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increasing) complexity: "The first option is to restore the fit with the external complexity by an increasing internal complexity. ...This usually means the creation of more staff functions or the enlargement of staff-functions and/or the investment in vertical information systems". Vertical information systems are often confused for "network enabled capability" systems (NEC) but an important distinction needs to be made, which Sitter et al. propose as their second option: "...the organisation tries to deal with the external complexity by 'reducing' the internal control and coordination needs. ...This option might be called the strategy of 'simple organisations and complex jobs'". This all contributes to a number of unique advantages. Firstly is the issue of "human redundancy" in which "groups of this kind were free to set their own targets, so that aspiration levels with respect to production could be adjusted to the age and stamina of the individuals concerned". Human redundancy speaks towards the flexibility, ubiquity and pervasiveness of resources within NEC.
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long-term goal such as becoming a professional writer or a more short-term goal like learning how to spell a particular word. Personality invariably refers to more or less permanent characteristics of an individual's state of being (e.g., shy, extrovert, conscientious). As opposed to motivation, emotion refers to temporal states that do not immediately link to behavior (e.g., anger, grief, happiness). With the view that socio-technical design is by which intelligence and skill combined with emerging technologies could improve the work-life balance of employees, it is also believed that the aim is to achieve both a safer and more pleasurable workplace as well as to see greater democracy in society. The achievement of these aims would therefore lead to increased motivation of employees and would directly and positively influence their ability to express ideas.
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technology, productivity was falling, and that despite better pay and amenities, absenteeism was increasing. This particular rational organisation had become irrational. The cause of the problem was hypothesized to be the adoption of a new form of production technology which had created the need for a bureaucratic form of organization (rather like classic command-and-control). In this specific example, technology brought with it a retrograde step in organizational design terms. The analysis that followed introduced the terms "socio" and "technical" and elaborated on many of the core principles that sociotechnical theory subsequently became.
548:(EBO). EBO asks the question of what goal is it that we want to achieve, what objective is it that we need to reach rather than what tasks have to be undertaken, when and how. The EBO concept enables the managers to "...manipulate and decompose high level effects. They must then assign lesser effects as objectives for subordinates to achieve. The intention is that subordinates' actions will cumulatively achieve the overall effects desired". In other words, the focus shifts from being a scriptwriter for tasks to instead being a designer of behaviours. In some cases, this can make the task of the manager significantly less arduous.
564:. By this is meant conditions under which those concerned can complete a job in one place at one time, i.e., the situation of the face-to-face, or singular group". In other words, in classic organisations the "wholeness" of a task is often diminished by multiple group integration and spatiotemporal disintegration. The group based form of organization design proposed by sociotechnical theory combined with new technological possibilities (such as the internet) provide a response to this often forgotten issue, one that contributes significantly to joint optimisation.
430:, that is, designing the social system and technical system in tandem so that they work smoothly together. Sociotechnical theory, as distinct from sociotechnical systems, proposes a number of different ways of achieving joint optimization. They are usually based on designing different kinds of organization, ones in which the relationships between socio and technical elements lead to the emergence of productivity and wellbeing, rather than all too often case of new technology failing to meet the expectations of designers and users alike.
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fine grained response to the "ground" situation, can be regarded as "agile". Added to which, local problems that do arise need not propagate throughout the entire system (to affect the workload and quality of work of many others) because a complex organization doing simple tasks has been replaced by a simpler organization doing more complex tasks. The agility and internal regulation of the group allows problems to be solved locally without propagation through a larger social space, thus increasing tempo.
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production sequence, since it is possible to maintain the "ground" in a comparatively passive and constant state". On the other hand, many activities are constantly faced with the possibility of "untoward activity in the 'ground'" of the 'figure-ground' relationship" The central problem, one that appears to be at the nub of many problems that "classic" organisations have with complexity, is that "The instability of the 'ground' limits the applicability ... of methods derived from the factory".
374:, with a shared emphasis on achievement of both excellence in technical performance and quality in people's work lives. Sociotechnical theory, as distinct from sociotechnical systems, proposes a number of different ways of achieving joint optimization. They are usually based on designing different kinds of organization, according to which the functional output of different sociotechnical elements leads to system efficiency, productive sustainability, user satisfaction, and change management.
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part of people in the organisation for a role in a small primary group. It is argued that such a need arises in cases where the means for effective communication are often somewhat limited. As
Carvalho states, this is because "...operators use verbal exchanges to produce continuous, redundant and recursive interactions to successfully construct and maintain individual and mutual awareness...". The immediacy and proximity of trusted team members makes it possible for this to occur. The
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Sociotechnical embodiment of this principle is the notion of minimal critical specification. This principle states that, "While it may be necessary to be quite precise about what has to be done, it is rarely necessary to be precise about how it is done". This is no more illustrated by the antithetical example of "working to rule" and the virtual collapse of any system that is subject to the intentional withdrawal of human adaptation to situations and contexts.
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523:. Complexity lies at the heart of many organisational contexts (there are numerous organizational paradigms that struggle to cope with it). Trist and Bamforth (1951) could have been writing about these with the following passage: "A very large variety of unfavourable and changing environmental conditions is encountered ... many of which are impossible to predict. Others, though predictable, are impossible to alter."
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system as a whole its bad in a way that not destroy its good". In practice, this requires groups to be responsible for their own internal regulation and supervision, with the primary task of relating the group to the wider system falling explicitly to a group leader. This principle, therefore, describes a strategy for removing more traditional command hierarchies.
486:âThe key elements of the STS approach include combining the human elements and the technical systems together to enable new possibilities for work and pave the way for technological change. Due to its mutual causality, the STS approach has become widely linked with autonomy, completeness and job satisfaction as both systems can work together to achieving a goal.â
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your way up has motivated these employees to join their rivals. Mumford suggests that a delegation of responsibility could help employees stay motivated as they would feel appreciated and belonging thus keeping them in their current organization. Leadership is key as employees would prefer following a structure and knowing that there is opportunity to improve.
