490:(CoW) mechanisms. (Most commonly, a standard file system is shared between partitions, and those partitions that change the files automatically create their own copies.) This is easier to back up, more space-efficient and simpler to cache than the block-level copy-on-write schemes common on whole-system virtualizers. Whole-system virtualizers, however, can work with non-native file systems and create and roll back snapshots of the entire system state.
36:
432:, different distributions are fine, but other operating systems such as Windows cannot be hosted. Operating systems using variable input systematics are subject to limitations within the virtualized architecture. Adaptation methods including cloud-server relay analytics maintain the OS-level virtual environment within these applications.
339:
all that is available. Several containers can be created on each operating system, to each of which a subset of the computer's resources is allocated. Each container may contain any number of computer programs. These programs may run concurrently or separately, and may even interact with one another.
338:
With operating-system-virtualization, or containerization, it is possible to run programs within containers, to which only parts of these resources are allocated. A program expecting to see the whole computer, once run inside a container, can only see the allocated resources and believes them to be
362:
Other typical scenarios include separating several programs to separate containers for improved security, hardware independence, and added resource management features. The improved security provided by the use of a chroot mechanism, however, is not perfect. Operating-system-level virtualization
334:
in the context in which it runs. The operating system may also hide those resources, so that when the computer program enumerates them, they do not appear in the enumeration results. Nevertheless, from a programming point of view, the computer program has interacted with those resources and the
358:
environments, where it is useful for securely allocating finite hardware resources among a large number of mutually-distrusting users. System administrators may also use it for consolidating server hardware by moving services on separate hosts into containers on the one server.
1710:
A total of 14 user capabilities are considered safe within a container. The rest may cannot be granted to processes within that container without allowing that process to potentially interfere with things outside that
427:
Operating-system-level virtualization is not as flexible as other virtualization approaches since it cannot host a guest operating system different from the host one, or a different guest kernel. For example, with
2227:
LXC now has support for user namespaces. LXC is no longer running as root so even if an attacker manages to escape the container, he'd find himself having the privileges of a regular user on the host.
1758:
Each container can have its own IP addresses, firewall rules, routing tables and so on. Three different networking schemes are possible: route-based, bridge-based, and assigning a real network device (
1916:
There are many other OS-level virtualization systems such as: Linux OpenVZ, Linux-VServer, FreeBSD Jails, AIX Workload
Partitions (WPARs), HP-UX Containers (SRP), Solaris Containers, among others.
250:
features to limit the impact of one container's activities on other containers. Linux containers are all based on the virtualization, isolation, and resource management mechanisms provided by the
1746:
Available since Linux kernel 2.6.18-028stable021. Implementation is based on CFQ disk I/O scheduler, but it is a two-level schema, so I/O priority is not per-process, but rather per-container.
3675:
1817:
3042:
2994:
297:
On ordinary operating systems for personal computers, a computer program can see (even though it might not be able to access) all the system's resources. They include:
2799:
246:
mechanism, which changes the apparent root folder for the current running process and its children. In addition to isolation mechanisms, the kernel often provides
3013:
2072:"System administration guide: Oracle Solaris containers-resource nanagement and Oracle Solaris zones, Chapter 31: About branded zones and the Linux branded zone"
1537:, an advanced Kubernetes ready root-less secure drop-in replacement for Docker with support for multiple container image formats, including OCI and Docker images
3696:
1856:
Non-global zones are restricted so they may not affect other zones via a capability-limiting approach. The global zone may administer the non-global zones.
1898:
2871:
53:
2489:
Oracle
Solaris 11.1 administration, Oracle Solaris zones, Oracle Solaris 10 zones and resource management E29024.pdf, pp. 356–360. Available
286:
2047:"System administration guide: Oracle Solaris containers-resource management and Oracle Solaris zones, Chapter 16: Introduction to Solaris zones"
2503:
3350:
2987:
2541:
3753:
3663:
2425:
1953:
3748:
100:
2942:
3729:
3630:
2022:
119:
72:
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2456:
3768:
247:
79:
3773:
2411:
1989:
1721:
1620:
346:: In the latter, only one computer program is placed in an isolated container and the isolation applies to file system only.
