threat to masculinity serves as a driving force for men to possibly become fathers because they never want to be seen as infertile or effeminate. 1687:

traditional families, fathers were the heads of the families, which meant that his duties included providing financial support and making critical decisions, some of which must have been obeyed without question by the rest of the family members. "Some Asian American men are brought up under stringent

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Twenty years after the 98 families from the binuclear study were interviewed, 85% of the offspring from these families were interviewed. Of those, 23% had completed postgraduate training, 33% had completed college, 31% had completed post-secondary training, 10% had received their high school diplomas

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Many scholars have attempted to explain why humans enter relationships, stay in relationships and end relationships. Levinger's (1965, 1976) theory on divorce is based on a theoretical tradition consisting of three basic components: attractions, barriers and alternatives. Attraction in this theory is

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Stress: Stress is a big factor in marriages. Working to support a family, while trying to stabilize finances is a big factor in stress. Also, with both partners working (in most cases), leaves less "family time" which makes raising children difficult. This often happens in the stage where couples are

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Additional research by Keene and Quadagno suggests that the gender expectations that men should prioritize their work lives and women should prioritize their marriage and home life no longer exist. However, there persists an unequal division of labor in the home between men and women. One theoretical

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Notably, five out of six mothers would join the workforce if they had sufficient child care while they were away from home. In America, the average cost of infant care is about $ 9,589 a year and childcare for young children under the age of four will cost about 64% of full-time minimum wage workers'

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depend on the expectations of two people and are "formed and terminated" based on those expectations. Consequently, individuals "are selected into and out of the marriage market on the basis of their education". The most distinct marital trend is that men with low education are slowly selected out of

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In Canada, one parent families have become popular since 1961 when only 8.4 percent of children were being raised by a single parent. In 2001, 15.6 percent of children were being raised by a single parent. The number of single parent families continue to rise, while it is four times more likely that

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The universalist approach to motherhood is aimed at conceptualizing the work that mothers do. This approach identifies mothers through what they do, rather than how they feel. Mothers share a set of activities known as "maternal practice", that are universal, even though they vary as individuals and

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by the wife threatens the husband's chance to pass on his genes to the next generation via reproduction. Both these circumstances call for mate ejection. "Ancestral conditions that favored the dissolution of a mateship constituted a recurrent adaptive problem over human evolutionary history and thus

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rate in western countries has generally increased over time. Divorce rates have however started to decrease over the last twenty years. In the US, the divorce rate changed from 1.2 per 1000 marriages in 1860 to 3.0, 4.0, and 7.7 in 1890, 1900, 1920. The rate has since declined, to 5.3, 4.7, 4.1, and

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Furthermore, gender shapes the particular variety of flexibility demanded. In advantaged occupations, both men and women are able to acquire the flexibility they so desire. However, they choose to use the control that this affords them in different manners. Women cut back on paid work hours and take

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among their peers than boys. On the other hand, boys are more likely than girls to engage in organized play such as sports and activities with well-defined rules. One theory suggests that because of this, boys have more opportunities to exhibit their strength and skill and compare theirs to that of

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There are significant gender differences in the relationship styles among children which particularly begin to emerge after early childhood and at the onset of middle childhood around age 6 and grow more prevalent with age. Boys tend to play in larger groups than girls, and friends of boys are more

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Gay and Lesbian couples are categorized as same sex relationships. In 1989, Denmark was the first nation to allow same sex couples to get married and to provide equal rights to all citizens. After this many nations began to allow same sex marriages to occur such as Canada and Spain (2005). A United

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It has also been proposed that married men feel as if they are expected to pursue fatherhood as a part of their marriage though they personally may not want to have children. On the other hand, men who are single and younger do not feel the same desire because they are not "prepared" to emotionally

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and has focused on the salience, centrality, and importance of the father identity in men's lives, especially as it may be linked to men's involvement with their children. According to identity theory, the more salient and central the identity, the more likely individuals are to engage in behaviors

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directed towards a mother figure, are generally one of the first words a child speaks. While 'da da' or 'dad' often precede it, this does not reflect a stronger bond between the father and child than that of the mother and child, it is merely simpler to pronounce than 'mummy' or 'mum' which require

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The particularistic approach to mothering suggests that the role of a mother, their activities, and understandings cannot be separated from the context in which they live. According to this theory, mothering takes place within "specific historical contexts framed by interlocking structures of race,

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is the social practice of nurturing and caring for dependent children. It is a dynamic process of social interactions and relationships. Mothering is typically associated with women since it is typically women who mother their children. However, "not all women mother, and mothering as nurturing and

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Research indicates that three principal factors predict how well men and women perceive their work-life balance in marriage: job characteristics, family characteristics, and spillover between work and family. Job characteristics determine workers' freedom to balance multiple demands and obligations

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Class-disadvantaged men and women do not have the same temporal flexibility that allows them to make decisions on how to allocate their time. They face stricter constraints on their work hours and policies, thus making it impossible for them to choose whether to spend more time at work or more time

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Today we see a modified version of a homemaker and breadwinner marriage where the woman adopts a breadwinner role but is still expected to take care of the home. This is considered to be a neo-traditionalist, where one believes that a woman is expected to work if she desires but only if it does not

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that despite changes in perceptions of the purpose of marriage and the economic foundations for marriage, women continue to do the bulk of care work to the detriment of the American family. Hochschild illustrates the ways in which an unequal division of the second shift undermines family welfare by

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Sons and daughters are not only treated differently by their parents based on gender, but also receive different benefits from their parents based on gender. Parents, both fathers and mothers, may be less invested in their daughters' higher education than their sons' and tend to save more money on

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have offered a commensurate and (arguably) broader series of approaches that move beyond social constructivism. Scholars such as Peter Kraftl, John Horton and Affrica Taylor have been particularly influential in examining how childhoods are produced and experienced through complex intersections of

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Research suggests that sexual identities (including gender identity, gender-role behavior, and sexual orientation) develop in much the same ways among children of lesbian mothers as they do among children of heterosexual parents. Evidence also suggests that children of lesbian and gay parents have

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Another theory to explain why relationships end is the "Mate ejection theory", by Brian Boutwell, J.C. Barnes and K.M Beaver. The mate ejection theory looks at the dissolution of marriage from an evolutionary point of view, where all species seek to successfully reproduce. According to this theory

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Feelings are no longer mutual: Many people end marriages because they are no longer satisfied by sexual needs or merely because they have lost feelings for one another. This often happens when one partner finds a more exciting relationship and chooses to move forward with that new relationship. In

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Thus, class-disadvantage makes it more difficult for both men and women to adhere to traditional gender expectations. The researchers showed that class advantage is used to "do gender" in traditional ways, while class disadvantage may lead to a violation of traditional gender expectations in a way

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Moreover, men also have a workplace advantage because employers portray fathers as more committed, productive, and responsible than men without children. Working-class men tend to emphasize bread winning masculinity while middle-class men focus on the traditional gender-based division of labor. On

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or other family structure. In general, a qualitative approach to research is an excellent way to investigate group dynamics and family relationships. Specifically, qualitative research on the topic of families is particularly useful when looking at: 1) deeper meanings about family interactions and

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In the past few decades, technology has drastically advanced, and with it, so has its effect on society. Dr. Schoppe-Sullivan studied the effects technology, particularly social media, had on parents and the way they raise their children. She studied approximately 2oo dual-income families who had

