Deviance (sociology) - Knowledge (XXG)

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delinquency and crime under social deviance, leading him to claim that the majority of those who live in unstable areas tend not to have criminal tendencies in comparison those who live in middle-class areas. This claim opens up more possible approaches to social disorganization, and proves that the already implemented theories are in need or a deeper connection to further explore ideas of crime and delinquency. These observations brought Reckless to ask questions such as, "Why do some persons break through the tottering (social) controls and others do not? Why do rare cases in well-integrated society break through the lines of strong controls?" Reckless asserted that the intercommunication between self-control and social controls are partly responsible for the development of delinquent thoughts. Social disorganization was not related to a particular environment, but instead was involved in the deterioration of an individual's social controls. The containment theory is the idea that everyone possesses mental and social safeguards which protect the individual from committing acts of deviancy. Containment depends on the individuals ability to separate inner and outer controls for normative behavior.

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indeed exist by an individual's social definitions, and that social definitions do develop in part or relation to something “real.” People thus do not respond to this reality directly, but rather to the social understanding of reality. Humans therefore exist in three realities: a physical objective reality, a social reality, and a unique. A unique is described as a third reality created out of the social reality, a private interpretation of the reality that is shown to the person by others. Both individuals and society cannot be separated far from each other for two reasons. One, being that both are created through social interaction, and two, one cannot be understood in terms without the other. Behavior is not defined by forces from the environment such as drives, or instincts, but rather by a reflective, socially understood meaning of both the internal and external incentives that are currently presented.

2366:. The control theory developed when norms emerge to deter deviant behavior. Without this "control", deviant behavior would happen more often. This leads to conformity and groups. People will conform to a group when they believe they have more to gain from conformity than by deviance. If a strong bond is achieved there will be less chance of deviance than if a weak bond has occurred. Hirschi argued a person follows the norms because they have a bond to society. The bond consists of four positively correlated factors: opportunity, attachment, belief, and involvement. When any of these bonds are weakened or broken one is more likely to act in defiance. 2391:

significant relationship between parental labor market involvement and children's delinquency, but has not empirically demonstrated the mediating role of parents' or children's attitude. In a study conducted by Tim Wadsworth, the relationship between parent's employment and children's delinquency, which was previously suggested by Crutchfield (1993), was shown empirically for the first time. The findings from this study supported the idea that the relationship between socioeconomic status and delinquency might be better understood if the quality of employment and its role as an informal social control is closely examined.

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along with the social institutions as what cause deviance. The institution's ability to change norms, wealth or status comes into conflict with the individual. The legal rights of poor folks might be ignored, middle class are also accept; they side with the elites rather than the poor, thinking they might rise to the top by supporting the status quo. Conflict theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society. However, it explains white-collar crime less well.

156: 2623:. He argued that the role of the state was to maximize the greatest possible utility to the maximum number of people and to minimize those actions that harm the society. He argued that deviants commit deviant acts (which are harmful to the society) because of the utility it gives to the private individual. If the state were to match the pain of punishments with the utility of various deviant behaviors, the deviant would no longer have any incentive to commit deviant acts. (Note that Beccaria argued for 2031: 2511:, another Marxist writer, presented the idea that the modern world did not approve of diversity, but was not afraid of social conflict. The late modern world, however, is very tolerant of diversity. However, it is extremely afraid of social conflicts, which is an explanation given for the political correctness movement. The late modern society easily accepts difference, but it labels those that it does not want as deviant and relentlessly punishes and persecutes. 2573:. Lombroso theorized that people were born criminals or in other words, less evolved humans who were biologically more related to our more primitive and animalistic urges. From his research, Lombroso took Darwin's Theory and looked at primitive times himself in regards to deviant behaviors. He found that the skeletons that he studied mostly had low foreheads and protruding jaws. These characteristics resembled primitive beings such as 6506: 5309: 2248:"deviant" takes on traits that constitute deviance by committing such deviations as conform to the label (so the audience has the power to not label them and have the power to stop the deviance before it ever occurs by not labeling them). Individual and societal preoccupation with the label, in other words, leads the deviant individual to follow a self-fulfilling prophecy of abidance to the ascribed label. 5359: 952: 2405: 43: 3797: 1011: 6530: 5345: 6518: 5333: 3809: 2583:. They discovered that Lombroso had not researched enough skeletons to make his research thorough enough. When Pearson and Goring researched skeletons on their own they tested many more and found that the bone structure had no relevance in deviant behavior. The statistical study that Charles Goring published on this research is called "The English Convict". 2305:

point, the actor will start to resent the institution, while the institution brings harsher and harsher repression. Eventually, the whole community will stigmatize the actor as a deviant and the actor will not be able to tolerate this, but will ultimately accept his or her role as a criminal, and will commit criminal acts that fit the role of a criminal.

2648:: Courts rely on an adversarial process in which attorneys-one representing the defendant and one representing the Crown-present their cases in the presence of a judge who monitors legal procedures. In practice, courts resolve most cases through plea bargaining. Though efficient, this method puts less powerful people at a disadvantage. 2041:

postulated that an individual's response to societal expectations and the means by which the individual pursued those goals were useful in understanding deviance. Specifically, he viewed collective action as motivated by strain, stress, or frustration in a body of individuals that arises from a disconnection between the society's

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society's values. Robert Merton’s Strain Theory dictates that deviance in lower economic classes oftentimes is characterized by retreatism deviance. Merton claims that homelessness and addiction in lower classes is a result of individuals rebelling against both work and the desire for economic progress.