495:"responsible autonomy". The overriding point seems to be that having the simple ability of individual team members being able to perform their function is not the only predictor of group effectiveness. There are a range of issues in team cohesion research, for example, that are answered by having the regulation and leadership internal to a group or team.
66:
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is crucial that requirements can be determined and accommodated for prior to implementation as it is central to the systems success. Due to its mutual causality (Davis, 1977), the STS approach has become widely linked with autonomy, completeness and job satisfaction as both systems can work together to achieving a goal.
632:. Instead of the traditional flow line system of car production, self-managed teams would assemble the entire car. The idea of worker directors â a director on the company board who is a representative of the workforce â was established through this project and the Swedish government required them in state enterprises.
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The social network perspective first started in 1920 at
Harvard University within the Sociology Department. Within information systems social networks have been used to study behaviour of teams, organisations and Industries. Social network perspective is useful for studying some of the emerging forms
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The concept of minimal critical specifications. (Mumford, 2006) states workers should be told what to do but not how to do it. Deciding this should be left to their initiative. She says they can be involved in work groups, matrices and networks. The employee should receive correct objectives but they
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Mumfords ETHICS development was a push from her to remind those in the field that research doesn't always need to be done on things of current interest and following the immediate trends over your current research is not always the way forward. A reminder that work should always be finished and
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The WST and WSM simplifies the conceptualization of traditional complicated socio-technical system (STS) approach (Alter, 2015). Extending the prior research on STS which divides social and technical aspects; WST combines the two perspectives in a work system and outlines the framework for WSM which
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is an approach to management development, where an individual is moved through a schedule of assignments designed to give him or her a breadth of exposure to the entire operation. Job rotation is also practiced to allow qualified employees to gain more insights into the processes of a company and to
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Participative socio-technical design can be conducted through in-depth interviews, the collection of statistics and the analysis of relevant documents. These will provide important comparative data that can help approve or disprove the chosen hypotheses. A common approach to participative design is,
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In
Classic organisations, problems with the moving "figure" and moving "ground" often become magnified through a much larger social space, one in which there is a far greater extent of hierarchical task interdependence. For this reason, the semi-autonomous group, and its ability to make a much more
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Multi-directional inheritance is the premise that work systems inherit their purpose, meaning and structure from the organisation and reflect the priorities and purposes of the organisation that encompasses them. Fundamentally, this premise includes crucial assumptions about sequencing, timescales,
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are key units of analysis in non-linear, knowledge work. They are 'choice points' that move knowledge work forward. As originated and defined by Cal Pava (1983) in a second-generation development of STS theory, deliberations are patterns of exchange and communication to reduce the equivocality of a
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is the analysis of how a task is accomplished, including a detailed description of both manual and mental activities, task and element durations, task frequency, task allocation, task complexity, environmental conditions, necessary clothing and equipment, and any other unique factors involved in or
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Mumford states that although technology and organizational structures may change in industry, the employee rights and needs must be given a high priority. Future commercial success requires motivated work forces who are committed to their employersâ interests. This requires companies; managers who
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Autonomous work teams also called self-managed teams, are an alternative to traditional assembly line methods. Rather than having a large number of employees each do a small operation to assemble a product, the employees are organized into small teams, each of which is responsible for assembling an
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Effects-based operations and the notion of a "whole task", combined with adaptability and responsible autonomy, have additional advantages for those at work in the organization. This is because "for each participant the task has total significance and dynamic closure" as well as the requirement to
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Sociotechnical theory was pioneering for its shift in emphasis, a shift towards considering teams or groups as the primary unit of analysis and not the individual. Sociotechnical theory pays particular attention to internal supervision and leadership at the level of the "group" and refers to it as
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The key elements of the STS approach include combining the human elements and the technical systems together to enable new possibilities for work and pave the way for technological change (Trist, 1981). The involvement of human elements in negotiations may cause a larger workload initially, but it
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The ETHICS (Effective
Technical and Human Implementation of Computer Systems) process has been used successfully by Mumford in a variety of projects since its idea conception from the Turners Asbestos Cement project. After forgetting a vital request from the customer to discuss and potentially fix
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Recent work on
Artificial Intelligence considers large Sociotechnical Systems, such as social networks and online marketplaces, as agents whose behaviour can be purposeful and adaptive. The behaviour of recommender systems can therefore be analysed in the language and framework of sociotechnical
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When
Mumford analysed the role of user participation during two ES projects A drawback that was found was that users found it difficult to see beyond their current practices and found it difficult to anticipate how things can be done differently. Motivation was found to be another challenge during
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Mumford reflects on leadership within organisations, because lack of leadership has proven to be the downfall of most companies. As competition increases employers have lost their valued and qualified employees to their competitors. Opportunities such as better job roles and an opportunity to work
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Alter describes sociotechnical analysis and design methods to not be a strong point in the information systems practice. The aim of socio-technical designs is to optimise and join both social and technical systems. However, the problem is that of the technical and social system along with the work
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The
Tavistock researchers, presented that employees who will be using the new and improved system, should be participating in determining the required quality of working life improvements. Participative socioâtechnical design can be achieved by inâdepth interviews, questionnaires and collection of
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These, and other factors, play an integral and parallel role in ensuring successful teamwork which sociotechnical theory exploits. The idea of semi-autonomous groups conveys a number of further advantages. Not least among these, especially in hazardous environments, is the often felt need on the
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in psychology refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior. Motivation is a temporal and dynamic state that should not be confused with personality or emotion. Motivation is having the desire and willingness to do something. A motivated person can be reaching for a