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on divorce: The Marin County Project (the clinical study of 60 families that began in 1971), The Virginia County Study (a series of longitudinal studies on marriage, divorce and remarriage) and The Binuclear Family Studies of 98 families have helped expand the literature on divorce. The Binuclear

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Socially acceptable: In today's generation, divorce is now more socially acceptable. Now, instead of discouraging a divorce in an unsatisfying relationship, it is more widely accepted and sometimes even encouraged. Not only is it now more acceptable, but it is also easier to get a divorce legally

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has to be taken into account. Meanwhile, widespread anthropological assumptions concerning a universal human nature, based on a view of individual and society as opposed to each other, should be omitted from the conceptual repertoire of sociological childhood research. They are the legacy of the

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There are no federal laws prohibiting the adoption of a child by a homosexual couple or partnership. But there are some states, one being Florida, that depend on the opinions of the county judge in charge of the case, and county judges base their decisions on "the best interest of the child", in

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refers to the importance of an identity in relation to other identities. The centrality of the father identity is usually held at a higher level (as opposed to brother, husband, etc.) due to the gendered expectation that men must be "good" fathers. Men who view their role as a father central and

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There are many cultural contradictions and diverse arrangements and practices that challenge the intensive mothering ideology. However, they are considered deviant discourses since they do not conform to the script of full-time motherhood in the context of marriage. These include single mothers,

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Another important intersectional factor to consider in relation to gender and marriage is marriage markets. Marriage market means how economics affects who marries, whose bonds endure and what this means for future generations of workers and parents. Analyzing marriage markets as they pertain to

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in the United States as individuals have begun to seek unions for the ideals of love and affection rather than social or economic expediency. This transition has blurred the division of labor within the breadwinner-homemaker model, such that maintenance of the household and childcare, called the

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and Infant Welfare Centers – reacted to the maternal dominance in infant welfare and parenting in interwar Britain by arguing that fathers should play a crucial role in the upbringing of children." Were such a study to be conducted into the science of female parenting, it would be called mother

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However, this limited role has increasingly been called into question. Since the 1950s, social scientists as well as feminists have increasingly criticized gendered arrangements of work and care, and the male breadwinner role, and policies are increasingly targeting men as fathers, as a tool of

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approach that combines education level and gender. Men and women operate in a "marriage market" that is influenced by many competing factors. One of the most decisive factors is education level. Studies have shown that men and women tend to marry partners that have attained a level of education

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Since the 2000s, a new subfield, sociology of childhood has gained increasing attention and triggered numerous empirical studies as well as intensive theoretical disputes, starting in the Scandinavian and the English-speaking countries. A different approach was adopted in Europe and the United

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Lastly, some men blame life situations as the primary factor for their decision not to pursue fatherhood. Life situations are defined as an individual's relationship status (single or married) and their age. Studies have shown that men who are older and married tend to be more likely to pursue

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Turner argues that attempts to regulate female sexuality through religious discourse have, in the case of Western Europe, to be understood in the context of concerns about managing private property and ensuring its continuity. Thus, for the land-owning aristocracy, the point of marriage was to

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Historically, religious discourses have played a significant role in constituting family members and constructing particular forms of behavior in families, and religion has been particularly important in discourses on female sexuality. An example of the role of religion in this respect was the

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intimacy. Although interracial relationships and marriages have become far more popular and socially acceptable in the United States and Western Europe since the Civil Rights era, these unions continue to be viewed with less than total acceptance by significant portions of the population. More

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Questions about socialization practices and institutions remain central in childhood research. But, they are being dealt with in a new, more sociological way. To analyze socialization processes means, therefore, to reconstruct the historically and culturally varying conceptions, processes and

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Children of same-sex couples either come from past relationships or through other opportunities like adoption or artificial insemination. From the data collected in the 2000 U.S. Census, it was suggested that more than 250,000 children in the United States were being raised by lesbian and gay

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couples with children under the age of 25 represented 44% of all families in 2001. This statistic has lowered since 1991, when married and common law couples raising children under the age of 25 represented 49 percent of all Canadian families. There are various family forms which are becoming

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Women have become more independent: Now that women have equal rights and have proven over time that they have the potential and ability to support themselves, women find it much easier to leave unhappy marriages. They are also more work-focused, thus giving them less time to cope with their

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On average mothers spend twenty-five hours a week working for pay and thirty-two hours doing unpaid work. The introduction of parenthood changes the gender division of labor between men and women both inside and outside the home. Dual parent households allocate household work and paid work

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In pre-modern Europe, these interests were reflected in the character of marriages. They were private, arranged contracts that could be easily dissolved in the event of child production being compromised by the woman's infertility or infidelity. With the entry of the Church into marriage

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interacts with gender to impact the male-female dynamic in marriage, particularly with respect to "temporal flexibility at work and home". Research shows that class advantaged men and women use their class privilege and the flexibility it provides them in ways that support conventional

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Others who are not related by blood or marriage, but have a significant emotional relationship are variously called fictive kin, chosen kin, or voluntary kin. For example, a close family friend that one would refer to as an aunt or uncle, but shares no genetic or marital relationship.

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Studies on men who choose not to be fathers often focus on how the role of fatherhood is crucial to masculinity and a man's central identity. Many men blame economic difficulties, cultural differences, and life situations as potential factors that deter them from fatherhood.

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Families and marriage have increasingly become areas where gender matters. However, it is important to note that gender differences in marriage have too often been perceived as merely an "individual struggle and depoliticized by reducing social inequalities to differences".

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and deeply connected to other dimensions of social inequality. Social and economic changes and socio-political interventions thus become central topics in childhood sociology. The analysis of these issues has increased awareness of the generational inequality of societies.

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Overall, the literature implies that the biological gender of children affects how parents interact with them. Differentials in interaction range from the amount of time spent with children to how much parents invest financially in their children's futures. On average,

2292:(re-)production are considered. The sociology of social inequality and the sociology of the family and private life are, therefore, important fields for childhood sociologists. Children's own action, their resistance, cooperation, and collective action among 1378:"The modern family is increasingly complex and has changed profoundly, with greater acceptance for unmarried cohabitation, divorce, single-parent families, same-sex partnerships and complex extended family relations. Grandparents are also doing their bit." 1671:

family", which arose out of typical 16th- and 17th-century European households and is often considered the "traditional Western" structure. In this family model the father acts as the economic support and sometimes disciplinarian of the family, while the

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class, and gender" Furthermore, a mother's strategies and meanings that she develops are influenced by different social locations, such as the intersections of regional and local political economy with class, ethnicity, culture, and sexual preference.

1456:. The nurses were almost exclusively women and the doctors were almost exclusively men. This group had a number of choices about work hours and their ability to utilize family-friendly workplace policies. The two class-disadvantaged groups were female 1265:

relationships 2) learning more about the insider views about relational processes and observing interactions 3) looking at the family from within a greater context and 4) providing a voice for marginalized family members (e.g. case of abuse). Often,

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welfare mothers, minority mothers, immigrant mothers, and lesbian mothers. These types of motherhood categories are not mutually exclusive. Furthermore, women who cannot or choose not to be mothers deal with many internal and external pressures.