57:
3269:
1652:
1610:
86:
3057:
2239:
1759:
330:
The operating system may be able to allow or deny access to such resources based on which program requests them and the
232:
2046:
3095:
466:
inside "lx" zones. However, in 2010 Linux branded zones were removed from
Solaris; in 2014 they were reintroduced in
451:
148:
1929:
68:
3592:
3074:
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1371:
1321:
1000:
891:
791:
691:
368:
343:
3324:
3275:
2818:
1615:
1584:
446:
or 9 version in a
Solaris 10 host. Linux branded zones (referred to as "lx" branded zones) are also available on
144:
454:
and support for the execution of Linux applications; additionally, Solaris provides utilities needed to install
3280:
3260:
2071:
455:
2599:
2121:
3758:
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3625:
3577:
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3021:
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302:
46:
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3559:
3391:
1720:
Disk quotas per container are possible when using separate partitions for each container with the help of
1646:
1261:
831:
2490:
1724:, or when the underlying host filesystem is btrfs, in which case btrfs subvolumes are automatically used.
3265:
3127:
2956:
1670:
Root user can easily escape from chroot. Chroot was never supposed to be used as a security mechanism.
2288:
1630:
1546:
1221:
1010:
227:
running on an ordinary operating system can see all resources (connected devices, files and folders,
223:). Such instances may look like real computers from the point of view of programs running in them. A
93:
442:
feature, which provides the ability to run an environment within a container that emulates an older
3605:
3567:
3535:
3421:
3416:
3232:
1553:
1529:
1218:
1208:
686:
380:
323:
164:
2731:
1866:
1540:
419:). This form of virtualization also does not require hardware support for efficient performance.
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3411:
3320:
3227:
2215:
2075:
2050:
2028:
1641:
985:
463:
408:
180:
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537:
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3610:
3437:
3187:
3079:
3067:
2472:
2316:
2018:
1985:
1625:
1461:
1416:
1316:
940:
615:
606:
168:
2240:"Sylabs brings Singularity containers into commercial HPC | Top 500 supercomputer sites"
1979:
231:, CPU power, quantifiable hardware capabilities) of that computer. Programs running inside a
3635:
3509:
2939:
2306:
2296:
2010:
1600:
1411:
331:
255:
224:
136:
2440:
2157:
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3452:
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392:
355:
309:
270:
242:
operating systems, this feature can be seen as an advanced implementation of the standard
228:
2951:
269:
most commonly refers to OS-level virtualization, it is sometimes used to refer to fuller
2292:
3763:
3640:
3582:
3115:
3003:
2620:
2520:
2311:
2276:
1476:
1361:
741:
624:
435:
364:
282:
140:
2453:
3742:
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3315:
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2717:
2682:
2653:
2632:
2193:
1903:
1109:
1059:
675:
521:
487:
439:
1552:
Bottlerocket is a Linux-based open-source operating system that is purpose-built by
3680:
3669:
3386:
3355:
3300:
2032:
1567:
1050:
475:
251:
216:
2097:
383:
because programs in OS-level virtual partitions use the operating system's normal
17:
2301:
3615:
3468:
3217:
3177:
3110:
2924:"Bottlerocket is a Linux-based operating system purpose-built to run containers"
2361:
2005:
Huang, D. (2015). "Experiences in using os-level virtualization for block I/O".
1865:
Check the "allow.quotas" option and the "Jails and file systems" section on the
1780:
Each container may have root access without possibly affecting other containers.
1559:
1168:
1114:
1064:
995:
841:
471:
396:
384:
35:
2957:
Virtualization and containerization of application infrastructure: A comparison
2473:"Managing network virtualization and network resources in Oracle® Solaris 11.2"
2139:
3713:
3540:
3305:
3295:
3120:
3085:
3026:
1605:
1266:
526:
315:
235:
can only see the container's contents and devices assigned to the container.