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states that an increase in minor crimes such as graffiti, would eventually lead to and encourage an increase in larger transgressions. This suggests that greater policing on minor forms of deviance would lead to a decrease in major crimes. The theory has been tested in a variety of settings including

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When an actor commits a crime (primary deviance), however mild, the institution will bring social penalties down on the actor. However, punishment does not necessarily stop crime, so the actor might commit the same primary deviance again, bringing even harsher reactions from the institutions. At this

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The term "symbolic interactionism" has come into use as a label for a relatively distinctive approach to the study of human life and human conduct. With symbolic interactionism, reality is seen as social, developed interaction with others. Most symbolic interactionists believe a physical reality does

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Symbolic interaction refers to the patterns of communication, interpretation, and adjustment between individuals. Both the verbal and nonverbal responses that a listener then delivers are similarly constructed in expectation of how the original speaker will react. The ongoing process is like the game

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is somewhat similar to retreatism, because the people in question also reject both the cultural goals and means, but they go one step further to a "counterculture" that supports other social orders that already exist (rule breaking). Rebels reject society's goals and legitimate means to achieve them,

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In sociology, conflict theory states that society or an organization functions so that each individual participant and its groups struggle to maximize their benefits, which inevitably contributes to social change such as political changes and revolutions. Deviant behaviors are actions that do not go

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take the theory into a new light, suggesting labor market experiences not only affect the attitudes and the "stakes" of individual workers, but can also affect the development of their children's views toward conformity and cause involvement in delinquency. This is an ongoing study as he has found a

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theory, also has elements of conflict theory, as the dominant group has the power to decide what is deviant and acceptable and enjoys the power behind the labeling process. An example of this is a prison system that labels people convicted of theft, and because of this they start to view themselves

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As such, labeling theory suggests that deviance is caused by the deviant's being labeled as morally inferior, the deviant's internalizing the label and finally the deviant's acting according to that specific label (i.e., an individual labelled as "deviant" will act accordingly). As time goes by, the

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is a response due to the strain generated by our culture's emphasis on wealth and the lack of opportunities to get rich, which causes people to be "innovators" by engaging in stealing and selling drugs. Innovators accept society's goals, but reject socially acceptable means of achieving them. (e.g.:

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Social norms differ throughout society and between cultures. A certain act or behaviour may be viewed as deviant and receive sanctions or punishments within one society and be seen as a normal behaviour in another society. Additionally, as a society's understanding of social norms changes over time,

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to be part of the control theory because it also revolves around the thoughts that stop individuals from engaging in crime. Reckless studied the unfinished approaches meant to explain the reasoning behind delinquency and crime. He recognized that societal disorganization is included in the study of

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Criminal behavior (motivations and technical knowledge), as with any other sort of behavior, is learned. One example of this would be gang activity in inner city communities. Sutherland would feel that because a certain individual's primary influential peers are in a gang environment, it is through

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accept society's goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving them (e.g.: monetary success is gained through hard work). Merton claims that conformists are mostly middle-class people in middle class jobs who have been able to access the opportunities in society such as a better education to

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In other words, "behavior only becomes deviant or criminal if defined and interfered as such by specific people in specific situation." It is important to note the salient fact that society is not always correct in its labeling, often falsely identifying and misrepresenting people as deviants, or

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posited that criminals learn criminal and deviant behaviors and that deviance is not inherently a part of a particular individual's nature. When an individual's significant others engage in deviant and/or criminal behavior, criminal behavior will be learned as a result to this exposure. He argues

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refers to the inability to reach a cultural goal thus embracing the rules to the point where the people in question lose sight of their larger goals in order to feel respectable. Ritualists reject society's goals, but accept society's institutionalized means. Ritualists are most commonly found in

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Primary and secondary deviation is what causes people to become harder criminals. Primary deviance is the time when the person is labeled deviant through confession or reporting. Secondary deviance is deviance before and after the primary deviance. Retrospective labeling happens when the deviant

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Sutherland outlined some very basic points in his theory, including the idea that the learning comes from the interactions between individuals and groups, using communication of symbols and ideas. When the symbols and ideas about deviation are much more favorable than unfavorable, the individual

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to achieve those goals. Often, non-routine collective behavior (rioting, rebellion, etc.) is said to map onto economic explanations and causes by way of strain. These two dimensions determine the adaptation to society according to the cultural goals, which are the society's perceptions about the

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discussed deviance in terms of goals and means as part of his strain/anomie theory. Where Durkheim states that anomie is the confounding of social norms, Merton goes further and states that anomie is the state in which social goals and the legitimate means to achieve them do not correspond. He

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Labeling is a process of social reaction by the "social audience," wherein people stereotype others, judging and accordingly defining (labeling) someone's behavior as deviant or otherwise. It has been characterized as the "invention, selection, manipulation of beliefs which define conduct in a

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control over social junk and social dynamite; and George Rusche was known to present analysis of different punishments correlated to the social capacity and infrastructure for labor. He theorized that throughout history, when more labor is needed, the severity of punishments decreases and the

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When social deviance is committed, the collective conscience is offended. Durkheim (1897) describes the collective conscience as a set of social norms by which members of a society follow. Without the collective conscience, there would be no absolute morals followed in institutions or groups.