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Individualism: In today's society, families spend more time apart than they do together. Some individuals in a family focus more on personal happiness and earning income to support their family that it consumes the time actually spent with their

2201:, unlike parental relations, show no consensus in the literature about being gender-differentiated in interactions and benefits. However, sex-minority siblings may have more difficulty receiving necessary sex-specific treatment from parents. 1779:

family", which arose out of typical 16th- and 17th-century European households, the father's role has been somewhat limited. In this family model the father acts as the economic support and sometimes disciplinarian of the family, while the

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traditional families, fathers are the heads of the families, which means that their duties include providing financial support and making critical decisions, some of which must be obeyed without question by the rest of the family members.

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similar to their own. In the study by Bruze, Svarer, and Weiss, low education is defined as a high school education or less, medium education is defined as vocational education, and high education is defined as a college education (2015).

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at home. For example, even if a class-disadvantaged woman wanted to spend less time at work and more time with her children or in the home, she might not be able due to the inability to get time off from work or take a leave of absence.

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interfere with her real domestic job at home. Consequently, this forces women into disadvantaged career opportunities that are structured around the primary obligation to be a homemaker and reasserts the gender labor market inequality.

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their peers during these competitive activities. Girls' peer groups are characterized by strong interpersonal relations, empathy for others, and working towards connection-oriented goals, while boys focus more on asserting their own

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older socialization approach and they legitimate some forms of childhood and education practices as indispensable and even as a "natural" requirement of society, while devaluing others. In this way they generally legitimate western

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average fathers spend about forty-three hours a week working for pay and eighteen hours per week on the house and kids. Ultimately, this comes out to fathers doing about two-thirds of the paid work and one-third of the unpaid work.

2077:. Thus the categorization of societal members by age is far from being an innocent representation of natural distinctions, but rather a social construction of such a "natural truth". It is, therefore, a relevant component of 4632:

Rose, Amanda J.; Rudolph, Karen D. (2006). "A Review of Sex Differences in Peer Relationship Processes: Potential Trade-offs for the Emotional and Behavioral Development of Girls and Boys".Psychological Bulletin, 132(1),

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emotion, affect, embodiment and materiality. Somewhat problematically, there has been relatively little overlap between these two strands of scholarship, despite their sharing common conceptual foundations in the work of

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in a society, which categorizes their members by age and segregates them in many respects (rights, deeds, economical participation, ascribed needs etc.). These issues can be summarized under the overall concept of the

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imposed selection pressures for the evolution of strategic solutions." Put differently, the capability of emancipating themselves from certain relationships could have conferred a fitness benefit for ancestral humans.

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likely to become friends with each other which, in turn leads to more density in social networks among boys. Boys also have more well-defined dominance hierarchies than girls within their peer groups. In terms of

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There has been much research and discussion about the effects of society on the assumption of gender roles in childhood, and how societal norms perpetuate gender-differentiated interactions with children.

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3.7 per 1000 marriages in 1979, 1990, 2000, and 2004 respectively. The divorce rate in the United States fell 21 percent from 2008 to 2017, as people married at later ages and higher levels of education.

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has always been defined first and foremost by its economic needs. For instance, in colonial times families often relied on slaves or indentured servants to support themselves economically. The modern "

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Amato, Paul, R. and Hohmann-Marriot, Brandyl. A Comparison of High and Low Distress Marriages That End in Divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Aug. 2007), pp 621–638.

3781: 3704: 1667:

Motherhood ideology is influenced by the idealization of the family structure and perpetuates the image of a heterosexual couple with children. Some sociologists refer to this as the "

2148:, girls are more likely to have longer-lasting relationships of this nature, but no literature suggests that girls engage in more dyadic relationships than boys. Girls are also more 1878:

In terms of the cultural importance of fatherhood, white men and men of color have differing views on fatherhood that can affect how many of these men participate in fatherhood.

4804: 3722: 4163: 1355:. Some sociologists now dispute the degree to which this idealized arrangement has and does reflect the true structure of families in American society. In her 1995 article 4555:

Taylor, Affrica; Blaise, Mindy; Giugni, Miriam (1 February 2013). "Haraway's 'bag lady story-telling': relocating childhood and learning within a 'post-human landscape'".

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arrangements, different definitions of marriage emerged. Lifelong marriages were demanded, but with a concern to regulate sexuality, particularly the sexuality of women.

4148:(1976). "The child as conversationalist: some culture contact features of conversational interactions between adults and children". In M. Hammersley, P. Woods (ed.). 3105: 1716:

In the United States, 82.5 million women are mothers of all ages, while the national average age of first child births is 25.1 years. In 2008, 10% of births were to

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in conflict situations and are better at collaborative work and play than boys. They also spend more time in social conversations than boys and are more likely to

1755:. Many times fathers have a very important role in raising offspring and the title can be given to a non-biological father that fills this role. This is common in 2897: 3995: 1886:, work and fatherhood as a "package deal" meaning that lacking one of these components, like work or marriage, may result in the decision not to have children. 2479: 1688:

gender role expectations such as a focus on group harmony and filial piety, carrying on their family name and conforming to the expectations of the parents."

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model", argues Coontz, then has little historical basis. Only in the 1950s did the myth of the happy, nuclear family as the correct family structure arise.

4620:

Raley, S., & Bianchi S. (2006). Sons, Daughters, And Family Processes: Does Gender Of Children Matter? Annual Review of Sociology, 32(1), 401–21

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greater control over the mouth muscles. Children tend to remember 'daddy' more because, according to research, they are more exciting to the child.

1168: 4473: 1937:

States Supreme Court ruling mandated that same sex marriage is constitutional and therefore allowed in all 50 states in the United States (2015).

1983:

The values learned during childhood are important in the development and socialization of children. The family is considered to be the agency of

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some cases, a partner may even commit adultery which also may result in a divorce as a partner discovers their partner being unfaithful to them.

5180: 2322: 524: 2873: 1233: 1117: 4164:"Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood, 3rd Edition (Paperback) – Routledge" 4858: 3365:

Boutwell, B. B., Barnes, J. C., & Beaver, K. M. (2015). "When love dies: Further elucidating the existence of a mate ejection module".

2169:

more than boys. Boys use humor as a distraction from stress and seek less emotional support within their friendships and social networks.

4390:"Beyond 'voice', beyond 'agency', beyond 'politics'? Hybrid childhoods and some critical reflections on children's emotional geographies" 3885:

Stryker, S.; Serpe, R.T. (1994). "Identity salience and psychological centrality: Equivalent, overlapping, or complementary concepts?".

946: 543: 1579:

study was based on the findings from the Marin County Project and Virginia County Study. This research has been used to understand the

4801: 3530: 3495: 3406:

Amato, P. R. (2003). "Reconciling divergent perspectives: Judith Wallerstein, quantitative family research, and children of divorce".

1237: 5641: 4251: 5195: 4692: 4235: 4111: 4058: 4031: 2262: 1784:

or other female relative oversees most of the child-rearing. This structure is enforced, for example, in societies which legislate "

1194: 885: 875: 579: 539: 3187:

Sanchez, Laura; Thomson, Elizabeth (December 1997). "BECOMING MOTHERS AND FATHERS: Parenthood, Gender, and the Division of Labor".

