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1416:(AFM) are often used to characterize forms of soft matter due to their applicability to mapping systems at the nanoscale. These imaging techniques are not universally appropriate to all classes of soft matter and some systems may be more suited to one kind of analysis than another. For example, there are limited applications in imaging hydrogels with TEM due to the processes required for imaging. However,
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Colloids are non-soluble particles suspended in a medium, such as proteins in an aqueous solution. Research into colloids is primarily focused on understanding the organization of matter, with the large structures of colloids, relative to individual molecules, large enough that they can be readily
1386:
methods are often employed to model and understand soft matter systems, as they have the ability to strictly control the composition and environment of the structures being investigated, as well as span from microscopic to macroscopic length scales. Computational methods are limited, however, by
1307:
Due to the importance of mesoscale structures in the overarching properties of soft matter, experimental work is primarily focused on the bulk properties of the materials. Rheology is often used to investigate the physical changes of the material under stress. Biological systems, such as protein
986:), and yet are much smaller than the macroscopic (overall) scale of the material. The properties and interactions of these mesoscopic structures may determine the macroscopic behavior of the material. The large number of constituents forming these mesoscopic structures, and the large
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Self-assembly is an inherent characteristic of soft matter systems. The characteristic complex behavior and hierarchical structures arise spontaneously as a system evolves towards equilibrium. Self-assembly can be classified as static when the resulting structure is due to a
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into mesoscopic physical structures. The assembly of the mesoscale structures that form the macroscale material is governed by low energies, and these low energy associations allow for the thermal and mechanical deformation of the material. By way of contrast, in hard
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Soft materials are important in a wide range of technological applications, and each soft material can often be associated with multiple disciplines. Liquid crystals, for example, were originally discovered in the biological sciences when the botanist and chemist
1143:
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits whose characteristics are governed by their environment and composition. Polymers encompass synthetic plastics, natural fibers and rubbers, and biological proteins. Polymer research finds applications in
1009:
are mesoscopic because they individually consist of a vast number of molecules, and yet the foam itself consists of a great number of these bubbles, and the overall mechanical stiffness of the foam emerges from the combined interactions of the bubbles.
970:
with no changes in the pattern at any mesoscopic scale. Unlike hard materials, where only small distortions occur from thermal or mechanical agitation, soft matter can undergo local rearrangements of the microscopic building blocks.
1004:
are much smaller than the overall quantity of liquid and yet much larger than its individual molecules, and the emergence of these vortices controls the overall flowing behavior of the material. Also, the bubbles that compose a
890:. Together, they postulated that the chemical stability, ease of deformation, and permeability of certain polymer networks in aqueous environments would have a significant impact on medicine, and were the inventors of the soft
1220:, that have a high solvent/content ratio. Research into functionalizing gels that are sensitive to mechanical and thermal stress, as well as solvent choice, has given rise to diverse structures with characteristics such as
1128:
Soft matter consists of a diverse range of interrelated systems and can be broadly categorized into certain classes. These classes are by no means distinct, as often there are overlaps between two or more groups.
1257:
Liquid crystals can consist of proteins, small molecules, or polymers, that can be manipulated to form cohesive order in a specific direction. They exhibit liquid-like behavior in that they can
1500:. Polymers also encompass biological molecules such as proteins, where research insights from soft matter research have been applied to better understand topics like protein crystallization.
1542:
to the concepts of soft matter physics. Applications of soft matter characteristics are used to understand biologically relevant topics such as membrane mobility, as well as the rheology of
1534:
Historically the problems considered in the early days of soft matter science were those pertaining to the biological sciences. As such, an important application of soft matter research is
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minimum, or dynamic when the system is caught in a metastable state. Dynamic self-assembly can be utilized in the functional design of soft materials with these metastable states through
852:
in 1889. The experimental setup that
Lehmann used to investigate the two melting points of cholesteryl benzoate are still used in the research of liquid crystals as of about 2019.
1511:. The physical properties available to foams have resulted in applications which can be based on their viscosity, with more rigid and self-supporting forms of foams being used as
3737:
Wu, H., Friedrich, H., Patterson, J. P., Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M., de, N. (2020), "Liquid-Phase
Electron Microscopy for Soft Matter Science and Biology".
1013:
Typical bond energies in soft matter structures are of similar scale to thermal energies. Therefore the structures are constantly affected by thermal fluctuations and undergo
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this causes, results in a general disorder between the large-scale structures. This disorder leads to the loss of long-range order that is characteristic of hard matter.
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molecule; a common scaffold used in the formation of gels. The atoms are colored such that red represents oxygen, cyan represents carbon, and white represents hydrogen.