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recognises that organizations have boundaries and that transactions occur within the system (and its sub-systems) and between the wider context and dynamics of the environment. It is an extension of
Sociotechnical Theory which provides a richer descriptive and conceptual language for describing,
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A sociotechnical system is the term usually given to any instantiation of socio and technical elements engaged in goal directed behaviour. Sociotechnical systems are a particular expression of sociotechnical theory, although they are not necessarily one and the same thing. Sociotechnical systems
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The key to responsible autonomy seems to be to design an organization possessing the characteristics of small groups whilst preventing the "silo-thinking" and "stovepipe" neologisms of contemporary management theory. In order to preserve "...intact the loyalties on which the small group ...the
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Another concept in sociotechnical theory is the "whole task". A whole task "has the advantage of placing responsibility for the ... task squarely on the shoulders of a single, small, face-to-face group which experiences the entire cycle of operations within the compass of its membership." The
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Carvajal states that "the rate at which uncertainty overwhelms an organisation is related more to its internal structure than to the amount of environmental uncertainty". Sitter in 1997 offered two solutions for organisations confronted, like the military, with an environment of increased (and
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in 1951. This is an interesting case study which, like most of the work in sociotechnical theory, is focused on a form of 'production system' expressive of the era and the contemporary technological systems it contained. The study was based on the paradoxical observation that despite improved
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Standalone, incremental improvements are not sufficient to address current, let alone future sustainability challenges. These challenges will require deep changes of sociotechnical systems. Theories on innovation systems; sustainable innovations; system thinking and design; and sustainability
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Social technical means that technology, which by definition, should not be allowed to be the controlling factor when new work systems are implemented. So in order to be classified as 'Sociotechnical', equal attention must be paid to providing a high quality and satisfying work environment for
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The evolution of socio-technical design has seen its development from being approached as a social system exclusively. The realisation of the joint optimisation of social and technical systems was later realised. It was divided into sections where primary work which looks into principles and
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Many type of organisations are clearly motivated by the appealing "industrial age", rational principles of "factory production", a particular approach to dealing with complexity: "In the factory a comparatively high degree of control can be exercised over the complex and moving "figure" of a
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Mumford (1983) defines the socio-technical approach to recognize technology and people to ensure work systems are highly efficient and contain better characteristics which leads to higher job satisfaction for employees, resulting in a sense of fulfilment to improving quality of work and
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A 1990s research interest in social dimensions of IS directed to relationship among IS development, uses, and resultant social and organizational changes offered fresh insight into the emerging role of ICT within differing organizational context; drawing directly on sociological theories of
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Trist, E. L.; Bamforth, K. W. (February 1951). "Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting: An Examination of the Psychological Situation and Defences of a Work Group in Relation to the Social Structure and Technological Content of the Work System".
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Analysing and designing sociotechnical systems from a work system perspective and eliminates the artificial distinction of the social system from the technical system. This also eliminates the idea of joint optimization. By using a work system lens in can bring many benefits, such as:
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the issues found with the current organisation, she gave her advice on making a system. The system was not received well and Mumford was told they already had been using a similar system. This is when she realised a participative based approach would benefit many future projects.
647:, is the process of giving the employee a wider and higher level scope of responsibility with increased decision-making authority. This is the opposite of job enlargement, which simply would not involve greater authority. Instead, it will only have an increased number of duties.
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The Work System Theory (WST) and Work System Method (WSM) are both forms of socio-technical systems but in the form of work systems. Also, the Work System Method encourages the use of both socio-technical ideas and values when it comes to IS development, use and implementation.
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The corollary of this, and the second of the two main principles, is that optimization of each aspect alone (socio or technical) tends to increase not only the quantity of unpredictable, "un-designed" relationships, but those relationships that are injurious to the system's
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problematic issue; for example, for systems engineering work, what features to develop in new software. Deliberations are not discrete decisionsâthey are a more continuous context for decisions. They have 3 aspects: topics, forums, and participants.
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increase job satisfaction through job variation. The term job rotation can also mean the scheduled exchange of persons in offices, especially in public offices, prior to the end of incumbency or the legislative period. This has been practiced by the
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whenever possible, to use a democratically selected user design group as the key information collectors and decision makers. The design group is backed by a committee of senior staff who can lay the foundations and subsequently oversee the project.
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whereby work is divided into small units, each of which is performed repetitively by an individual worker. Some motivational theories suggest that the boredom and alienation caused by the division of labour can actually cause efficiency to fall.
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The key factor in minimally critically specifying tasks is the responsible autonomy of the group to decide, based on local conditions, how best to undertake the task in a flexible adaptive manner. This principle is isomorphic with ideas like
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deploy a multiplicity of skills and to have the responsible autonomy in order to select when and how to do so. This is clearly hinting at a relaxation of the myriad of control mechanisms found in more classically designed organizations.
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and technical aspects of organizational structure and processes. Here, technical does not necessarily imply material technology. The focus is on procedures and related knowledge, i.e. it refers to the ancient Greek term
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and its varied usage can be unpicked. What can be said about it, though, is that it is most often used to simply, and quite correctly, describe any kind of organization that is composed of people and technology.
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Trist, E., & Labour, O. M. o. (1981). The evolution of socio-technical systems: A conceptual framework and an action research program: Ontario Ministry of Labour, Ontario Quality of Working Life Centre.
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work on redesigning designing human systems also expressed that it is the role of the facilitator to âkeep the members interested and motivated toward the design task, to help them resolve any conflictsâ.
418:, even unpredictable relationships (the good or bad relationships that are often unexpected). Whether designed or not, both types of interaction occur when socio and technical elements are put to work.
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of technology and organizations brings with it an expanding array of new possibilities for novel interaction. Responsible autonomy could become more distributed along with the team(s) themselves.