53: 1837:. Specifically, studies have focused on why men choose to become fathers and the relationship between fatherhood and contemporary 6428: 5688: 5090: 970:

and unit of socialization from various sociological perspectives. It can be seen as an example of patterned social relations and

334: 6271: 5522: 5443: 5145: 3548:"Exploring the Lives of Asian American Men: Racial Identity, Male Role Norms, Gender Role Conflicts, and Prejudicial Attitudes" 1641:

that is highly influenced by gender belief systems. The roles associated with motherhood are variable across time and culture.

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Strow, C. W., & Strow, B. K. (2006). A history of divorce and remarriage in the United States. Humanomics, 22(4), 239–257.

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To paraphrase the quote, family structure is changing drastically and there is a vast variety of different family structures.

6193: 4903: 4531:"Policy Press | Geographies of alternative education – Diverse learning spaces for children and young people By Peter Kraftl" 3936: 2822: 2348: 2240: 1418:

There are many theoretical models to describe how people determine whom to marry. An important gender-focused approach is an

1172: 3030: 6332: 5992: 5055: 3686: 3628: 1461: 900: 554: 1351:

and its framework of a lifetime commitment between man and woman. The married couple produces children, constituting the

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Horton, John; Kraftl, Peter (1 April 2006). "What else? some more ways of thinking and doing 'Children's Geographies'".

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social networks. To deal with social stress, girls do more support-seeking, express more emotions to their friends, and

1389: 219: 185: 6105: 5748: 5616: 5541: 4893: 1229: 863: 189: 139: 2394: 2225: 1157: 4792: 3483: 2519: 1988: 880: 378: 3580: 2244: 2229: 1176: 1161: 6342: 6308: 5527: 5245: 5200: 4091: 2679: 2341: 2093: 1257: 1225: 1221: 870: 706: 439: 309: 175: 5611: 5150: 4959: 4851: 4321: 4276:

Ryan, K. W. (20 December 2011). "The new wave of childhood studies: Breaking the grip of bio-social dualism?".

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Cromdal, Jakob (2009). "Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue".

2355: 2055: 1855:

crucial to who they are as a person are more likely to engage with their children and strive to participate in

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Gertsel, N.; Clawson, D. (2014). "Class advantage and the gender divide: Flexibility on the job and at home".

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caring work is not inevitable the exclusive domain of women". Some argue that Mothering as a female role is a

3106:"The Marriage Gap: The Impact of Economic and Technological Change on Marriage Rates | Brookings Institution" 5488: 5478: 5448: 5125: 4979: 3789: 2166: 1847: 1580: 939: 679: 669: 639: 519: 504: 469: 384: 284: 74: 5473: 5155: 5115: 4991: 4969: 2955: 1856: 1842: 664: 594: 584: 564: 549: 479: 449: 369: 274: 3935:

Tichenor, Veronica; Mcquillan, Julia; Greil, Arthur L.; Contreras, Raleigh; Shreffler, Karina M. (2011).

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is able to provide ample data that is rich and meaningful, especially for structurally diverse families.

6438: 6349: 5708: 5576: 5458: 5433: 5255: 5210: 5185: 5170: 5120: 5085: 5015: 5005: 4931: 4888: 3308: 2459: 1984: 1593: 1241: 895: 720: 649: 624: 529: 454: 414: 374: 359: 324: 297: 224: 5629: 1622: 33: 3455:

Arendell, Terry (November 2000). "Conceiving and Investigating Motherhood: The Decade's Scholarship".

1296:, when interracial marriage bans were declared unconstitutional. These bans functioned to enforce the 1277:

The construction of race in Western society and, to a degree, globally, has led to a distinct view of

6405: 6390: 6337: 6293: 6203: 6135: 5681: 5468: 5438: 5285: 5220: 5165: 5105: 5095: 5025: 4883: 4878: 3777: 2001: 1772: 1575: 1278: 1236:, and is reported in the Families and Living Arrangements series. This includes childcare, children, 890: 744: 692: 659: 629: 464: 434: 424: 354: 339: 134: 129: 4145: 4127: 2655:"What does the scholarly research say about the well-being of children with gay or lesbian parents?" 119: 6375: 6327: 6320: 6022: 5979: 5586: 5310: 5190: 5140: 5045: 5035: 4926: 4844: 4530: 4215: 2960: 2718:

Long, Elizabeth (2010). "A White Side of Black Britain: Interracial Intimacy and Racial Literacy".

2285: 2192: 2158: 1821: 1638: 764: 509: 409: 247: 234: 3860: 2134:

within the family unit, and genetic predisposition. The sociological implications are as follows:

1220:

For example, in the United States, the national census occurs every 10 years, supplemented by the

5605: 5556: 5533: 5205: 5175: 5110: 5100: 5030: 4580: 4512: 4454: 4370: 4303: 3902: 3841: 3806: 3262: 3212: 3169: 3012: 2891: 2636: 2620: 2149: 2098: 1804:

Described as 'the science of male parenting', the study of 'father craft' emerged principally in

1771:

As with cultural concepts of family, the specifics of a father's role vary according to cultural

1586: 1457: 1292: 1113: 1099: 932: 574: 569: 489: 444: 394: 364: 344: 204: 181: 5400: 2989: 2474: 2439: 2330: 1833:

A number of studies have been given to the American public to determine how men view and define

1240:, families and households, fertility, grandparents and grandchildren, marriage and divorce, and 840: 4103: 1056:

Interactions of family members with each other, other organizations, impact of policy measures

6303: 6130: 6100: 5853: 5738: 5551: 5483: 5463: 5340: 5300: 5275: 5250: 5135: 4949: 4688: 4572: 4504: 4446: 4389: 4231: 4107: 4054: 4027: 3716: 3526: 3491: 3296: 3204: 3161: 3087: 2928: 2879: 2869: 2818: 2628: 2575: 2469: 2424: 2399: 2374: 2326: 2302: 1978: 1741: 1717: 1554: 1022: 792: 756: 736: 716: 674: 654: 484: 474: 404: 254: 199: 4021: 2064:: The second approach centers on socio-structural and socio-theoretical questions concerning 6395: 6067: 6057: 6052: 6027: 5858: 5837: 5733: 5581: 5405: 5355: 5290: 5160: 5080: 5060: 4974: 4911: 4564: 4496: 4488: 4438: 4409: 4401: 4362: 4293: 4285: 4223: 4197: 3948: 3894: 3833: 3798: 3736: 3667: 3570: 3562: 3522: 3513: 3464: 3288: 3254: 3196: 3153: 3077: 3069: 3004: 2965: 2920: 2727: 2612: 2565: 2557: 2504: 2434: 2384: 2145: 2013: 2009: 1872: 1737: 1360: 1287: 1266: 844: 804: 748: 604: 559: 514: 459: 399: 314: 279: 229: 3782:"Changing men, changing times; fathers and sons from an experimental gender equality study" 6433: 6198: 6047: 6042: 6032: 5922: 5728: 5723: 5674: 5561: 5415: 5410: 5390: 5365: 5280: 5265: 5215: 5065: 5050: 5040: 4954: 4916: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4751: 4697: 4667: 3321: 2454: 2379: 2153: 2127: 2102: 2065: 1899: 1789: 1785: 1364: 1344: 1337: 1301: 1261: 1213: 1038:

Which aspects of family life are considered important by the family, government, or group

852: 848: 832: 812: 740: 728: 617: 589: 534: 494: 259: 209: 6298: 6278: 6266: 2419: 1740:, a critical novelty in human society, compared to humans' closest biological relatives ( 1692: 4802:

Research network on families and intimate lives of the European Sociological Association

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Fisher, Tim (6 March 2006). "Fatherhood and the British Fathercraft Movement, 1919-39".