4173:- a blog run by graduate students and postdocs that makes soft matter more accessible through bite-sized posts that summarize current and classic soft matter research
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found in tires. Polymers encompass a large range of soft matter, with applications in material science. An example of this is hydrogel. With the ability to undergo
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2616:
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in the prediction of soft matter properties is also a growing field in computer science thanks to the large amount of data available for soft matter systems.
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was unheard of at the time, with the scientific consensus being that the recorded high molecular weights of compounds like natural rubber were instead due to
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Lin, Qianming; Li, Longyu; Tang, Miao; Uenuma, Shuntaro; Samanta, Jayanta; Li, Shangda; Jiang, Xuanfeng; Zou, Lingyi; Ito, Kohzo; Ke, Chenfeng (2021).
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aspects are generally unimportant. When soft materials interact favorably with surfaces, they become squashed without an external compressive force.
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of the constituents in the system. There are limitations in the application of scattering techniques to some systems, as they can be more suited to
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American
Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks. Foundations of Polymer Science: Hermann Staudinger and Macromolecules.
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states. This characteristic can allow for recovery of initial state through an external stimulus, which is often exploited in research.
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2116:
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3660:"General procedure for evaluating amorphous scattering and crystallinity from X-ray diffraction scans of semicrystalline polymers"
1810:"Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen"
1488:. Due to their stimuli responsive behavior, 3D printing of hydrogels has found applications in a diverse range of fields, such as
1409:
902:
1812:[On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat].
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Interesting behaviors arise from soft matter in ways that cannot be predicted, or are difficult to predict, directly from its
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their suitability to the system and must be regularly validated against experimental results to ensure accuracy. The use of
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can also be used for materials when probing for the average properties of the constituents. These methods can determine
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in simple systems can be generalized to the more complex cases found in soft matter, in particular, to the behaviors of
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4136:"Soft Matter and Biomaterials on the Nanoscale: The WSPC Reference on Functional Nanomaterials — Part I (In 4 Volumes)"
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constituents. Materials termed soft matter exhibit this property due to a shared propensity of these materials to
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Peerless, James S.; Milliken, Nina J. B.; Oweida, Thomas J.; Manning, Matthew D.; Yingling, Yaroslava G. (2019).
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The self-assembly of individual phospholipids into colloids (Liposome and
Micelle) or a membrane (bilayer sheet).
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it is often possible to predict the overall behavior of a material because the molecules are organized into a
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that can be deformed or structurally altered by thermal or mechanical stress which is of similar magnitude to
593:
3763:"Nanomechanical mapping of soft materials with the atomic force microscope: methods, theory and applications"
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3197:"Exploring Macrocycles in Functional Supramolecular Gels: From Stimuli Responsiveness to Systems Chemistry"
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are another example of soft materials, where the constituent elements in liquid crystals can self-propel.
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The crystalline optical properties of liquid crystals and their ability to flow were first described by
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20:
766:. These materials share an important common feature in that predominant physical behaviors occur at an
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of physical structures. The structures are much larger than the microscopic scale (the arrangement of
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1261:, yet they can obtain close-to-crystal alignment. One feature of liquid crystals is their ability to
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2635:"Dynamic Macromolecular Material Design-The Versatility of Cyclodextrin-Based Host-Guest Chemistry"
2117:
http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/staudingerpolymerscience.html
2064:
Hermann
Staudinger – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Mon. 13 Feb 2023.
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2001:
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The Nobel Prize in
Physics 1991. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Mon. 13 Feb 2023.
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Miller, Daniel S.; Carlton, Rebecca J.; Mushenheim, Peter C.; Abbott, Nicholas L. (2013-03-12).
3659:
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or makeup. Foams have also found biomedical applications in tissue engineering as scaffolds and
2384:"Fracture in soft elastic materials: Continuum description, molecular aspects and applications"
2078:
841:). This work built on established research into systems that would now be considered colloids.
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Chen, Daniel T.N.; Wen, Qi; Janmey, Paul A.; Crocker, John C.; Yodh, Arjun G. (2010-08-10).
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1985:
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Cartoon representation of the molecular order of crystal, liquid crystal, and liquid states.
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1017:. The ease of deformation and influence of low energy interactions regularly result in slow
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53:
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R.G. Larson, "The
Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids," Oxford University Press (1999)
901:. The work of de Gennes across different forms of soft matter was key to understanding its
4504:
4414:
4360:
4260:
3498:
3022:
Maimouni, Ilham; Cejas, Cesare M.; Cossy, Janine; Tabeling, Patrick; Russo, Maria (2020).
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2675:
1601:
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induced flow or phase transitions. However, excessive external stimuli often result in
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37:
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1194:. Foams are also used in automotive for water and dust sealing and noise reduction.