3545:
3137:
2578:
2014:
1311:
945:
931:
562:
443:
274:
239:
2674:
2320:
1954:"Secure Bottlerocket deployments on Amazon EKS with KubeArmor | Containers"
1838:
Starting in
Solaris 11.3 Beta, Solaris Kernel Zones may use live migration.
2972:
2175:
2412:"Initial public prerelease of Virtuozzo (named ASPcomplete at that time)"
1421:
1271:
388:
379:
Operating-system-level virtualization usually imposes less overhead than
27:
Operating system paradigm allowing multiple isolated user space instances
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2275:
Kurtzer, Gregory M.; Sochat, Vanessa; Bauer, Michael W. (May 11, 2017).
3519:
3499:
3478:
3239:
3149:
3052:
2966:
2923:
1595:
1589:
1213:
1159:
1154:
1104:
1055:
991:
467:
404:
278:
259:
208:
2884:
2826:
2732:"IBM fix pack information for: WPAR network isolation - United States"
2379:
3645:
3504:
3447:
3442:
3406:
3345:
3285:
3212:
3197:
3192:
3142:
3105:
3090:
3047:
2335:
1534:
1163:
881:
731:
556:
459:
319:
243:
220:
188:
172:
2624:
2393:
2962:
2848:
2504:"Contain your enthusiasm - Part two: Jails, zones, OpenVZ, and LXC"
2098:"The dream is alive! Running Linux containers on an illumos kernel"
3600:
3255:
3207:
3182:
3062:
2579:"[Announcement] VPS // OS virtualization // alpha release"
1829:
Only when top level is a KVM zone (illumos) or a kz zone (Oracle).
1734:
1471:
1366:
936:
886:
836:
786:
736:
682:
619:
611:
429:
273:
operating in varying degrees of concert with the host OS, such as
2558:
3514:
3290:
3222:
3202:
3154:
1005:
660:
400:
2976:
3401:
3132:
3100:
1683:
1562:
is an open-source Linux distribution that is purpose-built by
1556:
for running containers on virtual machines or bare metal hosts
1525:
1521:
781:
447:
412:
156:
29:
2905:
2691:
2542:"Implementing a clonable network stack in the FreeBSD kernel"
1899:"Software containers: Used more frequently than most realize"
308:
Data that can be read or written, such as files, folders and
2426:"Parallels Virtuozzo now provides native support for Docker"
2277:"Singularity: Scientific containers for mobility of compute"
2209:
2207:
438:
partially overcomes the limitation described above with its
2952:
A short intro to three different virtualization techniques
2800:"2.3. Modifying control groups Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"
2454:
Network virtualization and resource control (Crossbow) FAQ
2158:"Install Docker desktop on Windows | Docker documentation"
663:
354:
Operating-system-level virtualization is commonly used in
2709:
2649:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2690:"vkernel, vcd, vkd, vke - virtual kernel architecture".
301:
Hardware capabilities that can be employed, such as the
1930:"Namespaces and Cgroups, the basis of Linux Containers"
2710:"vkernel, vcd, vkd, vke - virtual kernel architecture"
2675:"vkernel, vcd, vkd, vke — virtual kernel architecture"
2007:
Proceedings of the 10th
Parallel Data Storage Workshop
1847:
Cold migration (shutdown-move-restart) is implemented.
1798:
Docker containers can run inside
Virtuozzo containers.
1706:
1704:
1698:
Networking is based on isolation, not virtualization.
1984:. O'Reilly Series. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 59.
335:
operating system has managed an act of interaction.
3706:
3654:
3591:
3558:
3528:
3487:
3461:
3430:
3379:
3368:
3338:
3248:
3170:
3163:
3035:
3020:
2140:"Docker drops LXC as default execution environment"
1818:
Solaris network virtualization and resource control
1771:
Docker containers can run inside OpenVZ containers.
450:-based Solaris systems, providing a complete Linux
395:, as is the case with full virtualization (such as
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2872:Rootless containers with Podman and fuse-overlayfs
2508:Jails were first introduced in FreeBSD 4.0 in 2000
1978:Korff, Yanek; Hope, Paco; Potter, Bruce (2005).