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and precedence. The purpose, meaning and structure can derive from multiple contexts and once obtained it can be passed on to the sociotechnical systems that emerge throughout the organisation.
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exceeding expectations. Mumford concludes that the development of information systems is not a technical issue, but a business organization issue which is concerned with the process of change.
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Amelsvoort, P., & Mohr, B. (Co-Eds.) (2016). "Co-Creating Humane and Innovative Organizations: Evolutions in the Practice of Socio-Technical System Design": Global STS-D Network Press
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analysing and designing organisations. A Sociotechnical System, therefore, often describes a 'thing' (an interlinked, systems based mixture of people, technology and their environment).
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institution. This sociotechnical research has informed if not shaped IS scholarship. Sociological theories have offered a solid basis upon which emerging sociotechnical research built.
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are dedicated to creating this motivation and recognize what is required for it to be achieved. Returning to socio-technical values, objectives; principals may provide an answer.
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Greater interdependence (through diffuse processes such as globalisation) also bring with them an issue of size, in which "the scale of a task transcends the limits of simple
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Winter, Susan; Berente, Nicholas; Howison, James; Butler, Brian (1 October 2014). "Beyond the organizational 'container': Conceptualizing 21st century sociotechnical work".
1649:"Sociotechnical Systems through a Work System Lens :A Possible Path for Reconciling System Conceptualizations, Business Realities, and Humanist Values in IS Development"
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795:. The aims of work design to improved job satisfaction, to improved through-put, to improved quality and to reduced employee problems, e.g., grievances, absenteeism.
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or work design in organizational development is the application of sociotechnical systems principles and techniques to the humanization of work, for example, through
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de Sitter, L. Ulbo; den Hertog, J. Friso; Dankbaarl, Ben (May 1997). "From Complex Organizations with Simple Jobs to Simple Organizations with Complex Jobs".
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processes that inhere to large, complex infrastructures. Social society, and its constituent substructures, qualify as complex sociotechnical systems.
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Mumford, E (2000). "Socio-Technical Design: An Unfulfilled Promise or a Future Opportunity?". In Baskerville, R; Stage, J; DeGross, J.I. (eds.).
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Interactive Technologies and Sociotechnical Systems: 12th International Conference, VSMM 2006, Xi'an, China, October 18â20, 2006, Proceedings
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Process improvement in organizational development is a series of actions taken to identify, analyze and improve existing processes within an
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transitions, among others, have attempted to describe potential changes capable of shifting development towards more sustainable directions.
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351:. "Technical" is a term used to refer to structure and a broader sense of technicalities. Sociotechnical refers to the interrelatedness of
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453:. All of these terms appear ubiquitously but their actual meanings often remain unclear. The key term "sociotechnical" is something of a
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theory is a mixture of sociotechnical theory, joint optimisation and so forth and general systems theory. The term sociotechnical
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Organizational and Social Perspectives on Information Technology. IFIP - The International Federation for Information Processing
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required for one or more people to perform a given task. This information can then be used for many purposes, such as
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Leitch, Shona; Warren, Matthew J. (2010). "ETHICS: The Past, Present and Future of Socio-Technical Systems Design".
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Cartelli, Antonio (2007). "Socio-Technical Theory and Knowledge Construction: Towards New Pedagogical Paradigms?".
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1723:. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 41. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 33â46.
1668:"The theoretical foundations of sociotechnical systems change for sustainability: A systematic literature review"
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1885:"Exploring the Importance of Participation in the Post-Implementation Period of an ES Project: A Neglected Area"
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considers work system as the system of interest and proposes solutions accordingly (Alter, 2015).
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Clarke, David M. (November 2005). "Human redundancy in complex, hazardous systems: A theoretical framework".
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of social and technical factors creates the conditions for successful (or unsuccessful) organizational
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The making of strategic realities : an application of the social systems theory of Niklas Luhmann
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
2061:"A Lifetime of Theory and Action on the Ethical Use of Computers: A Dialogue with Enid Mumford"
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Some of the central principles of sociotechnical theory were elaborated in a seminal paper by
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Organizational work design recognizes interaction between people & technology in workplace
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Carvajal, Raul (22 April 2016). "Systemic-Netfields: The Systems' Paradigm Crisis. Part I".
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2706:
2626:
2621:
2581:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2404:
2353:
2310:
1817:
Geen, R. G. (1995), Human motivation: A social psychological approach. Belmont, CA: Cole.
1029:
1017:
960:
659:
978: â Process where information about current status is used to influence future status
328:, in the World War II era, based on their work with workers in English coal mines at the
2021:
1683:
1390:
885:
Persuading peoples old attitude of 'instant fixes' without any real thought of structure
124:
4318:
4270:
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4018:
3954:
3867:
3827:
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3627:
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2816:
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2636:
2601:
2561:
2529:
2451:
2436:
2368:
2338:
1706:
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
1106:
1023:
1005:
996:
792:
640:
313:. The term also refers to coherent systems of human relations, technical objects, and
4372:
4130:
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2045:
1984:
1795:
1778:
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1559:
1491:
1446:
1336:
1217:
981:
857:
Easier to theorize potential staff reductions, job roles changing and reorganizations
803:
756:
2215:
1275:
310:
4090:
3949:
3887:
3622:
3479:
3251:
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2691:
2616:
2154:
The Social Engagement of Social Science, Volume II: The Socio-Technical Perspective
1910:
1804:
1225:
733:
708:
687:
391:
360:
1692:
1667:
1666:
Savaget, Paulo; Geissdoerfer, Martin; Kharrazi, Ali; Evans, Steve (January 2019).
1398:
617:
entire product. These teams are self-managed, and are independent of one another.
3517:
2241:
1827:
1257:
1079:
Socioanalytic Methods: Discovering the Hidden in Organisations and Social Systems
4125:
3822:
3792:
3777:
3642:
3637:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2701:
2441:
2328:
2224:
1868:
1851:
1728:
1350:
Siebold, Guy L. (January 1999). "The Evolution of the Measurement of Cohesion".