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3916:
3876:
3804:
3724:
3675:
3462:
3267:
2903:
2830:
2313:
2274:
2051:
1695:
Carroll, Gregory T.; Jongejan, Mahthild G. M.; Pijper, Dirk; Feringa, Ben L. (2010).
1631:
1606:
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These seemingly separate fields were dramatically influenced and brought together by
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864:
538:
344:
325:
307:
208:
128:
3574:
2788:
2023:
2005:
1958:
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1320:
can be used in understanding the average structure and lipid mobility of membranes.
4469:
3558:
3366:
2807:"Kinetic trapping of 3D-printable cyclodextrin-based poly(pseudo)rotaxane networks"
2222:
1561:
1539:
1473:
1462:
1284:
1113:
891:
558:
548:
518:
478:
473:
453:
298:
278:
138:
3820:"Introduction to Optical Methods for Characterizing Liquid Crystals at Interfaces"
3445:
3428:
2033:
1190:, and are undergoing active research in the biomedical field of drug delivery and
2822:
2497:
2472:
1265:. Liquid crystals have found significant applications in optical devices such as
4189:- a wiki dedicated to simple liquids, complex fluids, and soft condensed matter.
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2395:
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837:
778:
763:
578:
553:
523:
468:
463:
3900:
3618:
3160:
2699:
1068:, which differs significantly from the general fracture mechanics formulation.
4489:
4479:
3259:
2602:
2149:
1926:
1911:
1867:
1850:
1535:
1408:
can be used in the study of colloidal systems, but more advanced methods like
1400:
1334:
1329:
1217:
1209:
1097:
994:
917:
structures the underlying chemistry creates. He extended the understanding of
488:
330:
123:
4009:
3957:
3908:
3843:
3788:
3716:
3626:
3506:
3454:
3405:
3350:
3244:"Naturally biomimicked smart shape memory hydrogels for biomedical functions"
3220:
3196:
3111:
3049:
2948:
2887:
2772:
2707:
2560:
2506:
2365:
2266:
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2102:
2094:
1997:
1950:
1876:
1834:
1809:
1774:
1720:
4340:
4209:
4082:
Nanostructured Soft Matter - Experiment, Theory, Simulation and
Perspectives
3341:
3324:
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2452:
2356:
2331:
1528:
1504:
1424:
to determine the ordering of the material under various conditions, such as
1362:
1120:
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929:
of polymer systems, and successfully mapped polymer behavior to that of the
922:
910:
906:
543:
493:
366:
213:
113:
4201:- A group dedicated to Soft Matter Engineering at the University of Florida
3975:
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3796:
3749:
3707:
3644:
3566:
3514:
3413:
3358:
3309:
3301:
3228:
3178:
3129:
3067:
3005:
2997:
2966:
2895:
2780:
2725:
2660:
2651:
2634:
2582:
2290:"Exponents for the excluded volume problem as derived by the Wilson method"
2257:
2240:
2182:
2129:
1989:
1891:
1782:
1697:"Spontaneous generation and patterning of chiral polymeric surface toroids"
1661:
1088:
4148:
3989:
3595:"Pathways and challenges towards a complete characterization of microgels"
3102:
1538:, with a major goal of the discipline being the reduction of the field of
3948:
2939:
2676:"A comparative review of artificial muscles for microsystem applications"
2432:
2066:
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1953/staudinger/biographical/
1611:
1366:
1296:
1109:
1069:
983:
954:
879:
795:, who has been called the "founding father of soft matter," received the
103:
3024:"Microfluidics Mediated Production of Foams for Biomedical Applications"
1021:
of the mesoscopic structures which allows some systems to remain out of
4192:
3779:
3762:
3040:
2879:
2845:
2633:
Schmidt, Bernhard V. K. J.; Barner-Kowollik, Christopher (2017-07-10).
1942:
1712:
1696:
1566:
1524:
1516:
1237:
1187:
1138:
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808:
786:
782:
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735:
423:
408:
371:
362:
357:
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3930:
Zhan, Shuai; Guo, Amy X. Y.; Cao, Shan
Cecilia; Liu, Na (2022-03-30).
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4444:
4181:
3145:"Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review"
2206:
1766:
1742:
1596:
1178:
has been dispersed to form cavities. This structure imparts a large
1001:
997:
767:
731:
716:
376:
352:
83:
4195:- organizes, reviews, and summarizes academic papers on soft matter.
835:
must have a similar thermal energy to the fluid itself (of order of
4193:
Harvard School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences Soft Matter Wiki
3549:
2862:
1671:
863:, was the first person to suggest that polymers are formed through
4165:
1543:
1119:
1103:
1087:
940:
832:
759:
381:
78:
4176:
4068:
Sensitive Matter: Foams, Gels, Liquid Crystals and Other Miracles
1896:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
1299:
allows for the elastic deformation of the large-scale structure.