1686:scheduler, there is a separate queue per guest.
3014:Comparison of platform virtualization software
1694:
1692:
1543:, a set of container tools used on HPC systems
2988:
2819:"CoreOS is building a container runtime, rkt"
2521:"Hierarchical resource limits - FreeBSD Wiki"
387:interface and do not need to be subjected to
8:
3697:Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation
2959:, June 22, 2015, by Mathijs Jeroen Scheepers
2885:"Overview — Charliecloud 0.25 documentation"
2668:
2666:
2216:"LXC 1.0: Security features [6/10]"
1517:Linux containers not listed above include:
548:Partition checkpointing and live migration
3376:
3167:
3032:
2995:
2981:
2973:
2693:DragonFly miscellaneous information manual
2679:DragonFly miscellaneous information manual
2600:"3.5. Limiting your program's environment"
2122:"3.5. Limiting your program's environment"
1789:Available since version 4.0, January 2008.
1733:I/O rate limiting is supported when using
497:
371:of containers between nodes in a cluster.
147:allows the existence of multiple isolated
2310:
2300:
2176:"Get started with Docker desktop for Mac"
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2644:
2642:
486:Some implementations provide file-level
2658:treats the disk image as copy-on-write.
1889:
1663:
287:Timeline of virtualization technologies
2750:"Live application mobility in AIX 6.1"
1981:Mastering FreeBSD and OpenBSD security
1678:
1676:
3351:System Center Virtual Machine Manager
1754:
1752:
342:Containerization has similarities to
7:
3664:Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet
510:Actively developed since or between
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2214:Graber, Stéphane (1 January 2014).
3075:LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC
2258:"SIF — Containing your containers"
25:
3730:List of computer system emulators
3631:Symantec Workspace Virtualization
2940:An introduction to virtualization
2398:OpenVZ Virtuozzo Containers Wiki
2366:OpenVZ Virtuozzo Containers Wiki
2336:"Comparison on OpenVZ wiki page"
1524:, an alternative wrapper around
474:Solaris fork, supporting 32-bit
34:
2362:"I/O priorities for containers"
659:Only in experimental mode with
281:containers. For an overview of
45:needs additional citations for
2969:, May 28, 2015, by Josh Berkus
2963:Containers and persistent data
2714:DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages
2650:"vkd(4) — Virtual kernel disc"
2523:. Wiki.freebsd.org. 2012-10-27
1621:Sandbox (software development)
318:it can interact with, such as
1:
2673:Sascha Wildner (2007-01-08).
2096:Bryan Cantrill (2014-09-28).
1653:Virtual resource partitioning
1611:Portable application creators
391:or be run in an intermediate
367:can also be used for dynamic
3462:Virtual kernel architectures
2302:10.1371/journal.pone.0177459
3754:Operating system technology
2874:, CERN workshop, 2019-06-04
568:Varies by operating system
363:implementations capable of
3790:
1897:Hogg, Scott (2014-05-26).
512:
344:application virtualization
305:and the network connection
3749:Operating system security
3722:
3276:Parallels Desktop for Mac
3011:
2547:. usenix.org. 2003-06-13.
1616:Open Container Initiative
551:Root privilege isolation
509:
506:
503:
500:
69:"OS-level virtualization"
3281:Parallels Server for Mac
3261:Microsoft Virtual Server
456:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
167:, HP-UX SRP Containers,
3686:Virtual security switch
3626:Remote Desktop Services
3578:Remote Desktop Services
3573:Citrix Virtual Desktops
3488:Related kernel features
2804:Red Hat Customer portal
2194:"Paper - Linux-VServer"
2015:10.1145/2834976.2834982
1585:Container orchestration
185:virtual private servers
133:OS-level virtualization
3769:Linux containerization
3691:Virtual Extensible LAN
3431:Application containers
3392:iCore Virtual Accounts
2441:"Our ZFS I/O throttle"
1878:Available since TL 02.