990:
969:
854:
Reinforces the idea that a work system exists to produce a product(s)/service(s)
741:
500:
403:
314:
298:
171:
2227:, Technical University of Eindhoven, Department of Technology Management, 2002.
2029:
1976:
1550:
1533:
1518:
1473:
1438:
1328:
972: â Transdisciplinary field concerned with regulatory and purposive systems
4058:
4053:
3998:
3662:
3632:
3614:
3408:
3246:
3173:
2796:
2651:
2137:
The Sociotechnical Perspective: Information Systems and Information Technology
2060:
1626:
1586:
1363:
942:
845:
More organised approach by even outlining basic understanding of a work system
829:
description, and how to incorporate technical designs on a macrosocial level.
788:
777:
703:
663:
520:
475:
415:
411:
325:
321:
306:
2037:
860:
Encourages motivation and good will while reducing the stress from monitoring
4235:
3702:
3677:
3556:
2461:
2348:
1011:
769:
336:. Sociotechnical systems pertains to theory regarding the social aspects of
87:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
2206:
1956:
Cristianini, Nello; Scantamburlo, Teresa; Ladyman, James (4 October 2021).
842:
Viewing the work system as a whole, making it easier to discuss and analyse
724:
this process as users were not interested in participating (Wagner, 2007).
2182:
Pava, C., 1983. Managing New Office Technology. Free Press, New York, NY.
2123:
Designing Effective Organizations: The Sociotechnical Systems Perspective
2076:
1901:
975:
765:
745:
454:
1020: â Study of processes on the intersection of society and technology
904:
systems, leading also to a new perspective for their legal regulation.
3579:
364:
341:
1756:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 215, 322, 357, 411â413, 423, 428â441 and 576.
1648:
1482:
4212:
2997:
2318:
1185:
1014: â Social science that studies human society and its development
579:
407:
347:
337:
333:
302:
2141:
http://sawyer.syr.edu/publications/2013/sociotechnical%20chapter.pdf
1573:
Storr, Jim (December 2005). "A Critique of Effects-Based Thinking".
833:
Benefits of seeing sociotechnical systems through a work system lens
2095:
Sociotechnical systems: factors in analysis, design, and management
2012:
2279:
2266:
2195:
Society for Philosophy and Technology Quarterly Electronic Journal
1933:
Computing Handbook: Information Systems and Information Technology
1172:
Cooper, Robert; Foster, Michael (1971). "Sociotechnical systems".
625:
599:
system and joint optimisation are not defined as they should be.
2193:
Ropohl, GĂŒnter (1999). "Philosophy of Socio-Technical Systems".
1850:
Mumford, E (2000). Baskerville, R; Stage, J; DeGross, J (eds.).
737:
3521:
2932:
2283:
1929:"Sociotechnical Approaches to the Study of Information Systems"
1613:
Mumford, Enid (March 2001). "Advice for an action researcher".
935:
we should never âwrite them off with no outcome.â as she said.
895:
of social or organisational arrangements and the roles of ICT.
643:
in organizational development, human resources management, and
2147:
Performance by Design: Sociotechnical Systems in North America
1856:
IFIP â the International Federation for Information Processing
1413:
Productivity and social organisation: The Ahmedabad experiment
768:, tool or equipment design, procedure design (e.g., design of
165:
118:
59:
18:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1922:
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1303:
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1285:
2230:
2109:
Sociotechnical Systems Design: Evolving Theory and Practice
394:. Sociotechnical theory is founded on two main principles:
3076:
List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users
2276:, Archived Vol I, II, & III of The Tavistock Anthology
2274:
http://www.moderntimesworkplace.com/archives/archives.html
2158:
http://www.moderntimesworkplace.com/archives/archives.html
1008: â Social structure made up of a set of social actors
1832:.(pp 41) Cambridge: IRM Press, London University Press.
863:
Conscientious that documentation and practice may differ
2237:
IEEE 1st Workshop on Socio-Technical Aspects of Mashups
986:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
965:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
882:
Hierarchical imbalance between managers and lower staff
876:
Data theft of company information and networked systems
142:
963: â System composed of many interacting components
740:
and objectives. These actions often follow a specific
811:
Work System Theory (WST) and Work System Method (WSM)
2130:
Cooperation and Complexity in Sociotechnical Systems
1001:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
851:
Does not require guidance by experts and researchers
4211:
3997:
3766:
3701:
3613:
3578:
3555:
3457:
3346:
3285:
3192:
3084:
3061:
3013:
2970:
2861:
2835:
2547:
2423:
2387:
2317:
2102:
Requirements Engineering for Sociotechnical Systems
2059:Porra, Jaana; Hirschheim, Rudy (8 September 2007).
196:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2128:Pascal Salembier, Tahar Hakim Benchekroun (2002).
2065:Journal of the Association for Information Systems
1889:Journal of the Association for Information Systems
917:Sociological perspective on sociotechnical systems
666:through extending the range of its job duties and
2156:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1927:Sawyer, Steve; Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein (2014).
382:Sociotechnical refers to the interrelatedness of
2114:William A. Pasmore and John J. Sherwood (1978).
1852:"An Unfulfilled Promise or a Future Opportunity"
624:created his new âdock assemblyâ work system at
2242:http://istheory.byu.edu/Socio-technical_theory
1714:
1712:
1608:
1606:
1604:
320:The term sociotechnical systems was coined by
3533:
2944:
2295:
1752:Steers, Richard M.; Porter, Lyman W. (1991).
984: â Designing systems to suit their users
8:
2145:James C. Taylor and David F. Felten (1993).