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Ahrons, C. R. (2007). "Family ties after divorce: Long-term implications for children".

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In many cultures, especially traditional western, a father is usually the husband in a

1728: 1419: 1352: 1309: 1216:, or official [[Vital statistics (government records) |vital statistics]] and national 1074: 971: 920: 836: 828: 824: 820: 772: 732: 319: 165: 44: 4600:

Children's Spatialities – Embodiment, Emotion and | Julie Seymour | Palgrave Macmillan

1522:

The following are several possible causes for the modern increase in rate of divorce:

85:: Capt. Dawn Tanner, 51st Medical Operations Squadron Family Advocacy element leader, 6422: 6365: 6160: 6077: 6007: 5907: 5566: 5512: 5360: 5345: 5330: 5325: 5240: 4921: 4644: 4584: 4458: 4374: 4227: 4096: 3845: 3837: 3810: 3468: 3266: 3243:"Predictors of perceived work-family balance: Gender difference or gender similarity" 3216: 2969: 2811: 2484: 2289: 2051: 1764: 1684: 1627: 1340: 1297: 808: 796: 780: 776: 702: 214: 160: 90: 4516: 4307: 3173: 2640: 6288: 6250: 6245: 6072: 5917: 5350: 5295: 5000: 4094:(1975). "Conceptions of children and models of socialization". In R. Turner (ed.). 4074: 3016: 2306: 2298: 2281: 2119: 2106: 2078: 2069: 1925: 1445: 1440: 1348: 1253: 1108: 1064: 1007: 800: 752: 4073:

ORMAN Türkan Firinci, “A History of the Sociology of Childhood: An Interview with

2044:

The current Sociology of childhood is organized around three central discussions:

4568: 4492: 4405: 4201: 4048: 3292: 6170: 6125: 5969: 5863: 5818: 5453: 5370: 5335: 5305: 5010: 4598: 2924: 2449: 2369: 2214: 1963: 1838: 1393:"second shift", are now topics for debate between marital partners. Sociologist 1368: 1146: 1003: 967: 816: 788: 760: 644: 599: 329: 304: 94: 24: 3636: 3200: 2784: 89:

with her wife, Dana McCown, retired lieutenant colonel, at the Turumi Lodge on

6370: 6315: 6188: 6150: 6012: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5939: 5927: 5867: 5823: 5650: 5546: 5020: 4964: 4474:"Alter-Childhoods: Biopolitics and Childhoods in Alternative Education Spaces" 4442: 3566: 2883: 2693: 2561: 2464: 2389: 2293: 2277: 2131: 1903: 1851: 1834: 1756: 1696: 1562: 998: 915: 349: 269: 194: 4813: 4576: 4508: 4450: 4366: 4289: 3420: 3300: 3208: 2932: 1256:

or participatory observation research of families, which usually reduces the

6380: 6087: 5964: 5713: 5315: 5260: 4867: 4730: 3802: 3258: 2680:"Japan is trying really hard to persuade women to start having babies again" 2414: 2404: 2123: 1813: 1776: 1760: 1680: 1668: 1633: 1453: 1424: 1372: 1305: 963: 768: 724: 111: 3941:

Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice About Men as Fathers

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Ferree, M.M. (2010). "Filling the glass: Gender perspectives on families".

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Shifting the Center: Race, Class, and Feminist Theorizing About Motherhood

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refers to the readiness to act out an identity in a particular situation.

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by working against the normalization of interracial couples and families.

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treats the difficulties these couples went through during the time before

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Marriages, Families, and Intimate Relationships: A Practical Introduction

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States, with European sociologists more interested in actively promoting

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The Future of Childhood. Towards the Interdisciplinary Study of Children

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Family Facts: Social Science Research on Family, Society & Religion

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Qvortrup, J., M. Bardy, G. Sgritta and H. Wintersberger (Eds.) (1994):

3906: 2624: 2198: 2005: 1748:) which are unaware of paternity, is the parental role assumed by men. 1745: 1515: 155: 4500: 4414: 4298: 4132:

How to Observe Face-to-Face Communication: A Sociological Introduction

3996:"The Science of Cohabitation: A Step Toward Marriage, Not a Rebellion" 3755: 3575: 1902:

raising children has decreased over the years. In Canada, married and

6400: 6240: 6235: 5890: 5872: 5800: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5697: 2184: 2180: 1809: 1781: 1673: 1449: 1217: 1011: 3898: 3609: 3157: 3008: 2731: 2598:"Making It in America: Social Mobility in the Immigrant Population" 1212:

Quantitative studies in family sociology usually rely on data from

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and the majority (85%) of the interviewed children were employed.

3937:"The Importance of Fatherhood to U.S. Married and Cohabiting Men" 6155: 5895: 5832: 4702:

Sociology of Marriage and the Family: Gender, Love, and Property

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The package deal: Marriage, work, and fatherhood in men's lives

3635:. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from 2032:(2005). On methodological issues in research with children see 1841:. Not surprisingly, recent research on fatherhood is framed by 966:

in which researchers and academics study family structure as a

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The Family: Diversity, Inequality, and Social Change (2nd ed)

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or other female relative oversees most of the child-rearing.

4836: 1232:. Their data provides statistics on trends in household and 4134:. Pacific Palisades: Goodyear Publishing. pp. 138–159. 1882:

fatherhood. It has been proposed that men continue to view

1061:

Increase in gender fluid roles within the family household.

69:: a family in France with a daughter, mother, and father. 5666: 4775:

Brian Williams, Stacey Sawyer and Carl Wahlstrom (2008):

2410:

Inequality within immigrant families in the United States

1228:

and other surveys in between. These are conducted by the

1046:

State policies that concern family structure and benefits

4557:

Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education

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Sociology of Families: Change, Continuity, and Diversity

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Childhood Matters: Social Theory, Practice and Politics

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Effects of same sex couples and marriages on children.

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Influence of living in a multi-generational household.

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Cohen, Philip N. (2019). The coming divorce decline.

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A residence containing an unmarried couple is called

4685:

The Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Families

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reducing marital equality and spousal satisfaction.