1647:Virtual private server
1262:iCore Virtual Accounts
545:Nested virtualization
518:File system isolation
143:paradigm in which the
3774:Linux kernel features
3266:Parallels Workstation
3128:VMware Infrastructure
1867:FreeBSD jail man page
151:instances, including
2180:Docker documentation
1907:. Network world, Inc
1631:Serverless computing
1222:proprietary software
197:virtual environments
54:improve this article
3606:Citrix Virtual Apps
3568:Citrix Virtual Apps
3422:Workload Partitions
3233:Virtual DOS machine
2853:linuxcontainers.org
2779:www.freedesktop.org
2629:BSD cross reference
2334:Bronnikov, Sergey.
2293:2017PLoSO..1277459K
2182:. December 6, 2019.
1554:Amazon Web Services
687:Windows Server 2016
679:(security context)
464:Linux distributions
381:full virtualization
248:resource-management
3412:Solaris Containers
3321:VMware Workstation
3228:Windows on Windows
2945:2019-11-28 at the
2459:2008-06-01 at the
2380:"Docker inside CT"
2164:. 9 February 2023.
2076:Oracle Corporation
2051:Oracle Corporation
2009:. pp. 13–18.
1642:Storage hypervisor
1477:Apache license 2.0
986:Solaris Containers
742:Apache license 2.0
625:Apache license 2.0
565:operating systems
542:Network isolation
531:I/O rate limiting
409:paravirtualization
265:Although the word
181:Solaris Containers
161:Solaris Containers
18:Software container
3736:
3735:
3726:List of emulators
3554:
3553:
3364:
3363:
3334:
3333:
3188:Cooperative Linux
3080:Logical partition
2910:katacontainers.io
2559:"VPS for FreeBSD"
2491:within an archive
2198:linux-vserver.org
1820:for more details.
1762:) to a container.
1626:Separation kernel
1515:
1514:
504:Operating system
326:, scanner, or fax
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3781:
3402:Linux Containers
3377:
3168:
3033:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2974:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2825:. Archived from
2814:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2775:"systemd-nspawn"
2771:
2758:
2757:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2686:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:. 31 August 2012
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2463:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2439:Pijewski, Bill.
2436:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2264:. 14 March 2018.
2254:
2248:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1807:Yes with illumos
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1601:Linux namespaces
1549:MicroVM Platform
1481:2014–2018
1173:2006–2009
670:
644:
498:
285:since 1960, see
271:virtual machines
256:Linux namespaces
225:computer program
137:operating system
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3718:
3702:
3650:
3621:Microsoft App-V
3587:
3550:
3524:
3483:
3474:User-mode Linux
3457:
3426:
3371:
3360:
3330:
3244:
3159:
3024:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2947:Wayback Machine
2936:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2786:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2756:. June 3, 2008.
2748:
2747:
2743:
2738:. 21 July 2011.
2730:
2729:
2725:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2689:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2625:"sys/vkernel.h"
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
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2477:docs.oracle.com
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2461:Wayback Machine
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2423:
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2287:(5): e0177459.
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1697:
1690:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1638:package manager
1592:package manager
1580:Container Linux
1576:
1566:and similar to
1564:Microsoft Azure
1547:Kata Containers
1009:
999:
678:
668:
642:
496:
494:Implementations
484:
470:, which is the
425:
417:User-mode Linux
393:virtual machine
377:
356:virtual hosting
352:
295:
205:virtual kernels
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3787:
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3759:Virtualization
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3683:
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3652:
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3649:
3648:
3643:
3641:VMware ThinApp
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
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3585:
3583:VMware Horizon
3580:
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3116:VMware vSphere
3108:
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3004:Virtualization
3002:
3000:
2999:
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2934:External links
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2621:Matthew Dillon
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2102:slideshare.net
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1362:systemd-nspawn
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578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
559:
553:
552:
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546:
543:
540:
535:
534:Memory limits
532:
529:
524:
519:
515:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
495:
492:
483:
480:
424:
421:
376:
373:
369:load balancing
365:live migration
351:
348:
328:
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310:network shares
306:
294:
291:
283:virtualization
229:network shares
141:virtualization
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
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14:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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3531:
3529:Orchestration
3527:
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3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Linux-VServer
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:OS containers
3378:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:VMware Server
3314:
3312:
3311:VMware Fusion
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
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3279:
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3119:
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2898:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2829:on 2019-04-01
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:Polvi, Alex.