1958:"The social turn of artificial intelligence"
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1250:History of Computing. Learning from the Past
1883:Wagner, Erica; Newell, Sue (October 2007).
993: â Employees working from any location
433:The scientific literature shows terms like
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3540:
3526:
3518:
2951:
2937:
2929:
2429:
2302:
2288:
2280:
1653:Business Analytics and Information Systems
1026: â Interdisciplinary study of systems
426:Therefore, sociotechnical theory is about
2256:
2249:Proceedings of the 2007 InSITE Conference
2214:
2011:
1931:. In Topi, Heikki; Tucker, Allen (eds.).
1900:
1867:
1794:
1691:
1549:
1534:"The Principles of Sociotechnical Design"
1481:
695:for some time but has been discontinued.
297:is an approach to complex organizational
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
2100:Jose Luis Mate and Andres Silva (2005).
899:Social media and Artificial Intelligence
651:decide how to achieve these objectives.
301:that recognizes the interaction between
1042:
873:Difference in cultures across the world
406:. This interaction consists partly of
1032: â Study of the nature of systems
1238:Mumford and Weir, 1979; Mumford, 1995
670:. This contradicts the principles of
7:
2911:
2152:Eric Trist and H. Murray ed. (1993).
2135:Sawyer, S. and Jarrahi, M.H. (2014)
2116:Sociotechnical Systems: A Sourcebook
1199:
1197:
1195:
1126:Human Factors and Behavioural Safety
1053:Human Factors and Behavioural Safety
824:Evolution of socio-technical systems
194:adding citations to reliable sources
4034:Digital media use and mental health
3748:Sociology of the history of science
2853:Systems theory in political science
1615:Information Technology & People
3071:List of social networking services
1153:. Leeds University Business School
89:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
14:
3743:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3588:History and philosophy of science
3570:Economics of scientific knowledge
879:"Big Brother" effect on employees
136:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
34:This article has multiple issues.
4336:
4335:
4310:
3262:Social network analysis software
3184:Virtual collective consciousness
2910:
2898:
2887:
2886:
1796:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00221.x
1218:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2014.10.003
1151:"Socio-technical systems theory"
945:
662:means increasing the scope of a
170:
123:
64:
23:
3114:Organizational network analysis
1129:. Routledge. pp. 100â104.
1101:For the latter, see the use of
370:Sociotechnical theory is about
181:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
3549:Science and technology studies
2843:Systems theory in anthropology
1777:Mumford, Enid (October 2006).
1532:Cherns, Albert (August 1976).
1123:Stranks, Jeremy (2007-06-07).
1050:Stranks, Jeremy (2007-06-07).
748:to create successful results.
1:
3053:Personal knowledge networking
2848:Systems theory in archaeology
1693:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.208
1672:Journal of Cleaner Production
1647:Alter, Steven (1 June 2015).
1399:10.1016/j.pnucene.2005.04.001
908:Multi-directional inheritance
451:sociotechnical systems theory
4096:Normalization process theory
3653:Philosophy of social science
3124:Social aspects of television
3038:Enterprise social networking
2162:James T. Ziegenfuss (1983).
2093:Kenyon B. De Greene (1973).
1754:Motivation and Work Behavior
1258:10.1007/978-3-642-15199-6_19
1206:Information and Organization
1105:in the works of sociologist
519:The second issue is that of
3267:Social networking potential
3149:Social media and psychology
2121:William A. Pasmore (1988).
1869:10.1007/978-0-387-35505-4_3
1783:Information Systems Journal
1729:10.1007/978-0-387-35505-4_3
1077:Susan Long (January 2013).
4420:
3719:construction of technology
3354:Algorithmic radicalization
3043:Enterprise social software
3026:Distributed social network
2030:10.1007/s00146-019-00917-8
1977:10.1007/s00146-021-01289-8
1551:10.1177/001872677602900806
1519:10.1016/j.ssci.2005.05.003
1474:10.1177/001872679705000503
1439:10.1177/001872678303600302
1379:Progress in Nuclear Energy
1329:10.1177/001872675100400101
890:Social network / structure
295:organizational development
4306:
4251:Politicization of science
3414:Six degrees of separation
3227:Collaborative consumption
3164:Social media optimization
3154:Social media intelligence
2882:
2480:
2432:
2344:Coupled humanâenvironment
1829:Redesigning Human Systems
1627:10.1108/09593840110384753
1587:10.1080/03071840509441981
1364:10.1207/s15327876mp1101_2
562:spatio-temporal structure
4379:Philosophy of technology
3658:Philosophy of technology
3439:Suicide and the Internet
3424:Social media and suicide
1081:. Karnac Books Limited.
774:decision support systems
546:effects-based operations
149:may contain suggestions.
134:may need to be rewritten
3384:Friending and following
3374:Consequential strangers
3169:Social network analysis
2677:Charles A. S. Hall
645:organizational behavior
552:Meaningfulness of tasks
205:"Sociotechnical system"
4404:Management cybernetics
3731:Sociology of knowledge
3419:Social media addiction
3257:Social media analytics
3144:Social identity theory
3139:Social exchange theory
3134:Social data revolution
3119:Small-world experiment
3021:Corporate social media
2597:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2207:10.5840/techne19994311
953:Systems science portal
287:Sociotechnical systems
4389:Sociological theories
4298:Transition management
4288:Technology assessment
4256:Regulation of science
4231:Evidence-based policy
4116:Sociotechnical system
3965:Traditional knowledge
3845:Psychology of science
3818:Mapping controversies
3724:shaping of technology
3683:Social constructivism
3648:Philosophy of science
3605:History of technology
3359:Community recognition
3303:Collaborative finance
3237:Lateral communication
3048:Mobile social network
2874:Principia Cybernetica
2587:Anthony Stafford Beer
2457:Sociotechnical system
2107:Enid Mumford (1985).
