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foot, making them more flexible. Modern tap shoes have soles with heels of varying height (one inch or more) and are commonly made of wood or stacked leather. Some beginner tap shoes have heels made of plastic. The toe box of the tap shoe is located on the front of the shoe for the purpose of reinforcing the shoe; however there are tap shoes that use a soft leather instead. A single tap shoe has two taps: one under the heel, and another under the toes.
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607:"Soft-Shoe" is a rhythm form of tap dancing that does not require special shoes, and though rhythm is generated by tapping of the feet, it also uses sliding of the feet (even sometimes using scattered sand on the stage to enhance the sound of sliding feet) more often than modern rhythm tap. It preceded what is currently considered to be modern tap, but has since declined in popularity.
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dancing and Irish Step dancing, Robinson joined the
Vaudeville circuit in 1902 in a duo with George W. Cooper. The act quickly became famous, headlining events across the country, and touring England as well. In 1908, the partnership ended and Robinson began dancing solo, which was extremely rare for
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There was also the "two-color rule," which made sure that black tap dancers were not able to perform solos onstage. This led to some tap dancers performing comedic tap duets. There were stereotypes placed on black
Americans such as the "Uncle Tom" stereotype, and many tap dancers were forced to wear
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Depending on manufacturer and model, tap characteristics can vary considerably. For example, some taps have relatively low weight and small footprint whereas others may be thicker and fill out the edge of the shoe more, making them heavier as a result. A tap's "tone" is influenced by its weight as
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In the earliest years of tap dancing, tap shoes often had wooden soles. The soles of modern tap shoes are either full-sole or split-sole. A full-sole tap shoe has a continuous base material along the underside of the shoes; a split-sole tap shoe has a gap in the base material under the arch of the
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Other common tap steps include the shuffle, shuffle ball change, double shuffle, leap shuffle, flap, flap ball change, running flaps, flap heel, cramp-roll, buffalo, Maxi Ford, Maxi Ford with a pullback, pullbacks, wings, Cincinnati, the shim sham shimmy (also called the Lindy), Irish, Waltz Clog,
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came on the scene. Consisting of real life brothers Fayard and Harold, this team wowed audiences with their acrobatic feats incorporated into their classy style of dancing. A notable scene in the movie "Stormy
Weather" features the pair dancing up a staircase and then descending the staircase in a
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Time steps is an umbrella term that is widely used in tap for any combination of steps that follows a specific rhythm or pattern. These consist of a rhythm that is changed to make new time steps by adding or removing steps. There are many variations of the basic time step, including the single,
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was prominent in
America. This led to the creation of two different styles of tap dance: White tap dancers formed a Broadway style and Black dancers continued to evolve with the traditional rhythm based style. Broadway tap dance was performed in mainly Broadway musicals and film, and it did not
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In advanced tap dancing, basic steps are often combined together to create new steps. Many steps also have single, double, and triple variations, or can have a variation with a pickup, which is essentially adding an additional brush sound. Popular steps with many variations include pullbacks,
732:– a thin fiberboard integrated into the sole that can be firmly "gripped" by the screws – to reliably attach the tap to the shoe. When no adhesive is used, the screws can be loosened or tightened to produce different sounds, whereas tonal quality is fixed when adhesive is used.
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tap dancing and Ford "Buck" Washington playing a piano. The duo performed a "Class Act", a routine in which the performers wore tuxedos, effectively distinguishing them from the older minstrel show concept of tap dancers as "grinning-and-dancing clowns."
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and freeman step dances. The fusion of
African rhythms and performance styles with European techniques of footwork led to the creation of tap dance. This fusion began in the mid-17th century but did not become popular until the mid-19th century.
592:, which is popular in American culture. It often involves high heeled tap shoes and show music, and is usually the type of tap first taught to beginners. Examples of this style are found in Broadway musicals such as
363:. However, Bill Robinson's career was reduced to "minstrelsy," which can be defined as White performers using makeup to mock black culture or using black stereotypes in a performance. Black Americans joined these
220:. "Flying swing outs" and "flying circles" are Lindy Hop moves with tap footwork. In the mid-to-late 1950s, the style of entertainment changed. Jazz music and tap dance declined, while rock and roll and the new
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Basic tap steps are known as "one-sound steps" and are either weight shifting or non-weight-shifting steps. Common basic tap steps include heel drops, toe drops, a brush, scuff, chug, pull, hop, leap and step.
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the paddle roll, the paradiddle, stomp, brushes, scuffs, spanks, single and double toe punches, hot steps, heel clicks toe stands, over-the-tops, military time step, New
Yorkers, and Shiggy Bops.
