31:
602:. It reacts much more quickly and so contributes to a faster elimination of the carbon dioxide from the rebreathing circuit. The formation of water by the reaction and the moisture from the respiration also act as a solvent for the reaction. Reactions in aqueous phase are generally faster than between a dry gas and a dry solid. Soda lime is commonly used in closed-circuit
703:
reaction of calcium hydroxide on its turn continuously releases again sodium hydroxide in solution, maintaining a high pH, and the cycle continues up to the total disappearance of portlandite or reactive silica in the exposed concrete. Without the
1121:Ĺ evÄŤĂk, Radek; Mácová, Petra; Sotiriadis, Konstantinos; PĂ©rez-EstĂ©banez, Marta; Viani, Alberto; Ĺ ašek, Petr (2016). "Micro-Raman spectroscopy investigation of the carbonation reaction in a lime paste produced with a traditional technology".
576:
393:
471:
180:
filled with soda lime granules. Medical-grade soda lime includes an indicating dye that changes color when it reaches its carbon dioxide absorption capacity. To ensure proper functioning, a
1269:
1069:
Joseph Pelc (1923). Process of treating lime-containing materials. Application filed August 30, 1921. Serial No. 496,963. Patented Mar. 6, 1923. United States, 1,447,568 Patent Office.
184:(or soda lime canister) should not be used if the indicating dye is activated. Standard anesthesia machines typically contain up to 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) of soda lime granules.
227:
Exhaled gas undergoes a crucial process: it must pass through a carbon dioxide scrubber where carbon dioxide is absorbed before the gas is circulated for breathing again. In
999:
901:
667:
A similar reaction to above, also catalysed by sodium hydroxide, is the alkali–silica reaction, a slow degradation process causing the swelling and the cracking of
187:
Recent carbon dioxide absorbents have been developed to minimize the risk of toxic by-product formation resulting from the interaction between the absorbent and
594:
in the system and why soda lime is faster in chemical reactivity than calcium hydroxide alone. The moist sodium hydroxide impregnates the surface and the
235:
or submarines, a fan is employed to ensure a continuous flow of gas through the scrubbing canister. Notably, the use of color indicating dye in
1258:
1239:
953:
913:
708:
of this reaction by sodium- or potassium-soluble hydroxides, the alkali–silica reaction would not proceed or would be limited to a very slow
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1304:
642:
1299:
1055:
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978:
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219:
led the crew to adapt spare absorbent cartridges from the Apollo capsule to the Lunar
Excursion Module (LEM) system.
1068:
679:. In a very similar way, sodium hydroxide greatly facilitates the dissolution of the amorphous silica. The produced
1289:
712:. The alkali–silica reaction can be written like the soda lime reaction, by simply substituting carbon dioxide by
607:
1294:
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102:
98:
866:
696:
181:
155:
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1198:
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177:
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fleet applications ceased in 1996 due to concerns about potential chemical releases into the circuit.
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293:
The reaction mechanism of carbon dioxide with soda lime can be decomposed in three elementary steps:
876:
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849:
709:
188:
169:
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143:
42:
1309:
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195:. Some absorbents, including those made from lithium hydroxide, are available for this purpose.
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173:
58:
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110:
46:
30:
1080:
Samari, Mohammad; Ridha, Firas; Manovic, Vasilije; Macchi, Arturo; Anthony, E. J. (2019).
680:
1200:
Anesthesiology Core Review: Part One Basic Exam. Chapter 17: Absorption of Carbon
Dioxide
1134:
231:, this scrubber is integrated into the breathing loop. However, in larger settings like
713:
700:
290:
The reaction can be considered as a strong-base-catalysed, water-facilitated reaction.
78:
1278:
1182:
1165:
122:
94:
50:
34:
Soda lime canister used in anaesthetic machines to act as a carbon dioxide scrubber.
216:
53:(CaO), is used in granular form within recirculating breathing environments like
908:(5th ed.). United States: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1584.
684:
630:
276:
228:
165:
106:
66:
1166:"A study of carbon dioxide absorption appliances for anesthesia: The canister"
1098:
1081:
603:
62:
1266:
Example of a commercial soda lime product that is used in diving and medicine
1150:
1107:
142:) accounting for around 20%, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) making up about 3%, and
705:
646:
587:
212:
192:
1034:
668:
650:
638:
595:
579:
17:
1224:
STP205-EB Cement and
Concrete (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International
1231:
1142:
688:
626:
211:(Na: 23 g/mol; Li: 7 g/mol), saving weight during launch. During the
1082:"Direct capture of carbon dioxide from air via lime-based sorbents"
946:
Bennett and
Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed
1017:
Lillo RS, Ruby A, Gummin DD, Porter WR, Caldwell JM (March 1996).