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2780:
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2768:
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2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2718:DragonFly BSD
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:DragonFly BSD
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:DragonFly BSD
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2633:DragonFly BSD
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2602:. Freebsd.org
2601:
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2571:
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2278:
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2263:
2262:www.sylabs.io
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2067:
2064:
2052:
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2024:9781450340083
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
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1931:
1928:Rami, Rosen.
1924:
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1599:
1597:
1596:Linux cgroups
1594:
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1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:Fedora CoreOS
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:developed by
1527:
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1518:
1510:
1507:
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1501:
1498:
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1399:
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1373:
1372:GNU LGPLv2.1+
1370:
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1111:
1110:DragonFly BSD
1108:
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1060:DragonFly BSD
1057:
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681:
677:
676:Linux-VServer
674:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
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652:
649:
646:
640:
638:Not directly
637:
634:
631:
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626:
623:
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547:
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541:
539:
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533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Copy on write
520:
517:
516:
499:
493:
491:
489:
488:copy-on-write
481:
479:
477:
476:Linux kernels
473:
469:
465:
461:
458: 3.x or
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:branded zones
437:
433:
431:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
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209:DragonFly BSD
206:
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186:
182:
178:
174:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
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124:
121:
113:
110:November 2020
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3681:Open vSwitch
3670:Ethernet VPN
3387:FreeBSD jail
3369:
3356:Virt-manager
3301:Virtual Iron
2918:
2909:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2879:
2867:
2856:. Retrieved
2852:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:the original
2822:
2812:
2803:
2778:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2713:
2704:
2692:
2678:
2657:
2628:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2594:
2583:. Retrieved
2573:
2562:. Retrieved
2553:
2536:
2525:. Retrieved
2515:
2507:
2498:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2449:
2434:
2420:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2219:. Retrieved
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:
2091:
2080:. Retrieved
2066:
2055:. Retrieved
2041:
2006:
2000:
1980:
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1960:. 2022-10-20
1957:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1923:
1915:
1909:. Retrieved
1902:
1892:
1874:
1869:for details.
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1666:
1541:Charliecloud
1516:
1465:
1051:FreeBSD jail
669:(since 1.10)
643:(since 1.10)
485:
434:
426:
378:
361:
353:
341:
337:
332:user account
329:
296:
266:
264:
252:Linux kernel
237:
217:FreeBSD jail
212:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
176:
152:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3616:InstallFree
3593:Application
3469:Rump kernel
3249:Independent
3218:SheepShaver
3178:Basilisk II
3171:Specialized
3111:VMware ESXi
3027:hypervisors
2823:CoreOS Blog
2754:www.ibm.com
2394:"Container"
2346:28 December
2340:OpenVZ Wiki
2221:12 February
2126:freebsd.org
1560:Azure Linux
1169:BSD License
1115:BSD Licence
1065:BSD License
1011:Proprietary
996:OpenSolaris
842:BSD Licence
832:Singularity
527:Disk quotas
472:open source
423:Flexibility
397:VMware ESXi
385:system call
316:peripherals
3743:Categories
3724:See also:
3714:BlueStacks
3541:Kubernetes
3536:Amazon ECS
3510:namespaces
3306:Virtual PC
3296:VirtualBox
3096:Proxmox VE
3086:LynxSecure
2858:2021-02-11
2606:2014-01-15
2585:2016-02-20
2564:2016-02-20
2527:2014-01-15
2107:2014-10-10
2082:2014-09-02
2057:2014-09-02
1991:0596006268
1964:2023-06-20
1911:2015-07-09
1885:References
1711:container.