4198:
4135:
4126:
Statistical thermodynamics of surfaces, interfaces and membranes
3382:"Liquid Crystals: Versatile Self-Organized Smart Soft Materials"
1586:
1576:
1449:. Now, however, liquid crystals have also found applications as
1169:
1006:
979:
950:
743:
4213:
2083:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)
1519:, and foams that exhibit the ability to flow being used in the
1420:
can be readily applied. Liquid crystals are often probed using
1295:. The localized, low energy associated with the forming of the
4166:
American Physical Society Topical Group on Soft Matter (GSOFT)
2382:
Spagnoli, A.; Brighenti, R.; Cosma, M.P.; Terzano, M. (2022),
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Jin, Fan-Long; Zhao, Miao; Park, Mira; Park, Soo-Jin (2019).
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Zhang, Rui; Mozaffari, Ali; de Pablo, Juan J. (2021-02-25).
2844:
Cipelletti, Luca; Martens, Kirsten; Ramos, Laurence (2020).
2134:. Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur. Singapore. 2018.
799:
in 1991 for discovering that methods developed for studying
4170:
3877:"Autonomous materials systems from active liquid crystals"
3691:"Soft Matter Informatics: Current Progress and Challenges"
3086:"Recent Trends of Foaming in Polymer Processing: A Review"
785:
is considered the dominant factor. At these temperatures,
3429:"Mirror symmetry breaking in liquids and liquid crystals"
3242:
Korde, Jay M.; Kandasubramanian, Balasubramanian (2020).
2739:
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2241:"Pierre-Gilles de Gennes. 24 October 1932—18 May 2007"
3994:. Paulo Netti. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. 2014.
3932:"3D Printing Soft Matters and Applications: A Review"
3533:"Soft matter perspective on protein crystal assembly"
1660:
Kleman, Maurice; Lavrentovich, Oleg D., eds. (2003).
3991:
Biomedical foams for tissue engineering applications
2245:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
867:
that link smaller molecules together. The idea of a
4523:
4460:
4388:
4304:
4276:
4248:
3284:Hamley, Ian W.; Castelletto, Valeria (2007-06-11).
1484:, hydrogels are well suited for the development of
1468:Polymers have found diverse applications, from the
1174:Foams consist of a liquid or solid through which a
819:The current understanding of soft matter grew from
4051:Structured Fluids: Polymers, Colloids, Surfactants
3325:"Colloidal matter: Packing, geometry, and entropy"
3195:Qi, Zhenhui; Schalley, Christoph A. (2014-07-15).
2846:"Microscopic precursors of failure in soft matter"
905:, where material properties are not based on the
882:in the biomedical field was pioneered in 1960 by
1308:crystallization, are often investigated through
1182:on the system. Foams have found applications in
974:A defining characteristic of soft matter is the
2239:Joanny, Jean-François; Cates, Michael (2019).
4225:
3380:Bisoyi, Hari Krishna; Li, Quan (2022-03-09).
689:
8:
2390:, vol. 55, Elsevier, pp. 255–307,
726:The science of soft matter is a subfield of
4039:(2nd edition), J. Wiley, Chichester (2000).
3936:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3531:Fusco, Diana; Charbonneau, Patrick (2016).
3483:"Soft Matter in Lipid–Protein Interactions"
2927:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2674:Shi, Mayue; Yeatman, Eric M. (2021-11-23).
1283:Biological membranes consist of individual
921:in liquid crystals, introduced the idea of
4232:
4218:
4210:
2615:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2162:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1507:, or be created intentionally, such as by
1287:molecules that have self-assembled into a
1108:Host-guest complex of polyethylene glycol
696:
682:
36:
25:
4046:, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002).
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2533:Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
2496:
2355:
2332:"Grand Challenges in Soft Matter Physics"
2256:
1931:Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly
1927:"Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins"
1866:
1833:
2553:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-070909-104120
4104:Pattern Formation in Granular Materials
3290:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2986:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2639:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1649:
1503:Foams can naturally occur, such as the
1318:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
28:
4430:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
4161:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes' Nobel Lecture
4015:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3537:Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces
3526:
3524:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3279:
3277:
3190:
3188:
3079:
3077:
3017:
3015:
2800:
2798:
2608:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2155:
2017:
2015:
1893:Soft Matter: a Very Short Introduction
1228:molecules selectively and reversibly.
1060:responses. Soft matter becomes highly
1052:responses to external stimuli such as
1000:that naturally occur within a flowing
848:in 1888, and further characterized by
3499:10.1146/annurev-biophys-070816-033843
3323:Manoharan, Vinothan N. (2015-08-28).