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that during the 20th century, marriages have become

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The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating

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Low birthrates among highly educated women in Japan

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Mobility of immigrant families in the United States

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Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. 2336:International Journal of Sociology of the Family 4150:The Process of Schooling: A Sociological Reader 3051: 3049: 3047: 2520:"This Is The Average Age Of Marriage Right Now" 1120:, highest level of education of family members 1088:Family based beliefs and psychological effects 4832:The Family Inequality Blog by Philip N. Cohen 3880: 3878: 3633:WVA&H West Virginia Archives & History 3519:Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 1316:Pre-modern family life and religious discourse 5682: 4852: 4756:Family, Socialization and Interaction Process 4741:. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press. 3698: 3696: 2544:Marks, J.; Bun, L. C.; McHale, S. M. (2009). 2161:in the peer group and agenda-oriented goals. 1732:Father with his two daughters in relationship 1592:One opponent of Wallerstein's conclusions is 940: 8: 4814:Kearl's Guide to the Sociology of the Family 4734:. (2nd ed.), New York and London: Routledge. 4222:. North-Holland: Elsevier. pp. 462–66. 4218:(2006). "Socialization". In K. Brown (ed.). 3603: 3601: 3521:(2nd ed.). New York: Longman. pp. 3517:. In Thorne, Barrie; Yalom, Marilyn (eds.). 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2762:"The American Family and the Nostalgia Trap" 1618:Contemporary theories surrounding motherhood 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3687:"The New Demography of American Motherhood" 3421:"How to Be a Better Parent (using Science)" 2243:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2130:is a result of social learning from peers, 1808:and the United States (but also throughout 1175:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6166: 5689: 5675: 5667: 5070: 4859: 4845: 4837: 4721:James, A., Jenks, C. and Prout, A. (1998) 4679:Sociological Studies of Children and Youth 4348:"Navigating the bio-politics of childhood" 3861:"Baby Talk: Communicating with your child" 2896:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2546:"Family Patterns of Gender Role Attitudes" 2036:, edited by Christensen and James (2008). 1759:(males married to biological mothers). In 1488:Gender and work-family balance in marriage 1357:The American Family and the Nostalgia Trap 947: 933: 118: 102: 4716:Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood 4681:, Vol. 10, Amsterdam: Emerald Publishing. 4413: 4297: 3574: 3081: 2988:Bruze, G.; Svarer, M.; Weiss, Y. (2015). 2959: 2569: 2263:Learn how and when to remove this message 2022:Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood 1195:Learn how and when to remove this message 1018:Average age of marriage is getting older. 4643:Australian Institute of Family Studies. 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4346:Lee, N.; Motzkau, J. (13 January 2011). 4220:Encyclopedia of language and linguistics 3924:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 2480:Work–family balance in the United States 1260:to have a more intimate analysis of the 981: 4628: 4626: 3347:(5), 1-6. doi:10.1177/2378023119873497. 2496: 110: 4711:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. 4047:Corsaro, William A. (3 January 2014). 3714: 3317: 3306: 3031:"OPINION: Inequality damages marriage" 2990:"The dynamics of marriage and divorce" 2889: 2838:Hochschild, A.R.; Machung, A. (2003). 2785:"Is the nuclear family a happier one?" 2323:Australian Institute of Family Studies 2020:. Key texts include James and Prout's 1775:. In what some sociologists term the " 4714:James, A. and Prout, A. (Eds) (1997) 3979:Macionis, J.J.; Gerber, L.M. (2011). 3859:Golinkoff, Roberta (2 October 2003). 3627:West Virginia State Archives (2009). 7: 5624: 4758:. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. 4754:and Robert F. Bales, et al. (1955). 4746:Families: A Sociological Perspective 4718:. London: FalmerRoutledge (2nd ed.). 4020:Ciabattari, Teresa (2 August 2016). 3056:Harknett, K.; Kuperberg, A. (2011). 2694:"Families & Living Arrangements" 2591: 2589: 2518:Mackenzie, Macaela (26 March 2018). 2241:adding citations to reliable sources 2024:(1990/1997), James, Jenks and Prout 1304:and privilege. Internationally, the 1173:adding citations to reliable sources 1116:and capital, mobility, professions, 5636: 4102:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 4098:Ethnomethodology: Selected Readings 3555:Psychology of Men & Masculinity 3383:(1st ed.). Basic. p. 171. 2193:gendered divisions in the workplace 1788:" but do not have a corresponding " 3672:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1976.tb02603.x 3241:Keene, J.R.; Quadagno, J. (2004). 2747:Medical Power and Social Knowledge 2505:"The Sociology of the Family Unit" 1812:) in the 1920s. "Male adjuncts to 1663:Conventional notions of motherhood 1043:Views about marriage and sexuality 14: 4739:Towards a Sociology for Childhood 4388:Kraftl, Peter (1 November 2013). 3983:(7th ed.). Toronto: Pearson. 1941:Child-rearing by same-sex couples 1907:increasingly popular in society. 1890:and financially support a child. 1273:Sociology of interracial intimacy 5649: 5635: 5623: 5600: 5599: 4472:Kraftl, Peter (2 January 2015). 3838:10.1111/j.0953-5233.2006.00388.x 3469:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01192.x 2970:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00711.x 2213: 1863:Men who do not choose fatherhood 1436:Intersection of class and gender 1145: 914: 52: 43: 32: 23: 3482:Collins, Patricia Hill (1994). 2919:(6): 965–968. 1 December 2002. 2864:Wade, Lisa (Professor) (2019). 2288:formation and the practices of 500:Peace, war, and social conflict 6194:Genealogical numbering systems 4228:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00353-9 3705:"When Should You Become a Mom" 3457:Journal of Marriage and Family 3281:Journal of Marriage and Family 2948:Journal of Marriage and Family 2817:(1st ed.). Viking Adult. 2349:Journal of Marriage and Family 1583:on children later on in life. 1543:than it was in previous years. 1343:marriage is modeled after the 1308:continues to promote ideas of 1073:Long-distance relationships – 1: 6333:International Day of Families 5993:Australian Aboriginal kinship 4779:. (2nd ed.), Boston: Pearson. 3994:Fox, Lauren (20 March 2014). 3146:American Journal of Sociology 2720:American Journal of Sociology 1570:Effect of divorce on children 1462:emergency medical technicians 4828:(a Heritage Foundation site) 4569:10.1080/01596306.2012.698863 4493:10.1080/00045608.2014.962969 4406:10.1016/j.emospa.2013.01.004 4202:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.03.008 3367:Review of General Psychology 3293:10.1111/jomf.2008.70.issue-4 1736:According to anthropologist 1548:Parents: Falling out of love 4700:and Scott Coltrane (2000): 3887:Social Psychology Quarterly 3741:Métamorphoses de la parenté 2925:10.1177/0891243202016006012 2048:The child as a social actor 1871:Economic difficulties, see 1796:changing gender relations. 6455: 5523:Human environmental impact 4725:. Cambridge: Polity Press. 4709:The Sociology of Childhood 4394:Emotion, Space and Society 4050:The Sociology of Childhood 3756:"The Labyrinth of Kinship" 3608:Rosen, Ruth (8 May 2009). 3201:10.1177/089124397011006003 2997:Journal of Labor Economics 2842:. New York: Penguin Books. 2809:Coontz, Stephanie (2005). 2760:Coontz, Stephanie (1995). 2195:and household in society. 2086:The Hybridity of Childhood 1989:focal socialisation agency 1976: 1961: 1100:Male or female infertility 171:Human environmental impact 6294:National Grandparents Day 5704: 5596: 4874: 4795:28 September 2011 at the 4772:. Avebury, UK: Aldershot. 4707:Corsaro, William (2005). 4443:10.1080/14733280600577459 3629:"Ann Maria Reeves Jarvis" 3567:10.1037/1524-9220.3.2.107 3247:Sociological Perspectives 2562:10.1007/s11199-009-9619-3 2342:Journal of Family History 1226:Current Population Survey 1222:American Community Survey 1028:Increase in divorce rates 4960:Structural functionalism 4807:16 February 2020 at the 4367:10.1177/0907568210371526 4290:10.1177/0907568211427612 4081:, vol. 4, 2019, 247–252. 3660:Journal of Social Issues 3546:Liu, William M. (2002). 2395:Fathers' rights movement 2356:Journal of Family Issues 2056:developmental psychology 1654:Particularistic approach 1395:Arlie Russell Hochschild 265:Structural functionalism 75:Imperial Family of Japan 6429:Sociology of the family 6386:Sociology of the family 6236:Philia (brotherly love) 5812:Second-degree relatives 5532:Industrial revolutions 4980:Symbolic interactionism 4677:Bass, L. (Ed.) (2005): 3803:10.1111/1467-954X.12156 3790:The Sociological Review 3511:Thorne, Barrie (1993). 3379:Buss, David M. (1994). 3259:10.1525/sop.2004.47.1.1 2596:Borjas, George (2006). 