1682:Using the
1606:Hypervisor
1267:Windows XP
1219:Commercial
1075:Yes (ZFS)
1021:Yes (ZFS)
746:2013–2015
538:CPU quotas
501:Mechanism
462: 3.x
452:user space
314:Connected
254:, notably
193:partitions
153:containers
149:user space
80:newspapers
3546:OpenShift
3417:Virtuozzo
3370:Operating
3138:XenServer
2890:4 October
1938:18 August
1530:Canonical
1322:GNU GPLv3
1312:Sandboxie
946:Trialware
932:Virtuozzo
892:GNU GPLv2
792:GNU GPLv2
692:GNU GPLv2
563:UNIX-like
513:Features
444:Solaris 8
411:(such as
389:emulation
293:Operation
275:Microsoft
267:container
240:Unix-like
233:container
3707:See also
3699:(GENEVE)
3068:KubeVirt
3022:Hardware
3006:software
2943:Archived
2833:12 March
2623:(2006).
2457:Archived
2342:. OpenVZ
2321:28494014
2281:PLOS ONE
1574:See also
1422:Freemium
1347:Partial
1335:Partial
1272:Freeware
1096:Partial
1042:Partial
1039:Partial
1027:Partial
988:(Zones)
974:Partial
920:Partial
808:Partial
805:Partial
776:Partial
767:Partial
726:Partial
717:Partial
574:Partial
507:License
375:Overhead
3693:(VXLAN)
3656:Network
3560:Desktop
3520:seccomp
3500:cgroups
3479:vkernel
3270:Extreme
3240:Win4Lin
3150:XtratuM
3053:Hyper-V
2967:LWN.net
2736:ibm.com
2312:5426675
2289:Bibcode
2033:3867190
1590:Flatpak
1417:Windows
1317:Windows
1160:OpenBSD
1155:sysjail
1105:vkernel
1056:FreeBSD
1001:Solaris
992:illumos
941:Windows
616:Windows
482:Storage
468:Illumos
436:Solaris
405:Hyper-V
324:printer
279:Hyper-V
260:cgroups
211:), and
94:scholar
3672:(EVPN)
3666:(DOVE)
3646:ZeroVM
3611:Dalvik
3505:chroot
3495:BrandZ
3448:lmctfy
3443:Podman
3438:Docker
3407:OpenVZ
3372:system
3346:Ganeti
3325:Player
3286:PearPC
3213:PikeOS
3198:DOSEMU
3193:DOSBox
3164:Hosted
3143:XCP-ng
3121:vCloud
3106:SIMMON
3091:PikeOS
3082:(LPAR)
3048:CP/CMS
3036:Native
2906:"Home"
2319:
2309:
2162:Docker
2078:. 2010
2053:. 2010
2031:
2021:
1988:
1535:Podman
1466:rocket
1164:NetBSD
882:OpenVZ
732:lmctfy
607:Docker
557:chroot
460:CentOS
407:) and
320:webcam
244:chroot
221:chroot
189:OpenVZ
173:Podman
169:Docker
163:, AIX
145:kernel
135:is an
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3764:Linux
3676:NVGRE
3636:Turbo
3601:Ceedo
3339:Tools
3256:bhyve
3208:86Box
3183:Bochs
3063:oVirt
3043:Adeos
2849:"LXD"
2545:(PDF)
2144:InfoQ
2029:S2CID
1933:(PDF)
1735:Btrfs
1659:Notes
1649:(VPS)
1472:Linux
1426:2012
1412:Turbo
1376:2010
1367:Linux
1326:2004
1276:2008
1226:2007
1209:WPARs
1119:2006
1069:2000
1015:2004
950:2000
937:Linux
896:2005
887:Linux
846:2015
837:Linux
796:2008
787:Linux
737:Linux
696:2001
683:Linux
629:2013
620:macOS
612:Linux
571:1982
561:Most
430:Linux
403:, or
213:jails
177:zones
165:WPARs
139:(OS)
101:JSTOR
87:books
3515:eBPF
3291:QEMU
3223:SIMH
3203:PCem
3155:z/VM
2892:2020
2835:2019
2348:2018
2317:PMID
2223:2014
2019:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1940:2016
1816:See
1636:Snap
1511:Yes
1502:Yes
1499:Yes
1496:Yes
1493:Yes
1490:Yes
1487:Yes
1484:Yes