2628:
2626:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2377:
2375:
2325:
2323:
2234:
2232:
2183:"Hydrophilic Gels for Biological Use"
7:
4061:Soft Matter Physics: An Introduction
2982:"Nanotechnology with Soft Materials"
2917:Mashaghi, Samaneh; Jadidi, Tayebeh;
2330:van der Gucht, Jasper (2018-08-22).
1978:Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
1663:Soft Matter Physics: An Introduction
1655:
1653:
16:Subfield of condensed matter physics
4138:, World Scientific Publisher (2020)
4095:M. Daoud, C.E. Williams (editors),
2437:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1666:. New York, NY: Springer New York.
1076:, is often used to investigate the
4205:Google Scholar page on soft matter
4070:, Harvard University Press (2012).
4049:T. A. Witten (with P. A. Pincus),
3427:Tschierske, Carsten (2018-12-08).
2921:; Mashaghi, Alireza (2013-02-21).
2680:Microsystems & Nanoengineering
2473:"Experimental soft-matter science"
2025:An Introduction to Liquid Crystals
1044:Soft materials often exhibit both
14:
4121:, Nobel Lecture, December 9, 1991
4099:, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1999).
4075:Intermolecular and Surface Forces
1851:"Grand Challenges in Soft Matter"
1849:Mezzenga, Raffaele (2021-12-22).
1072:, the study of deformation under
4147:
3658:Murthy, N.S.; Minor, H. (1990).
3481:Brown, Michael F. (2017-05-22).
2131:Hydrogels : recent advances
1410:transmission electron microscopy
1212:3D polymer scaffolds, which are
827:, understanding that a particle
663:
662:
649:
4551:Timeline of physics discoveries
3695:Advanced Theory and Simulations
3593:Scheffold, Frank (2020-09-04).
2471:Nagel, Sidney R. (2017-04-12).
2181:Wichterle, O.; Lím, D. (1960).
3761:Garcia, Ricardo (2020-08-17).
3559:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.023
1743:"Soft matter: more than words"
1455:liquid crystal tunable filters
1:
4084:, Springer/Dordrecht (2007),
4080:A. V. Zvelindovsky (editor),
3446:10.1080/02678292.2018.1501822
3201:Accounts of Chemical Research
2741:"Self-Assembly at All Scales"
2584:Foams: Structure and Dynamics
2431:Jones, Richard A. L. (2002).
2388:Advances in Applied Mechanics
2077:Staudinger, H. (1920-06-12).
1925:Reinitzer, Friedrich (1888).
1303:Experimental characterization
4037:Introduction to Soft Matter
3676:10.1016/0032-3861(90)90243-R
3248:Chemical Engineering Journal
3149:Journal of Advanced Research
2823:10.1016/j.chempr.2021.06.004
2529:"Rheology of Soft Materials"
2498:10.1103/RevModPhys.89.025002
2314:10.1016/0375-9601(72)90149-1
1343:small-angle X-ray scattering
1263:spontaneously break symmetry
1208:Gels consist of non-solvent-
1180:surface-area-to-volume ratio
4515:Quantum information science
3487:Annual Review of Biophysics
3398:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761
3286:"Biological Soft Materials"
2396:10.1016/bs.aams.2021.07.001
2034:10.1088/2053-2571/ab2a6fch1
1974:"Über fliessende Krystalle"
1459:liquid crystal thermometers
1339:wide-angle X-ray scattering
4593:
4346:Classical electromagnetism
4117:de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles,
3901:10.1038/s41578-020-00272-x
3619:10.1038/s41467-020-17774-5
3161:10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006
2700:10.1038/s41378-021-00323-5
2119:(accessed Feb 13th, 2023).
2022:DiLisi, Gregory A (2019).
1972:Lehmann, O. (1889-07-01).
1582:Fracture of soft materials
1422:polarized light microscopy
1398:
1376:
1355:particle-size distribution
1327:
1276:
1250:
1235:
1201:
1167:
1136:
249:Spin gapless semiconductor
18:
3260:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122430
2581:Cantat, Isabelle (2013).
2477:Reviews of Modern Physics
1868:10.3389/frsfm.2021.811842
1808:Einstein, Albert (1905).
1293:non-covalent interactions
1224:, or the ability to bind
730:. Soft materials include
189:Electronic band structure
4577:Condensed matter physics
4452:Condensed matter physics
4077:, Academic Press (2010).
4059:and O. D. Lavrentovich,
3881:Nature Reviews Materials
3767:Chemical Society Reviews
2587:(1st ed.). Oxford.
2288:de Gennes, P.G. (1972).