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developed the idea of primary and secondary deviation as a way to explain the process of labeling. Primary deviance is any general deviance before the deviant is labeled as such in a particular way. Secondary deviance is any action that takes place after primary deviance as a reaction to the

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is the rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the person in question "drop out". Retreatists reject the society's goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. Merton sees them as true deviants, as they commit acts of deviance to achieve things that do not always go along with

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advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual and society free people to deviate. By contrast, strong bonds make deviance costly. This theory asks why people refrain from deviant or criminal behavior, instead of why people commit deviant or criminal behavior, according to

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was among the first to research and develop the Theory of Biological Deviance which states that some people are genetically predisposed to criminal behavior. He believed that criminals were a product of earlier genetic forms. The main influence of his research was Charles Darwin and his

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On a similar note, society often employs double standards, with some sectors of society enjoying favoritism. Certain behaviors in one group are seen to be perfectly acceptable, or can be easily overlooked, but in another are seen, by the same audiences, as abominable.

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created and developed the labeling theory, which is a core facet of symbolic interactionism, and often referred to as Tannenbaum's "dramatization of evil." Becker believed that "social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance".

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monetary success is gained through crime). Merton claims that innovators are mostly those who have been socialised with similar world views to conformists, but who have been denied the opportunities they need to be able to legitimately achieve society's goals.

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a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an "offender". The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label.

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The violation of norms can be categorized as two forms, formal deviance and informal deviance. Formal deviance can be described as a crime, which violates laws in a society. Informal deviance are minor violations that break unwritten rules of social life.

1762:). Although deviance may have a negative connotation, the violation of social norms is not always a negative action; positive deviation exists in some situations. Although a norm is violated, a behavior can still be classified as positive or acceptable. 2669:(retribution & deterrence): This form of justice defines boundaries of acceptable behaviors, whereby an individual suffers the consequences of committing a crime and in which pain or suffering inflicted on the individual is hidden from the public. 1977:

is the attachment to groups and institutions, while social regulation is the adherence to the norms and values of society. Durkheim's theory attributes social deviance to extremes of social integration and social regulation. He stated four different

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New York City in the 90s. Compared to the country's average at the time, violent crime rates fell 28 percent as a result of the campaign. Critics of the theory question the direct causality of the policing and statistical changes that occurred.

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This theory also states that the powerful define crime. This raises the question: for whom is this theory functional? In this theory, laws are instruments of oppression: tough on the powerless and less tough on the powerful.

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explains how deviants justify their deviant behaviors by providing alternative definitions of their actions and by providing explanations, to themselves and others, for the lack of guilt for actions in particular situations.

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in 1990 founded their Self-Control Theory. It stated that acts of force and fraud are undertaken in the pursuit of self-interest and self-control. A deviant act is based on a criminals own self-control of themselves.

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achieve monetary success through hard work. According to Merton’s Strain Theory, only conformists accept societal goals. Societal goals are the desired economic, social, or classist achievements dictated by society.

3034: 3009: 2579:. He stated that little could be done to cure born criminals because their characteristics were biologically inherited. Over time, most of his research was disproved. His research was refuted by Pearson and 2217:: the deviant believes that there are loyalties and values that go beyond the confines of the law; morality, friendships, income, or traditions may be more important to the deviant than legal boundaries. 1813:

Taboo is a strong social form of behavior considered deviant by a majority. To speak of it publicly is condemned, and therefore, almost entirely avoided. The term “taboo” comes from the Tongan word “

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that criminal behavior is learned in the same way that all other behaviors are learned, meaning that the acquisition of criminal knowledge is not unique compared to the learning of other behaviors.

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to the place where it was committed or to the time the act took place. Killing another human is generally considered wrong for example, except when governments permit it during warfare or for

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Pratt, Travis. n.d. "Reconsidering Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: Linking the Micro- and Macro-level Sources of Self-control and Criminal Behavior Over the Life-course."

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and instead creates new goals and means to replace those of society, creating not only new goals to achieve but also new ways to achieve these goals that other rebels will find acceptable.

1817:” meaning "under prohibition", "not allowed", or "forbidden". Some forms of taboo are prohibited under law and transgressions may lead to severe penalties. Other forms of taboo result in 2662:

There are four jurisdictions for punishment (retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, societal protection), which fall under one of two forms of justice that an offender will face:

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punishment; as raising the severity of punishments without regard to logical measurement of utility would cause increasing degrees of social harm once it reached a certain point.)

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recognizes his acts as deviant after the primary deviance, while prospective labeling is when the deviant recognizes future acts as deviant. The steps to becoming a criminal are:

6311: 1730: 3372: 6301: 2211:: the deviant believes enforcement figures or victims have the tendency to be equally deviant or otherwise corrupt, and as a result, are hypocrites to stand against; and 1957:"Deviance affirms cultural values and norms. Any definition of virtue rests on an opposing idea of vice: There can be no good without evil and no justice without crime." 2526:

had been phased out from modern society due to the dispersion of power; there was no need any more for the wrath of the state on a deviant individual. Rather, the

4302: 3621: 2193:: the deviant believes s/he was helplessly propelled into the deviance, and that under the same circumstances, any other person would resort to similar actions; 3109: 535: 2274:

attributing to them characteristics which they do not have. In legal terms, people are often wrongly accused, yet many of them must live with the ensuant

6351: 2205:: the deviant believes that individuals on the receiving end of the deviance were deserving of the results due to the victim's lack of virtue or morals; 1928:

Structural functionalists are concerned with how various factors in a society come together and interact to form the whole. Most notable, the work of

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of the dominant culture and in favor of a sub-culture. In a society, the behavior of an individual or a group determines how a deviant creates norms.