1415:. London: Tavistock.
1174:American Psychologist
999: â social system
612:Autonomous work teams
573:Sociotechnical system
447:sociotechnical system
443:sociotechnical theory
4203:Women in engineering
4049:Financial technology
4029:Digital anthropology
3798:Criticism of science
3711:Actorânetwork theory
3673:Religion and science
3565:Economics of science
3465:Friendship recession
3404:Information overload
3313:Influencer marketing
3202:Account verification
3109:Interpersonal bridge
3104:Attention inequality
2737:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
2712:Edward Norton Lorenz
2667:Jay Wright Forrester
2472:World-systems theory
2447:Earth system science
2169:Hongbin Zha (2006).
2077:10.17705/1jais.00139
1902:10.17705/1jais.00142
868:Problems to overcome
490:Responsible autonomy
190:improve this article
4044:Engineering studies
4014:Cyborg anthropology
3803:Demarcation problem
3688:Social epistemology
3434:Social network game
3429:Social invisibility
3277:Structural cohesion
3222:Collaboration graph
3179:Structural endogamy
3159:Social media mining
2612:Kenneth E. Boulding
2022:2019arXiv190413316C
1684:2019JCPro.206..878S
1391:2006PNuE...48...51D
1352:Military Psychology
762:personnel selection
728:Process improvement
330:Tavistock Institute
324:, Ken Bamforth and
4394:Systems psychology
4324:History of science
4241:Funding of science
4111:Skunkworks project
3808:Double hermeneutic
3593:History of science
3399:Internet addiction
3394:Influence-for-hire
3389:Friendship paradox
3379:Friend of a friend
3369:Computer addiction
3232:Giant Global Graph
3099:Assortative mixing
2742:James Grier Miller
2697:Faina M. Kirillova
2657:Heinz von Foerster
2647:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2607:Alexander Bogdanov
2592:Richard E. Bellman
2567:William Ross Ashby
1826:Mumford, E. 2003.
693:German green party
676:division of labour
620:In the mid-1970s,
428:joint optimization
372:joint optimization
4366:
4365:
4293:Technology policy
4024:Dematerialization
3833:black swan events
3515:
3514:
3507:Virtual community
3364:Complex contagion
3298:Attention economy
3272:Social television
3242:Reputation system
3094:Ambient awareness
2926:
2925:
2807:Manuela M. Veloso
2722:Humberto Maturana
2662:Stephanie Forrest
2632:C. West Churchman
2557:Russell L. Ackoff
2543:
2542:
2415:Positive feedback
2410:Negative feedback
1942:978-1-4398-9856-7
1763:978-0-07-060956-3
1738:978-1-4757-6107-8
1267:978-3-642-15198-9
1136:978-1-136-39751-6
1063:978-1-136-39751-6
622:Pehr Gyllenhammar
437:all one word, or
284:
283:
276:
266:
265:
258:
240:
164:
163:
138:quality standards
117:
116:
109:
57:
4411:
4339:
4338:
4314:
4266:Right to science
4246:Horizon scanning
4221:Academic freedom
4121:Technical change
3982:Women in science
3977:Unity of science
3758:Strong programme
3542:
3535:
3528:
3519:
3495:Social profiling
3449:Viral phenomenon
3212:Change detection
2953:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2802:Francisco Varela
2534:Systems thinking
2467:Urban metabolism
2430:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2281:
2270:
2260:
2220:
2218:
2081:
2080:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2015:
2000:AI & Society
1995:
1989:
1988:
1965:AI & Society
1962:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1880:
1874:
1873:
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1847:
1841:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
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1707:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1575:The RUSI Journal
1570:
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1563:
1553:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1422:
1416:
1411:A. Rice (1958).
1409:
1403:
1402:
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1368:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1311:
1280:
1279:
1245:
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1201:
1190:
1189:
1186:10.1037/h0031539
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1109:and philosopher
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1047:
1002:
987:
966:
955:
950:
949:
948:
668:responsibilities
398:One is that the
279:
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4409:
4408:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4302:
4261:Research ethics
4207:
4106:Reverse salient
4000:
3993:
3769:
3762:
3753:Sociotechnology
3697:
3609:
3574:
3551:
3546:
3516:
3511:
3485:Online identity
3453:
3342:
3338:Viral marketing
3328:Social commerce
3323:Sharing economy
3308:Creator economy
3281:
3194:
3188:
3086:
3080:
3057:
3009:
2966:
2960:Social networks
2957:
2927:
2922:
2878:
2857:
2831:
2772:Anatol Rapoport
2757:Talcott Parsons
2732:Donella Meadows
2707:Allenna Leonard
2627:Mary Cartwright
2622:Kathleen Carley
2582:Gregory Bateson
2577:BĂ©la H. BĂĄnĂĄthy
2539:
2476:
2425:
2419:
2405:Limiting factor
2400:Leverage points
2383:
2321:
2313:
2311:Systems science
2308:
2258:10.1.1.381.9353
2251:. Vol. 7.
2246:
2192:
2189:
2090:
2088:Further reading
2085:
2084:
2058:
2057:
2053:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1926:
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1895:(10): 508â524.