2095:10.1002/cber.19200530627
1855:Frontiers in Soft Matter
1835:10.1002/andp.19053220806
1351:dynamic light scattering
964:condensed matter physics
861:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
859:, recipient of the 1953
728:condensed matter physics
99:Bose–Einstein condensate
30:Condensed matter physics
4199:Soft Matter Engineering
4182:Softmatterresources.com
4128:, Westview Press (2003)
3342:10.1126/science.1253751
3143:Ahmed, Enas M. (2015).
2980:Hamley, Ian W. (2003).
2765:10.1126/science.1070821
2357:10.3389/fphy.2018.00087
1451:liquid-crystal displays
1418:fluorescence microscopy
1414:atomic force microscopy
1314:neutron crystallography
1267:liquid-crystal displays
1158:protein crystallization
899:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
793:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
4536:Nobel Prize in Physics
4398:Relativistic mechanics
4022:: CS1 maint: others (
3750:10.1002/adma.202001582
3708:10.1002/adts.201800129
3302:10.1002/anie.200603922
2998:10.1002/anie.200200546
2923:"Lipid Nanotechnology"
2652:10.1002/anie.201612150
2258:10.1098/rsbm.2018.0033
1990:10.1515/zpch-1889-0434
1463:Active liquid crystals
1125:
1117:
1101:
1084:Classes of soft matter
946:
797:Nobel Prize in Physics
770:scale comparable with
4541:Philosophy of physics
4156:at Wikimedia Commons
4073:J. N. Israelachvili,
4044:Soft Condensed Matter
3599:Nature Communications
3103:10.3390/polym11060953
2434:Soft condensed matter
2166:) CS1 maint: others (
2079:"Über Polymerisation"
1890:McLeish, Tom (2020).
1123:
1107:
1091:
944:
713:soft condensed matter
244:Topological insulator
21:Soft Matter (journal)
19:For the journal, see
4500:Mathematical physics
3949:10.3390/ijms23073790
3439:(13–15): 2221–2252.
2940:10.3390/ijms14024242
2336:Frontiers in Physics
1557:Biological membranes
1498:flexible electronics
1369:and dilute samples.
1337:techniques, such as
1273:Biological membranes
873:particle aggregation
721:thermal fluctuations
262:Electronic phenomena
109:Fermionic condensate
4475:Atmospheric physics
4314:Classical mechanics
4242:branches of physics
4177:Softmatterworld.org
4097:Soft Matter Physics
3893:2021NatRM...6..437Z
3611:2020NatCo..11.4315S
2872:2020SMat...16...82C
2757:2002Sci...295.2418W
2751:(5564): 2418–2421.
2692:2021MicNa...7...95S
2545:2010ARCMP...1..301C
2489:2017RvMP...89b5002N
2348:2018FrP.....6...87V
2306:1972PhLA...38..339D
2199:1960Natur.185..117W
1826:1905AnP...322..549E
1759:2005SMat....1...16.
1443:Friedrich Reinitzer
1379:Computer simulation
1279:Biological membrane
968:crystalline lattice
937:Distinctive physics
846:Friedrich Reinitzer
269:Quantum Hall effect
4531:History of physics
4102:Gerald H. Ristow,
4063:, Springer (2003).
3780:10.1039/D0CS00318B
3041:10.3390/mi11010083
2919:Koenderink, Gijsje
2880:10.1039/C9SM01730E
2028:. IOP Publishing.
1943:10.1007/BF01516710
1814:Annalen der Physik
1713:10.1039/c0sc00159g
1592:Granular materials
1509:fire extinguishers
1494:tissue engineering
1445:was investigating
1406:Optical microscopy
1347:neutron scattering
1192:tissue engineering
1126:
1118:
1102:
1096:, an example of a
988:degrees of freedom
947:
909:of the underlying
857:Hermann Staudinger
762:, and a number of
752:granular materials
656:Physics portal
4559:
4558:
4546:Physics education
4495:Materials science
4462:Interdisciplinary
4420:Quantum mechanics
4152:Media related to
4090:978-1-4020-6329-9
4001:978-1-306-47861-8
3836:10.1021/la304679f
3830:(10): 3154–3169.
3773:(16): 5850–5884.
3335:(6251): 1253751.
3296:(24): 4442–4455.
3213:10.1021/ar500193z
2992:(15): 1692–1712.
2645:(29): 8350–8369.
2594:978-0-19-966289-0
2405:978-0-12-824617-7
2294:Physics Letters A
2193:(4706): 117–118.