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Courtois, Cynthia; Gendron, Yves (2017). "The "Normalization" of Deviance: A Case Study on the Process Underlying the Adoption of Deviant Behavior".

1347: 6384: 6356: 5396: 2129:"These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he/she encounters;" 2079:

dead-end, repetitive jobs, where they are unable to achieve society's goals but still adhere to society's means of achievement and social norms.

6361: 5677: 4888: 2654:: Community-based corrections include probation and parole. These programs lower the cost of supervising people convicted of crimes and reduce 1953:

would claim that deviance was in fact a normal and necessary part of social organization. He would state four important functions of deviance:

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ideal life, and to the institutionalized means, which are the legitimate means through which an individual may aspire to the cultural goals.

60: 6409: 4566: 4290: 3841: 1080: 2199:: the deviant believes that the action caused no harm to other individuals or to the society, and thus the deviance is not morally wrong; 6366: 5930: 5518: 982: 579: 5434: 3801: 1697: 1551: 5349: 6424: 5950: 5533: 4903: 3478: 3079: 2452: 2126:"The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society;" and 1716: 921: 911: 615: 575: 126: 4798: 3494:

Wadsworth, T. (2000). "Labor markets, delinquency, and social control theory: An empirical assessment of the mediating process".

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on the part of individuals. Institutions of knowledge, norms, and values, are simply in place to categorize and control humans.

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receives praise for its fairness and dispersion of power which, instead of controlling each individual, controls the mass.

1868:"Secret deviance" which is when the individual is not perceived as deviant or participating in any rule-breaking behaviors. 6556: 6174: 5945: 4763: 4190: 2730: 2604: 2561: 1692: 1687: 1541: 936: 590: 86: 6039: 5766: 5279: 5245: 2179: 2166: 1342: 255: 221: 6186: 6079: 5990: 5803: 5791: 5700: 5389: 5324: 5249: 4601: 4413: 4388: 4347: 4105: 1599: 899: 225: 175: 3633: 2415: 93: 6256: 6181: 6086: 5622: 4403: 4357: 4145: 2984: 2697: 2358: 1506: 1231: 1182: 1095: 1065: 916: 414: 6241: 2944:

Heckert, Alex (2002). "A new typology of deviance: Integrating normative and reactivist definitions of deviance".

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in terms of the acceptance or rejection of social goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them:

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suicide occurs when there is very little social regulation from a sense of aimlessness or despair.

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There are three sections of the criminal justice system that function to enforce formal deviance:

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A serious form of deviance forces people to come together and react in the same way against it.

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Deviance defines moral boundaries, people learn right from wrong by defining people as deviant.

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Mehrabi, M.; Eskandarieh, S.; Khodadost, M.; Sadeghi, M.; Nikfarjam, A.; Hajebi, A. (2016).

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tends to take a favorable view upon deviance and will resort to more of these behaviors.

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Mitchell, Jim; Dodder, Richard A. (1983). "Types of neutralization and delinquency".

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Deviance pushes society's moral boundaries which, in turn leads to social change.

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Strengthening of deviant conduct because of stigmatizing penalties; and finally,

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Three broad sociological classes exist that describe deviant behavior, namely,

1758:) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and 1010: 6098: 5820: 5358: 5254: 4728: 4672: 4170: 4155: 4090: 3916: 3895: 3850: 3297: 3107:(1994). "General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and extension". 2863: 2725: 2538: 2534: 2508: 1987: 1862: 1779: 1770: 1634: 1629: 1435: 951: 385: 305: 230: 3089: 2828: 6196: 6015: 5585: 5466: 5023: 4968: 4575: 4518: 3944: 3901: 3884: 3880: 3796: 3293: 2991:(Open source textbook). Rice University. 24 April 2015. Deviance and Control 2703: 2549: 2527: 2484: 2256:

as by definition thieves, incapable of changing. "From this point of view,"

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Understanding Deviance: A Guide to the Sociology of Crime and Rule-breaking

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and the finished product—which causes conflict, and thus deviant behavior.

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Deviant acts can be assertions of individuality and identity, and thus as

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Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. 2010. "Emile Durkheim"s Basic Insight"

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from the relationship between social integration and social regulation:.

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Symbolic Interactionism: An Introduction, An Interpretation, Integration

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Flexon, Jamie L. (2010). "Reckless, Walter C.: Containment Theory". In

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contends that biological factors may contribute to crime and deviance.

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in their arguments. For example, Steven Spitzer utilized the theory of

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the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

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Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. 2010. "The Criminal Justice System"

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He also theorized that institutions control people through the use of

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Su, Jenny C.; Chiu, Chi-Yue; Lin, Wei-Fang; Oishi, Shigehiro (2016).

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You May Ask Yourself: An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist

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suicide occurs when a person experiences too much social regulation.

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Further deviation with resentment and hostility towards punishers;

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negative way and the selection of people into these categories."

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Dinitz, Simon, Russell R. Dynes, and Alfred C. Clarke. 1975.

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interaction with them that one may become involved in crime.

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Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

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Deviance: Studies in Definition, Management, and Treatment

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Symbolic Interactionism: Genesis, Varieties, and Criticism

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institutional identification of the person as a deviant.

