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388:. Rising groundwater increased the depth of Big Soda Lake by 60 feet (18 m) from 147 feet (45 m) to 207 feet (63 m), bringing the commercial soda operations to an abrupt end by submerging the machinery. The facility was eventually under a depth of 35 feet (11 m) of water when the lake level stabilized in 1930.
429:
A 1978 paper on "Recent changes in the meromictic status of Big Soda Lake" reported the depth of the chemocline was first detected in 1933 as at 18 meters (59 ft). It had fallen to 37.5 meters (123 ft) at the time of the paper, leading to speculation that the lake would fully mix and cease
362:
The rim of the larger lake in its highest part rises 80 feet above the surrounding desert, and is 165 feet higher than the surface of the lake which it incloses. The outer slope of the cone is gentle and merges almost imperceptibly with the desert surface; but the inner slope is abrupt and at times
217:
volcano craters which may have erupted in the last 1,500 years. The larger lake, called Soda Lake or Big Soda Lake, is somewhat elongated, stretching 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) in length. The smaller one, Little Soda Lake, is 200 meters (660 ft) across. Considered to be a single volcano, the
442:
formations to grow from interaction of incoming springs with lake minerals and bacteria. In less than a century the tufa became over 3 meters (9.8 ft) high. Due to fluctuations in the lake level, sometimes the tops of the tufa are out of the water. These tufa formations became subject of
363:
approaches the perpendicular. A series of careful soundings gives 147 feet as the greatest depth of the lake. The total depth of the depression is therefore 312 feet, and its bottom is 232 feet lower than the general surface of the desert near at hand.
443:
research interest because lake level increase constrains their age to a century, which is a geologically short period of time. Compared to other usually-slower geological processes, the rate of growth of the tufa surprised observers.
319:
Exploration of the geothermal field in the Carson Desert near Soda Lakes began in the 1970s. The Soda Lake I & II geothermal energy plants came online in 1987 and 1991 respectively, with continuing development by multiple owners.
430:
to be meromictic within a few decades. The chemocline was listed as at 35 meters (115 ft) depth in 1983 and 2015 papers, showing it had not continued to fall but remained stable around the level measured in the 1970s.
1067:
Zimmerman, Susan H; Adams, Kenneth D; Rosen, Michael R (2015). "Trip 3.—Modern, Holocene, and
Pleistocene Lake Locales in the Western Great Basin, Nevada and California, June 21–25, 2015". In Rosen, Michael R (ed.).
297:. It was added in 2018 with an initial assessment as a moderate threat potential. Since the volcano's age was inferred to be younger than local Lake Lahontan sediments, that qualified as eruptive activity within the
696:
Rosen, Michael R; Arehart, Greg B; Lico, Michael S (2004-05-01). "Exceptionally fast growth rate of <100-yr-old tufa, Big Soda Lake, Nevada: Implications for using tufa as a paleoclimate proxy".
976:
Russell, I.C. 1885. Soda Lakes, near
Ragtown, Nevada. In: Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary lake of northwestern Nevada. United States Geological Survey, Monograph 11, pp. 73-80.
1101:
380:
in 1911–1916, the groundwater table rose in the
Lahontan Valley downstream of the reservoir. Additional water for irrigation was brought to Lahontan Reservoir from the
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401:
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combined craters are young enough that future activity cannot be ruled out. A geothermal power plant is located on the northeast flank of the volcano.
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sediments. The Soda Lakes volcano's age is inferred as less than 6,000 years because it is younger than the lake sediments. Fault lines in the
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355:, hence the name. In 1875, two commercial facilities were built for extraction of soda from the lake, for use by the Nevada mining industry.
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A significant increase in level of Big Soda Lake occurred in the early 20th century due to increased groundwater table. It became a
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418:. The denser lower layer is colder and more saline, and no longer mixes with the surface layer at any time of year. It is
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Maar volcanoes such as at Soda Lakes are formed by explosive eruptions when magma comes into contact with groundwater.