2090:The Future of Childhood 2030:The Future of Childhood 1932:Gay and lesbian couples 1724:Sociology of fatherhood 1613:Sociology of motherhood 1581:implications of divorce 1539:raising young children. 1363:first posited that the 1053:Change and interaction 1025:and female as homemaker 960:Sociology of the family 285:Symbolic interactionism 180:Industrial revolutions 6241:Storge (familial love) 5847:Third-degree relatives 5749:First-degree relatives 4970:Social constructionism 4748:. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 4737:Mayall, Barry (2002): 4431:Children's Geographies 4079:Child and Civilization 2605:Opportunity in America 2094:children's geographies 2062:The generational order 2034:Research with Children 1973:Sociology of childhood 1911:Single parent families 1894:Alternate family forms 1857:responsible fatherhood 1733: 1630: 275:Social constructionism 6350:National Adoption Day 6226:Agape (parental love) 5577:Social stratification 5459:Conversation analysis 5016:Cultural anthropology 5006:Comparative sociology 4932:Sociological practice 4744:David Newman (2008): 4728:Jenks, Chris (2005): 4704:. Chicago: Wadsworth. 4190:Journal of Pragmatics 4026:. SAGE Publications. 3920:Townsend, N. (2002). 2617:10.1353/foc.2006.0013 2460:Scientific motherhood 2430:Men's rights movement 2305:and the interests of 2058:of the last decades. 1985:primary socialisation 1977:Further information: 1958:Chosen or fictive kin 1829:Contemporary theories 1731: 1712:Motherhood statistics 1645:Universalist approach 1626:Mother and children, 1625: 1604:Effects of technology 1390:increasingly unstable 1384:Yet Coontz argues in 1333:Sociology of marriage 650:Conversation analysis 225:Social stratification 6406:Dysfunctional family 6391:Museum of Motherhood 6338:National Family Week 6204:Quarters of nobility 5026:Historical sociology 4819:3 March 2009 at the 4765:. London: Routledge. 4723:Theorizing Childhood 3953:10.3149/fth.0903.232 3826:Gender & History 3639:on 21 September 2009 3287:(4). November 2008. 3189:Gender & Society 2913:Gender & Society 2237:improve this section 2146:dyadic relationships 2128:self-gender identity 2113:Gender and childhood 2026:Theorizing Childhood 1846:associated with it. 1800:Science of parenting 1576:longitudinal studies 1169:improve this section 6376:Wedding anniversary 6328:American Family Day 6284:Father–Daughter Day 6231:Eros (marital love) 5980:Kinship terminology 5587:Social cycle theory 5046:Social anthropology 5036:Political sociology 4927:Sociological theory 4674:. New York: Norton. 3586:on 24 February 2012 2813:Marriage, A History 2745:Turner, B. (1987). 2301:childhood and mask 2173:Family interactions 2028:(1998) and Prout's 1822:terms of endearment 1703:Deviancy discourses 1639:social construction 1386:Marriage, A History 1114:Economic indicators 1023:male as breadwinner 983: 978:Main areas of focus 235:Social cycle theory 106:Part of a series on 16:Branch of sociology 6136:collateral descent 5656:Society portal 5557:Social environment 5181:race and ethnicity 5031:Industrial society 4761:Prout, A. (2004): 3074:10.1093/sf/90.1.41 2099:post-structuralism 2075:generational order 1734: 1631: 1594:Mavis Hetherington 1587:Judith Wallerstein 1458:nursing assistants 1293:Loving v. Virginia 1252:Another method is 1234:family composition 1230:U.S. Census Bureau 982: 968:social institution 921:Society portal 544:History of science 525:Race and ethnicity 205:Social environment 6414: 6413: 6214: 6213: 6131:Lineal descendant 6101:Bilateral descent 5854:Great-grandparent 5739:Matrifocal family 5664: 5663: 5552:Social complexity 5484:Social experiment 5229: 5228: 5056:Social psychology 3758:. New Left Review 3737:Godelier, Maurice 3703:Goudreau, Jenna. 3425:Science of People 3410:, 52(4), 332–339. 3316:Missing or empty 3112:. 18 January 2017 2875:978-0-393-66796-7 2400:Feminist movement 2375:Domestic violence 2273: 2272: 2265: 2199:Sibling relations 2138:Peer interactions 2002:children's rights 1979:Childhood studies 1555:domestic violence 1284:American Families 1205: 1204: 1197: 1134: 1133: 962:is a subfield of 957: 956: 675:Social experiment 555:Social psychology 200:Social complexity 6446: 6396:Astronaut family 6167: 6068:Iroquois kinship 6058:Sudanese kinship 6053:Hawaiian kinship 6028:Family of choice 5859:Great-grandchild 5734:Immediate family 5691: 5684: 5677: 5668: 5654: 5653: 5639: 5638: 5627: 5626: 5603: 5602: 5582:Social structure 5479:Network analysis 5071: 5061:Sociolinguistics 5051:Social movements 4975:Social darwinism 4912:Public sociology 4861: 4854: 4847: 4838: 4752:Parsons, Talcott 4668:Cohen, Philip N. 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4645:"Family Matters" 4640: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4618: 4605: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4478: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4352: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4101: 4088: 4082: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3957: 3956: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3786: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3720: 3712: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3579:. Archived from 3578: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3463:(4): 1192–1207. 3452: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3408:Family Relations 3404: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3238: 3221: 3220: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3141: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3053: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2994: 2985: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2887: 2861: 2844: 2843: 2840:The Second Shift 2835: 2829: 2828: 2816: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2766:Phi Delta Kappan 2757: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2726:(4): 1262–1264. 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2573: 2556:(3–4): 221–234. 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2385:Family economics 2276:institutions of 2268: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2217: 2209: 2014:ethnomethodology 2010:cultural studies 1873:economic problem 1738:Maurice Godelier 1460:(CNAs) and male 1399:The Second Shift 1361:Stephanie Coontz 1288:Stephanie Coontz 1267:qualitative data 1242:same-sex couples 1200: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1149: 1141: 1118:household income 1075:overseas workers 1035:Domain / Sphere 984: 949: 942: 935: 919: 918: 670:Network analysis 560:Sociocybernetics 550:Social movements 280:Social darwinism 230:Social structure 122: 103: 56: 47: 36: 27: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6410: 6354: 6255: 6210: 6199:Seize quartiers 6165: 6106:Common ancestor 6090: 6082: 6048:Chinese kinship 6043:Nurture kinship 6033:Fictive kinship 5974: 5934: 5923:daughter-in-law 5877: 5842: 5807: 5743: 5729:Conjugal family 5724:Extended family 5700: 5695: 5665: 5660: 5648: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5562:Social equality 5495: 5494: 5493: 5420: 5234:Major theorists 5225: 5069: 5066:Urban sociology 5041:Rural sociology 4993: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4955:Critical theory 4950:Conflict theory 4936: 4917:Social research 4904:General aspects 4898: 4870: 4865: 4821:Wayback Machine 4809:Wayback Machine 4797:Wayback Machine 4786: 4698:Randall Collins 4664: 4662:Further reading 4659: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4608: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4146:Speier, Matthew 4144: 4143: 4139: 4128:Speier, Matthew 4126: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3977: 3960: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3899:10.2307/2786972 3884: 3883: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3689:. Pew Research. 3684: 3683: 3679: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3454: 3453: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3405: 3401: 3397:, 46(1), 53–65. 3392: 3388: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3369:, 19(1), 30–38. 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3315: 3305: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3240: 3239: 3224: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3143: 3142: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3055: 3054: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3024: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2977: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2911:"With Thanks". 2910: 2909: 2905: 2888: 2876: 2863: 2862: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2749:. London: Sage. 2744: 2743: 2739: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2682:. 21 June 2019. 2678: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2475:Women's studies 2455:Paternity fraud 2440:Mothers' rights 2380:Extended family 2365: 2315: 2269: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2234: 2218: 2207: 2115: 2103:new materialism 2066:social equality 2042: 1997: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1943: 1934: 1922: 1913: 1900:married couples 1896: 1865: 1843:identity theory 1831: 1802: 1790:paternity leave 1786:maternity leave 1726: 1714: 1705: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1620: 1615: 1606: 1572: 1550: 1512: 1507: 1490: 1438: 1416: 1365:American family 1338:Judeo-Christian 1335: 1318: 1275: 1250: 1218:census surveys. 