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Major Developments in the Sociological Study of Deviance

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Meltzer, B. N., J. W. Petras, and L. T. Reynolds. 1975.

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did not write about deviant behavior but he wrote about

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Containment theory is considered by researchers such as

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suicide occurs when one is not very socially integrated.

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Many Marxist theorists have employed the theory of the

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of charades, only it is a full-fledged conversation.

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suicide occurs when one is too socially integrated.

1806:. Under informal deviance, a more opposes societal 1766:so too does the collective perception of deviance. 1750:explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1913:Structural-functionalist understanding of deviance 3615:Social Control and Responses to Variant Behaviour 3595:MacNamara, Donal E. J., and Andrew Karmen. 1983. 2337:Acceptance as role of deviant or criminal actor. 2328:Community stigmatizes the deviant as a criminal; 1777:. There are two types of major deviant actions: 3409:Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance 3389:The Path of the Devil: Early Modern Witch Hunts 3240:Symbolic interactionism; perspective and method 2491:amongst the proletariat—as well as between the 3580:Gibbs, Jack P.; Erickson, Maynard L. (1975). " 3232: 3230: 1936:have contributed to the Functionalist ideals. 30:"Deviant" redirects here. For other uses, see 5390: 4560: 3835: 3312:Botterweck, Michael C., et al. (eds.). 2011. 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2858:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–29, 2658:but have not been shown to reduce recidivism. 2278:(or conviction) for the rest of their lives. 1724: 976: 27:Action or behavior that violates social norms 8: 3770:Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 3110:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2386:More contemporary control theorists such as 2923:(7th Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson. 2433:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1939: 6352:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6278: 5397: 5383: 5375: 4778: 4567: 4553: 4545: 3861: 3842: 3828: 3820: 3572:The Sociology of Deviance: An Introduction 2507:tolerance for deviant behavior increases. 1731: 1717: 1365: 994: 983: 969: 154: 138: 6312:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 6302:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 4303:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder 3750: 3740: 3705: 3695: 3570:Douglas, J. D., and F. C. Waksler. 1982. 3243:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 2544:Foucault theorizes that, in a sense, the 2453:Learn how and when to remove this message 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 3636:on 17 Oct 10. Retrieved on 23 Feb. 2012. 3316:. Elmhurst, IL: Starpoint Press. p 152. 2186:There are five types of neutralization: 2144:In his differential association theory, 2133: 6357:Health departments in the United States 3556:Clinard, M. B., and R. F. Meier. 1968. 3527:. Oxford University Press. p. 36. 2790: 1802:that have great moral significance are 1443: 997: 146: 6362:Council on Education for Public Health 3151:University of Minnesota (2016-04-08). 2919:Macionis, John; Gerber, Linda (2010). 1940:Durkheim's normative theory of suicide 1875:may furthermore pose a special case. 6420:Professional degrees of public health 6327:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 3467:Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory 3371:Malawi Assemblies of God University. 2134:Sutherland's differential association 1754:across formally enacted rules (e.g., 7: 6517: 6410:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 5332: 4291:Right-wing authoritarian personality 3201:A First Look at Communication Theory 2803:"Notes on the Sociology of Deviance" 2431:adding citations to reliable sources 65:adding citations to reliable sources 6529: 5678:Workers' right to access the toilet 5519:Human right to water and sanitation 5344: 25: 5951:Commercial determinants of health 3597:DEVIANTS: Victims or Victimizers? 3521:Downes, D.M.; Rock, P.E. (2007). 3035:"7.1E: The Functions of Deviance" 6528: 6516: 6505: 6504: 5534:National public health institute 5357: 5343: 5331: 5308: 5307: 3807: 3795: 3329:Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2548:is characterized by the lack of 2403: 2285:The medicalization of deviance, 1086:Risk & actuarial criminology 1009: 950: 41: 5931:Open-source healthcare software 5673:Sociology of health and illness 2719:Antisocial personality disorder 2556:Biological theories of deviance 2293:Primary and secondary deviation 2251:This theory, while very much a 536:Peace, war, and social conflict 52:needs additional citations for 6292:Caribbean Public Health Agency 6104:Sexually transmitted infection 6001:Statistical hypothesis testing 5762:Occupational safety and health 5663:Sexual and reproductive health 5576:Occupational safety and health 4286:Authoritarian leadership style 3650:Correctional Service of Canada 2985:"Introduction to Sociology 2e" 2209:Condemnation of the condemners 1: 5946:Social determinants of health 4191:Social construction of gender 3558:Sociology of Deviant Behavior 2760:Social disorganization theory 2731:Political abuse of psychiatry 2562:Italian school of criminology 2019: 6006:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 5767:Human factors and ergonomics 4186:Rally 'round the flag effect 3697:10.1371/journal.pone.0167053 2167:Techniques of neutralization 6187:Good manufacturing practice 5991:Randomized controlled trial 4389:Asch conformity experiments 4106:Identification (psychology) 3450:. Salem Press Encyclopedia. 