969:
Richardson, Drew; Menduno, Michael; Shreeves, Karl (eds). (1996).
904:. In Paul G. Barash; Bruce F. Cullen; Robert K. Stoelting (eds.).
126:
29:
879:, a type of glass made from silica, soda, lime and aluminum oxide
571:{\displaystyle {\ce {NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O}}}
1222:
Verbeck, G. (1958). "Carbonation of hydrated
Portland cement".
207:(LiOH) is used as a carbon dioxide absorbent due to its low
561:
539:
523:
496:
459:
426:
370:
315:
981:: 286. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008
1086:
Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
343:
484:
414:
303:
388:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2(g) <=>> CO2(aq)}}}
645:is there essentially limited by the carbon dioxide
466:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2(aq) + NaOH -> NaHCO3}}}
716:in the reactions mentioned here above as follows:
570:
465:
387:
1037:. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007
350:
349:
1270:An Introduction to Sofnolime (Technical Article)
1197:Freeman, Brian S.; Berger, Jeffrey S. (2014).
1019:"Chemical safety of U.S. Navy Fleet soda lime"
287:(74 g) and produces one mole of water (18 g).
105:. The creation of soda lime involves treating
1259:Publications on sodalime in diving operations
168:, containing carbon dioxide, pass through an
121:The primary components of soda lime include:
27:Chemical mixture for absorbing carbon dioxide
8:
998:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
948:. United States: Saunders Ltd. p. 800.
215:flight, high carbon dioxide levels in the
1181:
1097:
939:
937:
629:) also contributes to the carbonation of
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895:
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683:then reacts with the calcium hydroxide (
641:although the rate of propagation of the
598:of calcium hydroxide grains with a high
586:This sequence of reactions explains the
944:Brubakk, Alf O.; Tom S. Neuman (2003).
889:
657:Analogy with the alkali–silica reaction
334:
1047:
991:
975:Diving Science and Technology Workshop
125:(CaO) constituting approximately 75%,
971:"Proceedings of Rebreather Forum 2.0"
900:Andrews, J. Jeff (1 September 2005).
146:(KOH) present at approximately 0.1%.
7:
578:(NaOH recycled to step 2 – hence a
473:(bicarbonate formation at high pH),
332:
271:O + heat (in the presence of water)
25:
1164:Adriani, J.; Byrd, M. L. (1941).
613:The same catalytic effect by the
1183:10.1097/00000542-194107000-00009
649:within the concrete matrix less
283:(44 g) reacts with one mole of
526:
513:
507:
446:
436:
430:
399:dissolves in water – slow and
380:
374:
352:
335:
325:
319:
77:. Its purpose is to eliminate
1:
1123:Journal of Raman Spectroscopy
979:Diving Science and Technology
695:(abbreviated as C-S-H in the
1211:– via Access Medicine.
608:anesthesia breathing circuit
813:
767:
755:silica dissolution by NaOH:
729:
1326:
687:) present in the hardened
660:
153:
1099:10.1007/s11027-019-9845-0
1054:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
803:and regeneration of NaOH
1002:) CS1 maint: unfit URL (
693:calcium silicate hydrate
103:carbon dioxide poisoning
99:carbon dioxide retention
1203:. McGraw-Hill Education
867:Carbon dioxide scrubber
697:cement chemist notation
610:in anesthesia systems.
182:carbon dioxide scrubber
156:Carbon dioxide scrubber
872:Alkali–silica reaction
663:Alkali–silica reaction
572:
467:
389:
233:recompression chambers
35:
1305:Rebreather components
600:specific surface area
573:
468:
390:
154:Further information:
33:
1300:Anesthetic equipment
902:"Anesthesia Systems"
482:
412:
301:
109:with a concentrated
1135:2016JRSp...47.1452S
1023:Undersea Hyperb Med
906:Clinical Anesthesia
850:Pozzolanic reaction
801:C-S-H precipitation
710:pozzolanic reaction
617:(function of the Na
563:
541:
525:
498:
461:
428:
372:
338:
317:
189:inhaled anesthetics
170:anaesthesia machine
162:general anaesthesia
144:potassium hydroxide
117:Chemical components
75:underwater habitats
71:hyperbaric chambers
852:catalysed by NaOH
604:diving rebreathers
568:
551:
529:
505:
486:
463:
449:
416:
385:
360:
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237:United States Navy
203:In space flights,
178:soda lime canister
55:general anesthesia
36:
1290:Calcium compounds
1241:978-0-8031-5667-8
1232:10.1520/STP39460S
1129:(12): 1452–1457.