1456:Yes
1447:Yes
1429:Yes
1406:Yes
1397:Yes
1394:Yes
1391:Yes
1388:Yes
1385:Yes
1382:Yes
1379:Yes
1356:Yes
1332:Yes
1329:Yes
1285:Yes
1279:Yes
1253:Yes
1247:Yes
1244:Yes
1241:Yes
1238:Yes
1235:Yes
1229:Yes
1194:Yes
1176:Yes
1149:Yes
1140:Yes
1137:Yes
1134:Yes
1125:Yes
1122:Yes
1099:Yes
1093:Yes
1090:Yes
1087:Yes
1084:Yes
1081:Yes
1078:Yes
1072:Yes
1045:Yes
1036:Yes
1033:Yes
1030:Yes
1024:Yes
1018:Yes
1006:CDDL
980:Yes
977:Yes
971:Yes
968:Yes
965:Yes
962:Yes
959:Yes
956:Yes
953:Yes
926:Yes
923:Yes
917:Yes
914:Yes
911:Yes
908:Yes
905:Yes
902:Yes
899:Yes
876:Yes
855:Yes
852:Yes
849:Yes
826:Yes
823:Yes
820:Yes
817:Yes
814:Yes
811:Yes
802:Yes
799:Yes
764:Yes
761:Yes
758:Yes
755:Yes
752:Yes
749:Yes
714:Yes
711:Yes
708:Yes
705:Yes
702:Yes
699:Yes
667:Yes
661:CRIU
656:Yes
653:Yes
650:Yes
647:Yes
641:Yes
635:Yes
632:Yes
618:x64
595:Yes
401:QEMU
350:Uses
258:and
219:and
73:news
3453:rkt
3133:Xen
3101:QNX
3058:KVM
2307:PMC
2297:doi
2011:doi
1760:NIC
1722:LVM
1684:CFQ
1526:LXC
1522:LXD
1462:rkt
1453:No
1450:No
1444:No
1441:No
1438:No
1435:No
1432:No
1353:No
1350:No
1344:No
1341:No
1338:No
1303:No
1297:No
1294:No
1291:No
1288:No
1282:No
1250:No
1232:No
1214:AIX
1200:No
1197:No
1191:No
1188:No
1185:No
1182:No
1179:No
873:No
870:No
867:No
864:No
861:No
858:No
782:LXC
773:No
723:No
601:No
598:No
592:No
589:No
586:No
583:No
580:No
577:No
448:x86
415:or
413:Xen
303:CPU
277:'s
238:On
203:),
201:VEs
191:),
183:),
175:),
157:LXC
56:by
3745::
3728:,
2965:,
2908:.
2851:.
2821:.
2802:.
2787:^
2777:.
2762:^
2752:.
2734:.
2716:.
2712:.
2681:.
2677:.
2665:^
2656:.
2652:.
2641:^
2631:.
2627:.
2506:.
2475:.
2396:.
2364:.
2338:.
2315:.
2305:.
2295:.
2285:12
2283:.
2279:.
2260:.
2242:.
2225:.
2206:^
2196:.
2178:.
2160:.
2142:.
2124:.
2100:.
2074:.
2049:.
2027:.
2017:.
1956:.
1914:.
1901:.
1751:^
1703:^
1691:^
1675:^
1508:?
1505:?
1468:)
1403:?
1400:?
1306:?
1300:?
1256:?
1203:?
1162:,
1146:?
1143:?
1131:?
1128:—
1058:,
998:),
939:,
770:?
720:?
685:,
614:,
478:.
399:,
322:,
289:.
262:.
195:,
171:,
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3327:)
3323:(
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2635:.
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2588:.
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2530:.
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2479:.
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2414:.
2400:.
2382:.
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2350:.
2323:.
2299::
2291::
2246:.
2200:.
2146:.
2128:.
2110:.
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2060:.
2035:.
2013::
1994:.
1967:.
1942:.
1737:.
1464:(
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207:(
199:(
187:(
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112:)
108:(
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91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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