1206:
1201:
253:
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281:
trend to the northeast. Other older volcanoes nearby include the Upsal
Hogback basalt cone 7 miles northeast and
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According to an early study of Soda Lakes, Russell (1885) describes the Soda Lake basin at the time as follows:
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1155:, YouTube video by arsenicbug with discussion of meromictic lakes and their bacteria, tufa formations
135:
28:
1146:
at
Emigrant Trails West, mentions spring at Soda Lakes used by wagon trail after Forty Mile Desert
1049:
454:
is a 2 mile long state highway on part of Soda Lake Road since 1978. Its southern terminus is at
142:
1070:
Sixth
International Limnogeology Congress — Field Trip Guidebook, Reno, Nevada, June 15–19, 2015
345:
340:
A spring at Big Soda Lake provided the first drinkable water for 1800s wagon travelers on the
229:
formations have served as a rare research example of tufa's rate of growth within a century.
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Kimmel, Bruce; Gersberg, Richard; Paulson, Larry; Axler, Richard; Goldman, Churles (1978).
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1125:"Sparkling or still? A tour of geology from Soda Lakes to Stillwater Marsh, Nevada"
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540:"Hydrologic reconnaissance of Big and Little Soda Lakes, Churchill County, Nevada"
1161:, YouTube video by ucam1 (SCUBA diver view of submerged soda production facility)
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2018 update to the U.S. Geological Survey national volcanic threat assessment
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Pair of alkaline lakes in maar volcano craters in
Churchill County, Nevada
298:
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767:
458:, which passes about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of Little Soda Lake.
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143:
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Soda Lakes is the only volcano in Nevada currently listed on the USGS
157:
709:
211:
80:
753:
Ewert, John W; Diefenbach, Angela K; Ramsey, David W (2018-10-22).
991:"Recent changes in the meromictic status of Big Soda Lake, Nevada"
476:
is a historical emigrant trail stop and ghost town near Soda Lakes
327:
842:
840:
1137:, posterboard from 2010 presentation on Soda Lakes chemistry by
439:
258:
226:
225:
where the deeper water no longer mixes with surface waters. New
214:
879:"USGS: Volcano Hazards Program California Volcano Observatory"
748:
746:
984:
982:
1102:"State Maintained Highways of Nevada: Descriptions and Maps"
1028:"Autotrophic Processes in Meromictic Big Soda Lake, Nevada"
470:
now closed, is located near Soda Lakes off State Route 723
414:
Due to the rise in water level, Big Soda Lake became a
301:
for inclusion on the list. It is monitored by the USGS
662:"Soda Lake Geothermal Field Case History 1972 to 2016"
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422:, or completely depleted of oxygen, below the
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954:"Nevada Traveler: More to Soda Lake's story"
348:, 2 miles before reaching the Carson River.
273:floor around Soda Lakes consists of ancient
1135:"Biogeochemical investigation of Soda Lake"
849:"GEOLOGY OF THE SODA LAKE GEOTHERMAL AREA"
18:
1081:
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1006:
766:
831:United States Department of the Interior
803:United States Department of the Interior
610:United States Department of the Interior
582:United States Department of the Interior
1022:Cloern, James E.; Cole, Brian E. &
860:. UNIVERSITY OF UTAH RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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305:, which includes Nevada in its region.
368:Early 20th-century lake level increase
236:
438:The lake level increase also started
7:
494:
492:
490:
1098:Nevada Department of Transportation
822:Geographic Names Information System
794:Geographic Names Information System
601:Geographic Names Information System
573:Geographic Names Information System
206:are two lakes located northwest of
1129:Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology
857:Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology
547:Nevada Division of Water Resources
51:
14:
1177:Lakes of Churchill County, Nevada
929:Federal Writers' Project (1941).
404:Panorama of Big Soda Lake in 2018
1127:, geology field trip guide from
847:Sibbett, Bruce (December 1979).
393:
50:
43:
27:
1139:University of Nevada, Las Vegas
1074:United States Geological Survey
827:United States Geological Survey
799:United States Geological Survey
759:United States Geological Survey
606:United States Geological Survey
578:United States Geological Survey
180:
172:
885:California Volcano Observatory
637:California Volcano Observatory
372:Following the construction of
303:California Volcano Observatory
240:eruption of Soda Lakes volcano
1:
1131:Science Week tour in Oct 2018
932:Origin of Place Names: Nevada
71:
673:Geothermal Resources Council
351:The lakes are classified as
185:4,104 ft (1,251 m)
952:Moreno, Rich (2011-01-29).