1214:survey research 1210: 1201: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1166: 1150: 1139: 980: 953: 913: 906: 905: 866: 856: 855: 783: 709: 695: 693:Major theorists 685: 684: 620: 610: 609: 300: 290: 289: 260:Critical theory 255:Conflict theory 250: 240: 239: 210:Social equality 151: 101: 100: 99: 98: 59: 58: 57: 49: 48: 39: 38: 37: 29: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6452: 6450: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6421: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6304:Children's Day 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6186: 6181: 6179:Pedigree chart 6175: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6146:Patrilineality 6143: 6141:Matrilineality 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6063:Eskimo kinship 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5944: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5915: 5913:Sibling-in-law 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5887: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5753: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5719:Nuclear family 5716: 5711: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5518:Human behavior 5515: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5211:stratification 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4992:Related fields 4988: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4785: 4784:External links 4782: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4695: 4682: 4675: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4635: 4622: 4606: 4590: 4547: 4522: 4487:(1): 219–237. 4464: 4421: 4380: 4338: 4313: 4284:(4): 439–452. 4268: 4243: 4236: 4216:Cromdal, Jakob 4207: 4196:(8): 1473–76. 4180: 4155: 4137: 4119: 4112: 4092:Mackay, Robert 4083: 4066: 4059: 4039: 4032: 4012: 3986: 3958: 3947:(3): 232–251. 3927: 3912: 3874: 3851: 3832:(2): 441–462. 3816: 3797:(2): 295–315. 3769: 3746: 3728: 3692: 3677: 3666:(3): 143–153. 3650: 3619: 3597: 3561:(2): 107–118. 3538: 3532:978-0582282650 3531: 3503: 3497:978-0300068634 3496: 3474: 3438: 3427:. 11 June 2016 3412: 3399: 3395:Family Process 3386: 3371: 3358: 3349: 3336: 3327: 3272: 3222: 3195:(6): 747–772. 3179: 3158:10.1086/678270 3152:(4): 395–431. 3123: 3097: 3043: 3022: 3009:10.1086/677393 3003:(1): 123–170. 2975: 2961:10.1.1.393.986 2954:(3): 420–439. 2938: 2903: 2874: 2845: 2830: 2823: 2801: 2783:Evans, Steve. 2775: 2752: 2737: 2732:10.1086/663266 2710: 2698:www.census.gov 2685: 2671: 2646: 2585: 2536: 2524:Women's Health 2510: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2470:Women's health 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2445:Nuclear family 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2425:Men's movement 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2319:Family Matters 2314: 2311: 2271: 2270: 2221: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2114: 2111: 2041: 2038: 1996: 1993: 1987:and the first 1974: 1971: 1962:Main article: 1959: 1956: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1898:The number of 1895: 1892: 1864: 1861: 1830: 1827: 1801: 1798: 1753:married couple 1725: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1571: 1568: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1489: 1486: 1437: 1434: 1420:intersectional 1415: 1412: 1359:, sociologist 1353:nuclear family 1334: 1331: 1317: 1314: 1300:and reenforce 1282:historically, 1274: 1271: 1249: 1246: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1153: 1151: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1121: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1019: 1014: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 988: 979: 976: 972:group dynamics 955: 954: 952: 951: 944: 937: 929: 926: 925: 924: 923: 908: 907: 904: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 867: 862: 861: 858: 857: 711: 710: 696: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 320:Astrosociology 317: 312: 307: 301: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 251: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 178: 173: 168: 166:Human behavior 163: 158: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 143: 142: 137: 132: 124: 123: 115: 114: 108: 107: 61: 60: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40: 31: 30: 22: 21: 20: 19: 18: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6451: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6417: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6366:Single parent 6364: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219:Relationships 6217: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6161:Royal descent 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6078:Omaha kinship 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008:Consanguinity 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Parent-in-law 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5883:Family-in-law 5880: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5598: 5595: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5567:Social equity 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5513:Globalization 5511: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449:Computational 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5091:consciousness 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4994:and subfields 4989: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922:Social theory 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:0-631-22158-1 4690: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4548: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4327: 4326:Routledge.com 4323: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4257: 4256:Routledge.com 4253: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4237:9780080448541 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4169: 4168:Routledge.com 4165: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4113:9780140809626 4109: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4060:9781452205441 4056: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4033:9781483379043 4029: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4013: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3863:. MedicineNet 3862: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3778:Bjørnholt, M. 3773: 3770: 3757: 3754:Goody, Jack. 3750: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484:Bassin, Donna 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062:Social Forces 3059: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2805: 2802: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2711: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2486: 2485:Youth studies 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2435:Men's studies 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2267: 2264: 2256: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2222:This section 2220: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2205:Current tasks 2204: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2154:self-disclose 2151: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2132:role modeling 2129: 2126:suggest that 2125: 2121: 2120:Psychologists 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2054:research and 2053: 2052:socialisation 2049: 2045: 2040:Recent trends 2039: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1919: 1917: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1718:teenage girls 1711: 1709: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1662: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1629: 1628:Mahabalipuram 1624: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1535:relationship. 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341:belief system 1339: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1310:racial purity 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:one-drop rule 1295: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1238:child support 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1199: 1196: 1188: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1154:This section 1152: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1021:Traditional: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1010:, diversity, 1009: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 989: 986: 985: 977: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 950: 945: 943: 938: 936: 931: 930: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 911: 910: 909: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 886:Organizations 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 865: 860: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 835: · 834: 831: · 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 791: · 790: 787: 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