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1567:
1538:Human Relations
1531:
1530:
1526:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1462:Human Relations
1459:
1458:
1454:
1427:Human Relations
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1317:Human Relations
1313:
1312:
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1246:
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1030:Systems science
1018:Sociotechnology
1000:
985:
964:
961:Complex systems
951:
946:
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919:
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835:
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730:
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685:
660:Job enlargement
657:
655:Job enlargement
638:
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570:
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492:
472:
441:with a hyphen,
439:socio-technical
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96:
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79:Please help by
78:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4417:
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4407:
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4399:Systems theory
4396:
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4384:Social systems
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4271:Science policy
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4226:Digital divide
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4142:Technological
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4019:Design studies
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3828:Paradigm shift
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3668:Postpositivism
3665:
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3640:
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3628:Antipositivism
3625:
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3601:
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3598:and technology
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3502:Viral messages
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3333:Social sorting
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3293:Affinity fraud
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3129:Social capital
3126:
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3096:
3090:
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2855:
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2839:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2827:Anthony Wilden
2824:
2822:Jennifer Wilby
2819:
2817:Norbert Wiener
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Claude Shannon
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Ilya Prigogine
2759:
2754:
2752:Howard T. Odum
2749:
2747:Radhika Nagpal
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Niklas Luhmann
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:George Dantzig
2639:
2637:Manfred Clynes
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Margaret Boden
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Victor Aladjev
2559:
2553:
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2545:
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2527:
2522:
2517:
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2492:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Living systems
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Control theory
2433:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
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2292:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2231:STS Roundtable
2228:
2221:
2201:(3): 186â194.
2188:
2187:External links
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
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2119:
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2082:
2071:(9): 467â478.
2051:
2006:(3): 645â662.
1990:
1948:
1941:
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1810:
1789:(4): 317â342.
1769:
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1600:
1565:
1544:(8): 783â792.
1524:
1513:(9): 655â677.
1507:Safety Science
1497:
1468:(5): 497â534.
1452:
1433:(3): 227â245.
1417:
1404:
1369:
1342:
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1266:
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1231:
1212:(4): 250â269.
1191:
1180:(5): 467â474.
1164:
1142:
1135:
1115:
1107:Niklas Luhmann
1103:sociotechnical
1094:
1088:978-1780491325
1087:
1069:
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1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1024:Systems theory
1021:
1015:
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1006:Social network
1003:
997:Social machine
994:
988:
979:
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927:
926:ETHICS history
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709:Enid Mumford's
700:
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684:
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672:specialisation
656:
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641:Job enrichment
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603:Sustainability
601:
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4131:Technoscience
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Media studies
4099:
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4039:Early adopter
4037:
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4017:
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4009:Co-production
4007:
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3858:communication
3856:
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3840:Pseudoscience
3838:
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3788:Boundary-work
3786:
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3783:Bibliometrics
3781:
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3693:Transhumanism
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3470:Peer pressure
3468:
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3329:
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3319:
3318:Narrowcasting
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3217:Blockmodeling
3215:
3213:
3210:
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2864:
2862:Organizations
2860:
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2844:
2841:
2840:
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2825:
2823:
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2813:
2812:Kevin Warwick
2810:
2808:
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2800:
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2728:
2727:Margaret Mead
2725:
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2715:
2713:
2710:
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2698:
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2688:
2687:Lydia Kavraki
2685:
2683:
2680:
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2675:
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2672:Barbara Grosz
2670:
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2572:Ruzena Bajcsy
2570:
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2560:
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2428:
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2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Doubling time
2393:
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179:This article
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155:November 2021
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4346:Associations
4181:criticism of
4115:
4091:Leapfrogging
4074:linear model
3960:Team science
3950:Scientocracy
3873:Neo-colonial
3623:Anthropocene
3480:User profile
3252:Social graph
3085:Concepts and
3030:
2983:Professional
2964:social media
2915:
2903:
2891:
2836:Applications
2792:Katia Sycara
2692:James J. Kay
2682:Mike Jackson
2617:Murray Bowen
2515:Pharmacology
2510:Neuroscience
2456:
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511:Adaptability
505:
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480:Ken Bamforth
473:
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183:verification
180:
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4191:theories of
4176:and society
4172:Technology
4166:transitions
4156:determinism
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3894:Scientific
3878:post-normal
3823:Metascience
3793:Consilience
3778:Antiscience
3643:Neo-Luddism
3638:Fuzzy logic
3475:Researchers
3207:Aggregation
2782:Peter Senge
2777:John Seddon
2767:Qian Xuesen
2702:George Klir
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2364:Multi-agent
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1678:: 878â892.
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4161:revolution
4069:disruptive
4059:Innovation
4054:Hype cycle
3999:Technology
3970:ecological
3943:skepticism
3933:misconduct
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3633:Empiricism
3615:Philosophy
3409:Overchoice
3247:Social bot
3193:Models and
3174:Social web
3003:Adolescent
2797:Eric Trist
2652:Fred Emery
2549:Scientists
2525:Psychology
2520:Philosophy
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2334:Biological
2013:1904.13316
1483:2066/25883
1037:References
789:Job design
784:Job design
778:automation
770:checklists
704:Motivation
699:Motivation
521:complexity
476:Eric Trist
470:Principles
412:non-linear
326:Fred Emery
322:Eric Trist
315:cybernetic
311:workplaces
307:technology
246:March 2023
216:newspapers
85:relocating
39:improve it
4236:Factor 10
4064:diffusion
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3898:community
3863:education
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3347:Phenomena
3286:Economics
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357:technical
147:talk page
45:talk page
4356:Scholars
4351:Journals
4341:Category
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4186:dynamics
4136:feminist
3938:priority
3923:literacy
3883:rhetoric
3849:Science
3813:Logology
3087:theories
3063:Services
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2485:Analysis
2388:Concepts
2354:Economic
2223:JP Vos,
2216:18537088
1276:30087083
1157:26 March
976:Feedback
939:See also
766:training
746:strategy
674:and the
455:buzzword
378:Overview
4319:Science
4001:studies
3913:dissent
3853:citizen
3770:studies
3768:Science
3715:Social
3580:History
3490:Persona
2917:Commons
2500:Ecology
2490:Biology
2369:Nervous
2339:Complex
2018:Bibcode
1911:3243305
1805:6943658
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1226:4567867
416:complex
365:society
363:or the
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2042:S2CID
2008:arXiv
1981:S2CID
1961:(PDF)
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