2141:978-981-10-6077-9
2043:978-1-64327-684-7
1903:978-0-19-880713-1
1681:978-0-387-95267-3
1622:Protein structure
1521:cosmetic industry
1478:vulcanized rubber
1291:structure due to
1150:materials science
1092:A portion of the
1066:crack propagation
993:For example, the
913:, more so on the
821:Albert Einstein's
706:
705:
414:Granular material
182:Electronic phases
4584:
4485:Chemical physics
4425:Particle physics
4351:Classical optics
4234:
4227:
4220:
4211:
4151:
4053:, Oxford (2004).
4042:R. A. L. Jones,
4028:
4027:
4021:
4013:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3951:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3782:
3758:
3752:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3710:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3590:
3579:
3578:
3552:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3448:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3392:(5): 4887–4926.
3386:Chemical Reviews
3377:
3371:
3370:
3344:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3207:(7): 2222–2233.
3192:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3105:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3043:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2942:
2933:(2): 4242–4282.
2914:
2908:
2907:
2865:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2817:(9): 2442–2459.
2802:
2793:
2792:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2207:10.1038/185117a0
2178:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2153:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2089:(6): 1073–1085.
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2019:
2010:
2009:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1767:10.1039/b419223k
1739:
1733:
1732:
1701:Chemical Science
1692:
1686:
1685:
1657:
1617:Protein dynamics
1112:bound within an
1094:DNA double helix
1080:of soft matter.
1039:kinetic trapping
976:mesoscopic scale
772:room temperature
698:
691:
684:
671:
666:
665:
658:
654:
653:
274:Spin Hall effect
164:Phase transition
134:Luttinger liquid
71:States of matter
54:Phase transition
40:
26:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4519:
4505:Medical physics
4456:
4415:Nuclear physics
4384:
4378:Non-equilibrium
4300:
4272:
4244:
4238:
4145:
4032:
4031:
4014:
4002:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3736:
3732:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3670:(6): 996–1002.
3657:
3656:
3652:
3592:
3591:
3582:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3433:Liquid Crystals
3426:
3425:
3421:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3021:
3020:
3013:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2607:
2595:
2580:
2579:
2568:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2445:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2154:
2142:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2044:
2021:
2020:
2013:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1753:(1): 16. 2005.
1741:
1740:
1736:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1602:Liquid crystals
1552:
1438:
1403:
1397:
1381:
1375:
1332:
1326:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1255:
1249:
1247:Liquid crystals
1240:
1234:
1206:
1200:
1172:
1166:
1141:
1135:
1086:
1078:bulk properties
1015:Brownian motion
939:
825:Brownian motion
817:
805:liquid crystals
801:order phenomena
756:liquid crystals
702:
661:
648:
647:
640:
639:
638:
438:
430:
429:
428:
404:Amorphous solid
398:
388:
387:
386:
365:
347:
337:
336:
335:
324:
322:Antiferromagnet
315:
313:Superparamagnet
306:
293:
292:Magnetic phases
285:
284:
283:
263:
255:
254:
253:
183:
175:
174:
173:
159:Order parameter
153:
152:Phase phenomena
145:
144:
143:
73:
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4590:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4368:Thermodynamics
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4163:
4144:
4143:External links
4141:
4140:
4139:
4132:
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4115:
4100:
4093:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4030:
4029:
4000:
3981:
3922:
3887:(5): 437–453.
3867:
3810:
3753:
3730:
3701:(1): 1800129.
3681:
3650:
3580:
3520:
3493:(1): 379–410.
3468:
3419:
3372:
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3273:
3234:
3184:
3155:(2): 105–121.
3135:
3073:
3011:
2972:
2909:
2836:
2794:
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2566:
2539:(1): 301–322.
2512:
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2300:(5): 339–340.
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2042:
2011:
1984:(1): 462–472.
1964:
1937:(1): 421–441.
1917:
1902:
1882:
1841:
1820:(8): 549–560.
1800:
1788:
1734:
1687:
1680:
1672:10.1007/b97416
1648:
1647:
1645:
1642:
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1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Microemulsions
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:Complex fluids
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1505:head on a beer
1482:shear thinning
1470:natural rubber
1437:
1434:
1430:electric field
1399:Main article:
1396:
1393:
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1328:Main article:
1325:
1322:
1304:
1301:
1277:Main article:
1274:
1271:
1253:Liquid crystal
1251:Main article:
1248:
1245:
1236:Main article:
1233:
1230:
1216:or physically
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1168:Main article:
1165:
1162:
1146:nanotechnology
1137:Main article:
1134:
1131:
1114:α-cyclodextrin
1085:
1082:
938:
935:
925:regarding the
888:Otto Wichterle
865:covalent bonds
816:
813:
775:thermal energy
704:
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349:
348:
345:Quasiparticles
343:
342:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
319:
310:
304:Superdiamagnet
301:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
276:
271:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
229:Thermoelectric
226:
224:Superconductor
221:
216:
211:
206:
204:Mott insulator
201:
196:
191:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
166:
161:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
62:
61:
56:
51:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4589:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Ocean physics
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4445:Modern optics
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4294:Computational
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:S. A. Safran,
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:3-540-66701-6
4109:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:Micromachines
3025:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:(2): 025002.
