404:
Sofronie saw their own lives in terms of the biblical drama of man's fall and redemption. The
Christian past was thus their present, continually made real by religious ceremonies. In a sense, they lived in a continuous present, in which ancient beliefs and practices were the models for everyday life. Religion determined their earthly frame of reference, for whenever they thought about membership in a larger community beyond the family or the village, they considered themselves part of the Orthodox world. An ethnic consciousness clearly existed -they were aware of the differences between themselves and the Serbs, for example, and they clung to their 'Wallachian religion'- but the idea of nation as the natural context within which they should live was foreign to them.
33:
212:(predominantly Romanian Orthodox), the Habsburgs tried to strengthen it in other ways. The fact that the Romanian people, due to their Orthodox religion, were only tolerated in Transylvania presented an excellent opportunity, and the Habsburgs believed that by winning over the Romanians they would strengthen their position in the region.
287:, informing the people that the Empress' Edict of Toleration allowed the Romanian population in Transylvania to choose freely between the Orthodox and the Greek-Catholic Church. The authorities in Vienna became worried and imperial troops hunted down the preacher. He was arrested by the authorities and jailed in
324:
On 2 August in the Abrud Church, Sofronie was once again arrested by the authorities and transferred to Zlatna. After the revolt of some 7,000 peasants from the area, he was once again released and then guarded and kept in hiding by the peasantry employed in the royal mines of Abrud. For a time, they
268:
destroyed
Sofronie's small monastery in an attempt to eliminate the violent threat of Orthodox fanaticism in Transylvania. The authorities also started to arrest all the members of the Orthodox clergy preaching against the union. In order to escape the arrest, Sofronie fled Cioara, leaving the local
403:
The movement roused by
Sofronie offers valuable insights into popular notions of community. The climate of opinion prevailing in the village, as revealed by the Orthodox resistance to the Union with Rome, strikes one as ahistorical, non-national, and to some extent millenarian. Those who followed
383:
Sofronie's movement led to the peaceful uprising of the
Romanian Orthodox peasant population in order to change the status of their Church from only "tolerated", despite being the majority of the Transylvanian population, to "officially recognised". In the end, the Orthodox achieved a notable
211:
religion served to strengthen the other forces of cohesion, dynastic, absolutism, bureaucratic, or military, and provided a political instrument for domination and unification. In addition to various measures designed to protect
Catholicism, which at the time was very weak in Transylvania
366:
However, disturbances went on and, to bring back order, the
Empress issued a new Edict of Toleration in 1769, which gave legal status to the "Eastern Greek Cult" (i.e. the Orthodox), making it an official religion in Transylvania. In reality tensions remained, and only under Emperor
416:
The
Orthodox movement led by Sofronie, focused on religion, and the movement of the Greek-Catholic scholars, focused on the idea of nation, in the end had complementary effects. They both kept alive the connection between the Romanians in Transylvania and those from
412:
had a different approach to the problem of the
Romanian nation in Transylvania. They possessed a keen sense of history and they thought increasingly in terms of 'nation', creating in this way a new path of development for the Romanians in Transylvania.
243:. The clergy first had to be won over with the material advantages of the union, which would mean equality with the Catholic priesthood, including their income and their privileges. However, many of the Orthodox priests did not join the Union and, as
259:
Sofronie, as a
Transylvanian Orthodox monk, preached against the union with the Catholics and against the increasing pressure put on the Orthodox communities to join this union. In the spring of 1757, the
399:
proposed an explanation for the strong devotion of the common people to their ancient faith, even though the Union with Rome would have brought them many more advantages and privileges.
291:, a village in Hunedoara County. On 13 February 1760, Sofronie was forcibly released, after the revolt of some 600 Romanian peasants led by Ioan, the Orthodox priest from Cioara.
195:
until 1757, when he started to lead the violent uprising of the
Romanian Orthodox population in Transylvania against the Habsburg policy of encouraging all Romanians to join the
219:
suggested Transylvania's Orthodox Church to be one with the Roman Catholic Church. Therefore, Transylvanians were encouraged to become Catholics and adhere to the newly created
340:, where he had many sympathizers. Sofronie remained in Wallachia until his death. He continued to dedicate his life to Orthodox monasticism, as a monk at the monasteries of
577:
409:
220:
196:
332:, Sofronie organized a meeting of the Transylvanian Orthodox Synod, which demanded total freedom of worship in Transylvania. The Austrian authorities sent General
607:
191:
After becoming a monk, Sofronie returned to Cioara and built a small wooden Orthodox monastery in the forest close to the village. He devoted his life to
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issued in 1759 her first Edict of Toleration, which seemed far too modest in scale to the people concerned, and only served to increase disturbances.
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592:
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means priest. Sofronie also became an Orthodox priest and he remained in Cioara until the death of his wife, when he went to a monastery in
587:
546:
515:
453:
384:
victory: recognition by the court of Vienna of the legal existence of their church and the appointment of a bishop in the person of
176:
was Popa (or Popovici, according to other sources). His family name suggests that one of his ancestors was a priest, as in Romanian
582:
567:
247:
wrote in his book, "despite all handicaps, the devotion of the common people to the ancient faith was truly touching and the
388:. He was the first bishop for the Transylvanian Orthodox population since 1701, when the authorities abolished the Orthodox
368:
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were in virtual revolt and openly declared that "the power of the lords is at an end, it is we who are now the masters".