3123:10.1177/0022427894031003001 2852:"The Sociology of Deviance" 2631:The criminal justice system 2331:Tolerance threshold passed; 6583: 6257:Theory of planned behavior 6182:Good agricultural practice 6087:Public health surveillance 5979:epidemiological statistics 5623:Public health intervention 5231:Human environmental impact 4404:Stanford prison experiment 4146:Normative social influence 3586:Annual Review of Sociology 3275:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: 3070:(5th ed.). New York: 2958:10.1080/016396202320265319 2464: 2225: 2215:Appeal to higher loyalties 2164: 2137: 2101: 2023: 1943: 1921: 1066:Expressive function of law 207:Human environmental impact 29: 6500: 6379:World Toilet Organization 6374:World Health Organization 5941:Public health informatics 5648:Right to rest and leisure 5477:Globalization and disease 5304: 4582: 4353:Normalization of deviance 4281:Authoritarian personality 3469:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: 3465:; Wilcox, Pamela (eds.). 3178:courses.lumenlearning.com 3153:"7.2 Explaining Deviance" 3014:Social Science LibreTexts 2864:10.1002/9781118701386.ch1 2026:Strain theory (sociology) 76:"Deviance" sociology 6425:Schools of public health 6217:Diffusion of innovations 5916:Health impact assessment 5628:Public health laboratory 5524:Management of depression 4668:Structural functionalism 4363:Preference falsification 3393:Rowman & Littlefield 3237:Blumer, Herbert (1969). 3066:Conley, Dalton (2017) . 2856:The Handbook of Deviance 2595:comes from the works of 2591:The classical school of 2191:Denial of responsibility 2140:Differential association 1924:Structural functionalism 1918:Structural functionalism 1896:structural functionalism 1056:Differential association 301:Structural functionalism 32:Deviant (disambiguation) 6488:Social hygiene movement 6415:Doctor of Public Health 6247:Social cognitive theory 6049:Infectious and epidemic 5831:Fecal–oral transmission 5240:Industrial revolutions 4688:Symbolic interactionism 4025:Tyranny of the majority 3599:Beverly Hills, Calif.: 3576:Little, Brown & Co. 2253:symbolic interactionist 2045:and the popularly used 1946:Suicide (Durkheim book) 1116:Symbolic interactionism 321:Symbolic interactionism 216:Industrial revolutions 6483:Germ theory of disease 6262:Transtheoretical model 4678:Social constructionism 4328:Communal reinforcement 4081:False consensus effect 3800:Quotations related to 3387:Jensen, Gary F. 2007. 2673:Rehabilitative justice 2271: 2034: 2020:Merton's strain theory 1914: 1096:Social disorganization 311:Social constructionism 6567:Sociological theories 6367:Public Health Service 6252:Social norms approach 6242:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 5688:Preventive healthcare 5581:Pharmaceutical policy 5430:Chief Medical Officer 5285:Social stratification 5167:Conversation analysis 4724:Cultural anthropology 4714:Comparative sociology 4640:Sociological practice 4432:Anti-social behaviour 4427:Anti-authoritarianism 4166:Pluralistic ignorance 4013:National conservatism 4008:Left-wing nationalism 3991:Governmental pressure 3609:Bartel, Phil. 2012. " 3448:Broken Windows Theory 3432:Thomson, Doug. 2004. 3374:Sociology of Deviance 3277:Pearson Prentice Hall 3039:Social Sci LibreTexts 2850:Goode, Erich (2015), 2714:Personality disorders 2607:. Beccaria assumed a 2576:Homo Neanderthalensis 2347:Broken windows theory 2342:Broken windows theory 2262: 2180:neutralization theory 2161:Neutralization theory 2033: 1912: 1748:sociology of deviance 1605:Biosocial criminology 1312:Uniform Crime Reports 1031:Biosocial criminology 686:Conversation analysis 261:Social stratification 18:Sociology of deviance 6557:Deviance (sociology) 6443:Sara Josephine Baker 6342:Public Health Agency 6227:Health communication 6092:Disease surveillance 6058:Asymptomatic carrier 6040:Statistical software 5728:Preventive nutrition 5556:Medical anthropology 5445:Environmental health 4734:Historical sociology 4394:Breaching experiment 4181:Operant conditioning 4126:Mere exposure effect 3816:at Wikimedia Commons 3814:Deviance (sociology) 3802:Deviance (sociology) 3742:10.1155/2016/6891751 3729:Journal of Addiction 3632:. Archived from the 3508:10.1093/sf/78.3.1041 3446:Greene, Jim (2018). 3271:J. M. Charon. 2007. 3197:Griffin, Em (2012). 2769:Workplace aggression 2427:improve this section 2319:Secondary deviation; 2203:Denial of the victim 2104:Symbolic interaction 2098:Symbolic interaction 1900:symbolic interaction 1879:Theories of deviance 1873:Malicious compliance 1480:Solitary confinement 61:improve this article 6453:Carl Rogers Darnall 6448:Samuel Jay Crumbine 6222:Health belief model 6075:Notifiable diseases 6011:Regression analysis 5846:Waterborne diseases 5435:Cultural competence 5295:Social cycle theory 4754:Social anthropology 4744:Political sociology 4635:Sociological theory 4274:Individual pressure 4151:Passing (sociology) 4086:Fear of missing out 4051:Closure (sociology) 3965:Enemy of the people 3688:2016PLoSO..1167053S 3473:. pp. 777–82. 2692:Antisocial behavior 2656:prison overcrowding 2571:Theory of Evolution 2368:Michael Gottfredson 2322:Stronger penalties; 2055:5 types of deviance 1670:Radical criminology 1041:Collective efficacy 271:Social cycle theory 142:Part of a series on 6051:disease prevention 5986:Case–control study 5658:Security of person 5507:Health care reform 5364:Society portal 5265:Social environment 4889:race and ethnicity 4739:Industrial society 4442:Civil disobedience 4399:Milgram experiment 4338:Creeping normality 4240:Social integration 4176:Psychosocial issue 4116:Invented tradition 3970:Enemy of the state 3782:10.2308/ajpt-51665 3463:Cullen, Francis T. 3434:Crime and Deviance 3411:. p. 9. New York: 3342:10.1007/BF02088729 3314:Everyday Sociology 2774:Workplace deviance 2652:Corrections system 2546:postmodern society 2388:Robert Crutchfield 2380:Walter C. Reckless 2313:Primary deviation; 2035: 1975:Social integration 1915: 957:Society portal 580:History of science 561:Race and ethnicity 241:Social environment 6544: 6543: 6496: 6495: 6406:Higher education 6237:Positive deviance 6232:Health psychology 6208:Health behavioral 6135:safety management 6109:Social distancing 5883:Population health 5863:Smoking cessation 5811:Pharmacovigilance 5782:Injury prevention 5750:Infection control 5668:Social psychology 5618:Prisoners' rights 5561:Medical sociology 5529:Public health law 5425:Biological hazard 5372: 5371: 5260:Social complexity 5192:Social experiment 4937: 4936: 4764:Social psychology 4542: 4541: 4422:Alternative media 4311: 4310: 4250:Spiral of silence 4121:Memory conformity 4061:Consensus reality 3954:Persona non grata 3875:Damnatio memoriae 3812:Media related to 3630:Acadia University 3622:Types of Deviance 3534:978-0-19-927828-2 3471:SAGE Publications 3421:978-0-684-83635-5 3377:. pp. 84–89. 