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2444:0-19-850590-6
2440:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:(in German).
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:(in German).
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Active matter
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:soft robotics
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1384:Computational
1380:
1373:Computational
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:crystallinity
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:drug delivery
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
969:
965:
960:
959:self-organize
956:
952:
943:
936:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:phase changes
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:Drahoslav Lím
881:
876:
874:
870:
869:macromolecule
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
842:
840:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
777:(of order of
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
715:is a type of
714:
710:
699:
694:
692:
687:
685:
680:
679:
677:
676:
670:
660:
657:
652:
646:
645:
644:
643:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
444:Van der Waals
442:
441:
434:
433:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
392:
391:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
341:
340:
332:
329:
327:
323:
320:
318:
314:
311:
309:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
289:
288:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
259:
258:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
239:Ferroelectric
237:
235:
234:Piezoelectric
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Semiconductor
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
179:
178:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
149:
148:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
129:Superfluidity
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
72:
67:
66:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
27:
22:
4470:Astrophysics
4284:Experimental
4146:
4134:Gang, Oleg,
4125:
4118:
4103:
4096:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4050:
4043:
4036:
3990:
3984:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3602:
3598:
3540:
3536:
3490:
3486:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3293:
3289:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3204:
3200:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3093:
3089:
3031:
3027:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2930:
2926:
2912:
2856:(1): 82–93.
2853:
2849:
2839:
2814:
2810:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2642:
2638:
2583:
2536:
2532:
2480:
2476:
2433:
2409:, retrieved
2387:
2339:
2335:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2248:
2244:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2130:
2124:
2111:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2060:
2024:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1892:
1885:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1791:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1662:
1562:Biomaterials
1540:cell biology
1533:
1502:
1474:latex gloves
1467:
1447:cholesterols
1439:
1436:Applications
1404:
1382:
1333:
1306:
1285:phospholipid
1282:
1256:
1241:
1222:shape-memory
1218:cross-linked
1207:
1173:
1142:
1127:
1043:
1031:
1012:
992:
973:
948:
903:universality
896:
892:contact lens
877:
854:
850:Otto Lehmann
843:
836:
818:
791:
781:), and that
764:biomaterials
725:
712:
708:
707:
574:von Klitzing
395:
279:Kondo effect
139:Time crystal
119:Fermi liquid
4572:Soft matter
4373:Statistical
4289:Theoretical
4266:Engineering
4154:Soft matter
4119:Soft Matter
4035:I. Hamley,
3942:(7): 3790.
3739:Adv. Mater.
3605:(1): 4315.
2850:Soft Matter
2251:: 143–158.
1747:Soft Matter
1627:Surfactants
1486:3D printing
1426:temperature
1389:informatics
1035:free energy
1023:equilibrium
931:Ising model
878:The use of
709:Soft matter
396:Soft matter
317:Ferromagnet
4566:Categories
4490:Geophysics
4480:Biophysics
4324:Analytical
4277:Approaches
4066:M. Mitov,
3550:1505.05214
3254:: 122430.
3096:(6): 953.
2863:1909.11961
2603:1011990362
2411:2023-02-13
2150:1050163199
1912:1202271044
1861:: 811842.
1707:(4): 469.
1644:References
1536:biophysics
1529:biosensors
1513:insulation
1412:(TEM) and
1401:Microscopy
1395:Microscopy
1335:Scattering
1330:Scattering
1324:Scattering
1243:observed.
1214:covalently
1184:insulation
1098:biopolymer
1046:elasticity
1027:metastable
927:relaxation
915:mesoscopic
539:Louis Néel
529:Schrieffer
437:Scientists
331:Spin glass
326:Metamagnet
308:Paramagnet
124:Supersolid
4440:Molecular
4341:Acoustics
4334:Continuum
4329:Celestial
4319:Newtonian
4306:Classical
4249:Divisions
4187:SklogWiki
4171:Softbites
4057:M. Kleman
4018:cite book
4010:872654628
3958:1422-0067
3917:232044197
3909:2058-8437
3844:0743-7463
3805:220519766
3789:1460-4744
3744:2001582.
3725:139778116
3717:2513-0390
3627:2041-1723
3543:: 22–31.
3507:1936-122X
3463:125652009
3455:0267-8292
3406:0009-2665
3351:0036-8075
3268:201216064
3221:0001-4842
3112:2073-4360
3050:2072-666X
3034:(1): 83.
2949:1422-0067
2904:202889185
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