597:
445:
356:
483:
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for an Orthodox bishop and freedom of religion slowly became more vocal and was roused by the Uniate example".
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372:
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425:, and therefore both can be seen as important steps made by Romanians towards their national unity.
224:
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The Habsburg Empire was a conglomerate of different states and people. In this conglomerate, the
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341:
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to pacify the region and arrest Sofronie, who, just before being arrested, managed to escape to
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by retaining their Orthodox ritual, but accepting the four doctrinal points established by the
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Sofronie was born in the first half of the 18th century in the Romanian village of Cioara, now
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321:, alarmed by his popularity, decided on 3 June to arrest and then execute Sofronie.
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After some evidence of popular discontent of the Transylvanian Orthodox, Empress
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On 6 October 1759, Sofronie addressed the Romanian Orthodox community from
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who advocated for the freedom of worship of the Romanian population in
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309:. On 21 April 1760 he addressed the Romanian Orthodox community from
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134:
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Sofronie continued his preachings against the Union with Rome in
228:
141:
50:
469:
The Idea of Nation: the Romanians of Transylvania, 1691–1849
371:
was a climate of religious tolerance brought in with the
471:, Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1985.
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as the supreme head of the church; the existence of
510:, Boulder: East European Monographs, 1989, p. 109.
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90:
80:
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56:
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21:
269:Orthodox community of the region without a head.
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477:
401:
502:
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164:, which was at the time part of the Austrian
25:"Cuviosul Mărturisitor Sofronie de la Cioara"
8:
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313:, and on 12 May, he addressed the one from
41:, Nicolae Oprea Miclăuș, Sofronie of Cioara
18:
578:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
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317:. The Austrian Council of Ministers in
264:authorities from the nearby village of
379:Results of the movement and its legacy
608:18th-century Eastern Orthodox priests
239:; and the use of unleavened bread in
7:
254:
408:The intellectuals linked with the
14:
328:On 14–18 February 1761, at
203:Religion in Habsburg Transylvania
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255:Sofronie's movement (1759–1761)
410:Romanian Greek-Catholic Church
1:
603:18th-century Christian saints
593:18th-century Romanian people
446:Wayne State University Press
488:A History of the Roumanians
484:Robert William Seton-Watson
227:between 1431 and 1445: the
624:
508:A History of the Romanians
492:Cambridge University Press
588:Romanian Orthodox priests
442:A History of Transylvania
30:
373:Edict of 13 October 1781
102:Romanian Orthodox Church
583:Romanian Orthodox monks
568:People from Alba County
539:Oxford University Press
535:The Romanians 1774–1866
85:Eastern Orthodox Church
16:Romanian Orthodox saint
406:
127:
355:(1766–1771) and then
221:Greek-Catholic Church
197:Greek-Catholic Church
188:) and became a monk.
128:Sofronie de la Cioara
541:. pp. 202–203.
494:, 1934, pp. 181-182.
598:18th-century births
506:Georges Castellan,
225:Council of Florence
23:Sofronie of Cioara
386:Dionisie Novacovic
120:Sofronie of Cioara
392:from Alba Iulia.
217:Emperor Leopold I
172:was Stan and his
132:Romanian Orthodox
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96:21 October 1955,
81:Venerated in
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527:
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334:Adolf von Buccow
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285:Hunedoara County
168:. His Christian
139:Eastern Orthodox
63:, now Săliștea,
48:Eastern Orthodox
37:Romanian Saints
35:
19:
623:
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573:Romanian saints
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357:Curtea de Argeș
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296:Țara Zarandului
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237:Filioque clause
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186:Cozia Monastery
166:Habsburg Empire
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75:Curtea de Argeș
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531:Keith Hitchins
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465:Keith Hitchins
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440:Ștefan Pascu,
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397:Keith Hitchins
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241:Holy Communion
209:Roman Catholic
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184:(possibly the
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39:Visarion Saraj
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361:Argeș County
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307:Țara Moților
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266:Vințu de Jos
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245:Seton-Watson
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162:Transylvania
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146:Transylvania
137:. He was an
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118:
349: [
299: [
193:monasticism
174:family name
65:Alba County
562:Categories
490:, London:
429:References
395:Historian
330:Alba Iulia
170:given name
152:Early life
113:21 October
98:Alba Iulia
419:Wallachia
369:Joseph II
359:, all in
338:Wallachia
233:Purgatory
215:In 1701,
182:Wallachia
92:Canonized
533:(1996).
448:, 1983.
423:Moldavia
262:Austrian
158:Săliștea
124:Romanian
346:Vieroși
289:Bobâlna
130:) is a
100:by the
545:
514:
452:
342:Robaia
319:Vienna
311:Zlatna
235:; the
61:Cioara
353:]
315:Abrud
303:]
283:, in
135:saint
109:Feast
543:ISBN
512:ISBN
450:ISBN
421:and
305:and
281:Brad
229:Pope
178:popă
142:monk
71:Died
57:Born
51:Monk
564::
537:.
522:^
499:^
486:,
476:^
467:,
444:,
375:.
363:.
351:ro
301:ro
199:.
160:,
148:.
126::
551:.
122:(
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