3250:978-0-13-879924-3 3220:978-0-07-353430-5 3103:Paternoster, R.; 2930:978-0-13-511927-3 2873:978-1-118-70138-6 2736:Positive deviance 2463: 2462: 2455: 2316:Social penalties; 2053:Merton described 1839:child molestation 1821:, disrespect and 1793:Types of deviance 1741: 1740: 1487: 1486: 1424:Prisoners' rights 1328:Positivist school 993: 992: 711:Social experiment 591:Social psychology 236:Social complexity 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 6574: 6532: 6531: 6520: 6519: 6508: 6507: 6402:Health education 6279: 6133:Food hygiene and 6114:Tropical disease 5926:Infant mortality 5901:Community health 5777:Controlled Drugs 5713:Health promotion 5643:Right to housing 5487:Health economics 5399: 5392: 5385: 5376: 5362: 5361: 5347: 5346: 5335: 5334: 5311: 5310: 5290:Social structure 5187:Network analysis 4779: 4769:Sociolinguistics 4759:Social movements 4683:Social darwinism 4620:Public sociology 4569: 4562: 4555: 4546: 4467:Devil's advocate 4437:Auto-segregation 4333:Countersignaling 4260:Toxic positivity 4235:Social influence 4196:Social contagion 4041:Bandwagon effect 3998:Authoritarianism 3862: 3844: 3837: 3830: 3821: 3811: 3799: 3785: 3764: 3754: 3744: 3719: 3709: 3699: 3682:(11): e0167053. 3648: 3644: 3626:Criminal Justice 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3405:Becker, Howard S 3402: 3396: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3301: 3286: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2981: 2970: 2969: 2946:Deviant Behavior 2941: 2935: 2934: 2916: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2795: 2698:Deviant Behavior 2667:Punitive justice 2500:capitalist state 2458: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2407: 2399: 2258:Howard S. Becker 2237:Howard S. Becker 2233:Frank Tannenbaum 2197:Denial of injury 2146:Edwin Sutherland 2038:Robert K. Merton 1980:types of suicide 1853:Falsely accusing 1733: 1726: 1719: 1366: 1323:Crime statistics 1249: 1013: 995: 985: 978: 971: 955: 954: 706:Network analysis 596:Sociocybernetics 586:Social movements 316:Social darwinism 266:Social structure 158: 139: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6492: 6463:Margaret Sanger 6431: 6390: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6209: 6203: 6175:Safety scandals 6134: 6128: 6050: 6044: 5978: 5972: 5968:Social medicine 5961:Race and health 5896:Child mortality 5877: 5836:Open defecation 5718:Human nutrition 5708:Family planning 5696:Behavior change 5682: 5638:Right to health 5551:Maternal health 5541:Health politics 5492:Health literacy 5408: 5403: 5373: 5368: 5356: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5270:Social equality 5203: 5202: 5201: 5128: 4942:Major theorists 4933: 4777: 4774:Urban sociology 4749:Rural sociology 4701: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4663:Critical theory 4658:Conflict theory 4644: 4625:Social research 4612:General aspects 4606: 4578: 4573: 4543: 4538: 4509:Insubordination 4457:Culture jamming 4447:Cosmopolitanism 4408: 4377: 4348:Internalization 4307: 4269: 4029: 4020:Totalitarianism 3986: 3853: 3848: 3792: 3767: 3722: 3669: 3646: 3642: 3553: 3551:Further reading 3548: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3403: 3399: 3386: 3382: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3287: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3251: 3236: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3150: 3149: 3138: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3082: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2973: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2886: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2808:Social Problems 2799:Erikson, Kai T. 2797: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2746:Role engulfment 2682: 2633: 2617:social contract 2597:Cesare Beccaria 2589: 2566:Cesare Lombroso 2558: 2520:Michel Foucault 2517: 2515:Michel Foucault 2482: 2469: 2467:Conflict theory 2459: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2424: 2408: 2397: 2395:Conflict theory 2356: 2344: 2295: 2230: 2228:Labeling theory 2224: 2222:Labeling theory 2169: 2163: 2142: 2136: 2106: 2100: 2028: 2022: 1948: 1942: 1926: 1920: 1904:conflict theory 1881: 1795: 1737: 1708: 1707: 1683: 1675: 1674: 1600:Anthropological 1590: 1582: 1581: 1497: 1489: 1488: 1363: 1353: 1352: 1302:Critical theory 1287: 1279: 1278: 1259:State-corporate 1247: 1170: 1159: 1158: 1154:Archibald Reiss 1149:Cesare Lombroso 1134: 1133:Major theorists 1126: 1125: 1101:Social learning 1081:Rational choice 1071:Labeling theory 1051:Criminalization 1021: 989: 949: 942: 941: 902: 892: 891: 819: 745: 731: 729:Major theorists 721: 720: 656: 646: 645: 336: 326: 325: 296:Critical theory 291:Conflict theory 286: 276: 275: 246:Social equality 187: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6580: 6578: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6285: 6283: 6276: 6271:Organizations, 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6027: 6018: 6013: 6008: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5977:Biological and 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5938: 5936:Multimorbidity 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5873:Vector control 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:School hygiene 5855: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5841:Sanitary sewer 5838: 5833: 5828: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5799:Patient safety 5796: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5692: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5482:Harm reduction 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5226:Human behavior 5223: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919:stratification 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4700:Related fields 4696: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4452:Counterculture 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4414:Anticonformity 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4373:Social reality 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4265:Untouchability 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4203: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4131:Milieu control 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4111:Indoctrination 4108: 4103: 4101:Herd mentality 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4034:Group pressure 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3957: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3912:Cancel culture 3909: 3899: 3892: 3887: 3878: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3805: 3791: 3790:External links 3788: 3787: 3786: 3765: 3720: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3637: 3618: 3607: 3604: 3593: 3578: 3568: 3561: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3533: 3513: 3502:(3): 1041–66. 