1228:
1159:Steam Tractor at Soda Lake
1032:Limnology and Oceanography
995:Limnology and Oceanography
468:LORAN-C transmitter Fallon
315:Soda Lake Geothermal Plant
312:
1045:10.4319/lo.1983.28.6.1049
1008:10.4319/lo.1978.23.5.1021
38:
33:east rim of Big Soda Lake
26:
505:Global Volcanism Program
324:19th-century exploration
248:less than 6000 years ago
730:Volcano Hazards Program
538:Rush, F Eugene (1972).
510:Smithsonian Institution
332:West half of Soda Lake
295:Volcano Hazards Program
177:207 ft (63 m)
452:Nevada State Route 723
337:
110:39.53000°N 118.87000°W
1187:Volcanic crater lakes
1153:Big Soda Lake (day 1)
660:Benoit, Dick (2016).
331:
938:. W.P.A. p. 13.
910:Emigrant Trails West
136:volcanic crater lake
115:39.53000; -118.87000
1192:Volcanoes of Nevada
1083:10.3133/ofr20151108
1024:Oremland, Ronald S.
768:10.3133/sir20185140
106: /
1207:Inactive volcanoes
1202:Holocene volcanoes
1076:. pp. 65–67.
817:"Rattlesnake Hill"
675:. pp. 523–534
596:"Little Soda Lake"
344:at the end of the
338:
289:Volcano monitoring
210:. They occupy two
64:Location in Nevada
1026:(November 1983).
724:"Glossary - Maar"
384:via a canal from
346:Forty Mile Desert
336:in the late 1800s
264:
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200:
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182:Surface elevation
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1212:Meromictic lakes
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1100:(January 2019).
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309:Geothermal plant
283:Rattlesnake Hill
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158:Primary outflows
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77:Churchill County
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1197:Maars of Nevada
1182:Lakes of Nevada
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789:"Upsal Hogback"
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334:T.H. O'Sullivan
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271:Lahontan Valley
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223:meromictic lake
144:Primary inflows
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1119:External links
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906:"Carson Trail"
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1144:Carson Trail
1105:. Retrieved
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631:"Soda Lakes"
599:
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551:. Retrieved
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513:. Retrieved
503:
500:"Soda Lakes"
450:
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378:Carson River
374:Lahontan Dam
371:
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350:
342:Carson Trail
339:
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163:
149:
568:"Soda Lake"
456:US Route 50
285:in Fallon.
164:evaporation
113: /
101:118°52′12″W
88:Coordinates
1171:Categories
1107:2019-06-24
963:2019-06-22
915:2019-07-05
891:2019-06-30
864:2019-06-22
774:2019-07-23
757:(Report).
736:2019-07-23
679:2019-06-22
643:2019-06-30
553:2019-06-30
515:2018-09-11
481:References
426:boundary.
424:chemocline
353:soda lakes
204:Soda Lakes
194:References
174:Max. depth
132:meromictic
98:39°31′48″N
81:Nevada, US
58:Soda Lakes
22:Soda Lakes
386:Derby Dam
462:See also
299:Holocene
212:basaltic
73:Location
1149:Videos
1054:2836268
474:Ragtown
376:on the
233:Geology
150:aquifer
1052:
549:. USGS
420:anoxic
1050:JSTOR
936:(PDF)
883:USGS
852:(PDF)
728:USGS
665:(PDF)
635:USGS
543:(PDF)
447:Roads
440:tufa
269:The
259:Maar
254:Type
245:Date
227:tufa
215:maar
202:The
127:Type
1078:doi
1040:doi
1003:doi
763:doi
706:doi
1173::
1072:.
1048:.
1036:28
1034:.
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999:23
997:.
993:.
981:^
956:.
944:^
908:.
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854:.
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819:.
801:,
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761:.
745:^
726:.
702:32
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688:^
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489:^
134:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