955:978-0-7020-2571-6
915:978-0-7817-5745-4
856:
855:
675:rich in reactive
633:by atmospheric CO
615:alkali hydroxides
566:
554:
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532:
512:
504:
489:
452:
445:
435:
419:
379:
363:
358:
324:
308:
285:calcium hydroxide
249:chemical reaction
243:Chemical reaction
205:lithium hydroxide
174:breathing circuit
101:and, eventually,
59:breathing circuit
16:(Redirected from
1317:
1295:Sodium compounds
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918:. Archived from
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847:global reaction:
721:
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677:amorphous silica
592:sodium hydroxide
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209:molecular weight
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111:sodium hydroxide
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47:sodium hydroxide
21:
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923:
922:on 13 July 2011
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877:Soda–lime glass
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681:sodium silicate
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590:role played by
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176:, containing a
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95:breathing gases
89:
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28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1264:Sofnolime MSDS
1261:
1254:
1253:External links
1251:
1248:
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1214:
1189:
1176:(4): 450–455.
1170:Anesthesiology
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714:silica dioxide
701:silicification
691:paste to form
658:
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643:reaction front
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223:Rebreather use
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164:, a patient's
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79:carbon dioxide
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166:exhaled gases
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149:
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123:calcium oxide
116:
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112:
108:
104:
100:
97:, preventing
96:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:calcium oxide
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
1223:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1199:
1192:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1064:
1050:cite journal
1039:. Retrieved
1029:(1): 43–53.
1026:
1022:
1012:
994:cite journal
983:. Retrieved
974:
964:
945:
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
905:
762:reaction 2:
724:reaction 1:
666:
612:
585:
292:
289:
274:
247:The overall
246:
226:
217:Lunar Module
202:
199:Space flight
186:
159:
120:
38:
37:
808:sum (1+2):
685:portlandite
671:containing
631:portlandite
625:content of
606:and in the
229:rebreathers
150:Anaesthesia
107:slaked lime
67:rebreathers
49:(NaOH) and
1285:Hydroxides
1279:Categories
1041:2009-03-18
985:2009-03-18
884:References
673:aggregates
661:See also:
113:solution.
63:submarines
1310:Catalysis
1226:: 17–36.
1151:0377-0486
1108:1381-2386
1092:: 25–41.
706:catalysis
647:diffusion
588:catalytic
527:⟶
447:⟶
353:⇀
346:−
336:↽
213:Apollo 13
193:halothane
39:Soda lime
18:Sofnolime
1207:22 April
861:See also
818:+ Ca(OH)
795:O + NaOH
772:+ Ca(OH)
757:high pH
699:). This
669:concrete
639:concrete
596:porosity
580:catalyst
259:+ Ca(OH)
57:and its
1131:Bibcode
1035:8653065
191:, like
160:During
93:) from
43:mixture
1238:
1149:
1106:
1033:
952:
926:1 July
912:
830:
824:
811:
784:
778:
768:NaHSiO
765:
752:
746:NaHSiO
743:
737:
734:+ NaOH
727:
689:cement
651:porous
627:cement
263:→ CaCO
69:, and
833:CaSiO
787:CaSiO
488:NaHCO
451:NaHCO
279:of CO
275:Each
127:water
1236:ISBN
1209:2020
1147:ISSN
1104:ISSN
1056:link
1031:PMID
1004:link
1000:link
950:ISBN
928:2010
910:ISBN
546:NaOH
531:CaCO
444:NaOH
277:mole
251:is:
73:and
41:, a
1228:doi
1178:doi
1139:doi
1094:doi
837:+ H
814:SiO
791:+ H
730:SiO
637:in
478:3)
408:2)
395:(CO
297:1)
267:+ H
172:'s
45:of
1281::
1234:.
1172:.
1168:.
1145:.
1137:.
1127:47
1125:.
1102:.
1090:25
1088:.
1084:.
1052:}}
1048:{{
1027:23
1025:.
1021:.
996:}}
992:{{
977:.
973:.
936:^
892:^
653:.
623:eq
582:).
511:OH
503:Ca
434:aq
418:CO
403:),
378:aq
362:CO
307:CO
255:CO
83:CO
65:,
61:,
1244:.
1230::
1186:.
1180::
1174:2
1153:.
1141::
1133::
1110:.
1096::
1058:)
1044:.
1006:)
988:.
958:.
930:.
841:O
839:2
835:3
827:→
820:2
816:2
793:2
789:3
781:→
774:2
770:3
748:3
740:→
732:2
635:2
621:O
619:2
565:O
557:2
553:H
549:+
543:+
535:3
519:2
514:)
508:(
500:+
492:3
455:3
441:+
437:)
431:(
422:2
397:2
381:)
375:(
366:2
326:)
323:g
320:(
311:2
281:2
269:2
265:3
261:2
257:2
140:O
136:2
131:H
129:(
88:2
81:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