3486: 3479: 3453: 3438: 3425: 3413:The Free Press 3397: 3391:. Lanham, MD: 3380: 3363: 3318: 3302: 3281: 3264: 3249: 3226: 3219: 3189: 3162: 3136: 3105:Paul Mazerolle 3095: 3080: 3051: 3026: 3001: 2971: 2936: 2929: 2884: 2872: 2842: 2821:10.2307/798544 2815:(4): 307–314. 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2670: 2660: 2659: 2649: 2643: 2632: 2629: 2619:theory of the 2601:Jeremy Bentham 2588: 2587:Other theories 2585: 2581:Charles Goring 2557: 2554: 2522:believed that 2516: 2513: 2481: 2478: 2465:Main article: 2461: 2460: 2411: 2409: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2372:Travis Hirschi 2364:Travis Hirschi 2359:Control theory 2355: 2354:Control theory 2352: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2294: 2291: 2226:Main article: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2138:Main article: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2117:Herbert Blumer 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2080: 2073: 2066: 2024:Main article: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1992: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1951:Émile Durkheim 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1930:Émile Durkheim 1922:Main article: 1919: 1916: 1880: 1877: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1859: 1856: 1794: 1791: 1786:mala prohibita 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1655:Organizational 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465:Transformative 1462: 1457: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1431:Rehabilitation 1428: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1419:Prisoner abuse 1411: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1389: 1384: 1382:Incapacitation 1379: 1374: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1139:Émile Durkheim 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1091:Social control 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046:Crime analysis 1043: 1038: 1036:Broken windows 1033: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1005: 991: 990: 988: 987: 980: 973: 965: 962: 961: 960: 959: 944: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 903: 898: 897: 894: 893: 747: 746: 732: 727: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 657: 652: 651: 648: 647: 644: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 356:Astrosociology 353: 348: 343: 337: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 214: 209: 204: 202:Human behavior 199: 194: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 173: 168: 160: 159: 151: 150: 144: 143: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6579: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6537: 6536: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Joseph Lister 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337:Health Canada 6335: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282:Organizations 6280: 6277: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6206: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119:Vaccine trial 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:Relative risk 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5956:Health equity 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5921:Health system 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911:Global health 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891:Biostatistics 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5633:Right to food 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5566:Mental health 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5514:Housing First 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502:Health system 5500: 5499: 5498: 5497:Health policy 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5406:Public health 5400: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5306: 5303: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5275:Social equity 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221:Globalization 5219: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Computational 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:consciousness 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4702:and subfields 4697: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630:Social theory 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504:Individualism 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343:Herd behavior 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Control freak 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4245:Socialization 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4161:Peer pressure 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4141:Normalization 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4066:Culture shock 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3922:Deplatforming 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3496:Social Forces 3490: 3487: 3482: 3480:9781412959186 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3336:(4): 307–18. 3335: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3193: 3190: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3081:9780393602388 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952:(5): 449–79. 2951: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2709:Nonconformity 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2653: 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2044: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1934:Robert Merton 1931: 1925: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845:Howard Becker 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1698:Organizations 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1645:Environmental 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1562:Postmodernist 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1552:Neo-classical 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1527:Environmental 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1455:Participatory 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317:Crime mapping 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1264:Transnational 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232:International 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 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