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is the dancer's understanding of the music they are performing to. Improvisation is where a dancer makes up the movement as they perform, and the choreography is not prepared beforehand.
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stage. Due to
Vaudeville's unspoken "two-colored rule", which forbade blacks to perform solo, many Vaudeville tap acts were duets. One such duo was "Buck and Bubbles," which consisted of
232:, so both dances have many moves in common. But jazz evolved separately from tap dance to become a new form in its own right. Well known dancers during the 1960s and 1970s included
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During the 1930s and the 1940s, Americans were able to watch tap dancers perform on film. However, Black tap dancers found it difficult to be a part of these White films because
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series of leapfrogs over each other into a full split from which they rise with no hands. "Stormy
Weather" was a six-minute performance performed in one go with no retakes. The
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well as its surface shape, which may be concave or convex. The tonal quality of a tap can also be influenced by the material it is made from, and the presence of a soundboard.
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Hoofers are tap dancers who dance primarily "closer to the floor", using mostly footwork and not showing very much arm or body movement. This kind of tap dancing, also called
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in the United States, now celebrated May 25, was signed into law by
President George Bush on November 7, 1989. (May 25 was chosen because it is the birthday of famous tapper
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In tap, various types of turns can be done, including step heel turns, Maxi Ford turns, cramp-roll turns, and drag turns. All tap turns can be practiced in both directions.
371:, got his start in the segregated clubs of the 1930s, but eventually earned international mainstream recognition and mentored younger more modern tap dancers in the 1990s.
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a black man at that time. Despite this, he had tremendous success and soon became a world-famous celebrity. He went on to have a leading role in many films, notably in the
1329:"Jamie A. Thomas and Christina Jackson (editors), Embodied Difference: Divergent Bodies in Public Discourse. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2019 (ISBN: 978-1-4985-6386-4)"
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emphasize classic jazz rhythms. Rhythm tap integrated more of the classic
African roots of tap dance, and it emphasized jazz rhythms, musicality, and improvisation.
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1227:""TAP DANCING ON THE RACIAL BOUNDARY": RACIAL REPRESENTATION AND ARTISTIC EXPERIMENTATION IN BILL "BOJANGLES" ROBINSON'S STORMY WEATHER PERFORMANCE"
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1314:"Hoofer, a tap dancer who emphasizes movements from the waist down, and concentrates on the flat-footed percussive intricacies of the feet"
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There are two major versions of tap dance: rhythm (jazz) tap and Broadway tap. Broadway tap focuses on dance; it is widely performed in
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Gates, Henry Louis. "Harlem Renaissance lives from the African American national biography." Oxford University Press, 2009, pg. 429.
524:. Tap dancing can either be done with music following the beats provided, or without musical accompaniment; the latter is known as "
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Taps are mounted to the sole of the shoe with screws, and sometimes adhesive as well. The screws are driven into a
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The sound is made by shoes that have a metal "tap" on the heel and toe. Different shoes may differ in their sound.
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striking the floor as a form of percussion; it is often accompanied by music. Tap dancing can also be
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It is an African-American artform that evolved alongside the advent of jazz music. Tap is a type of
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developed an innovative rhythmic tap style that influenced the work of later tap dancers such as
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double, and triple time steps. Time steps consist of single- and multi-sound step combinations.
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introduced ballet elements and style into tap. This style of tap led to what is today known as
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As minstrel shows began to decline in popularity, tap dance moved to the increasingly popular
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performances, where they would be forced to act on black stereotypes in their performances.
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Tap dance is an indigenous American dance form with roots that go back 300 years to
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1384:"RIFFS: A Theory of Instruction and Reference for Step Progression in Tap Dance"
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845:"Tap Dance Guide: Understanding the Origins of Tap Dance - 2024 - MasterClass"
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Michiels Hernandez, Barbara L.; Ozmun, Michelle; Keeton, Gladys (April 2013).
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dancers in the 1800s. Tap dance then became a popular stage entertainment.
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A teen tap dancer is performing a tap step known as a "toe stand" onstage.
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785:"Healthy and Creative Tap Dance: Teaching a Lifetime Physical Activity"
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415: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Side view of tap shoe, showing taps mounted to bottoms of heel and toe
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also features a tap dancer, Jamie Pressnall, tapping as percussion.
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danced on pianos and many other structures during this performance.
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500:(video) A man practices tap dancing in front of a station in Japan.
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around 1904 (then known as "Willie Robinson"). Well versed in both
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LiveTheDance is a dance blog – Guides, Reviews, Tips for Dancers
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1043:"The Class Act – Pete, Peaches & Duke – Coles & Atkins"
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helped bring tap dance into mainstream media by choreographing
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Interview with Donald O'Connor on the history of tap dancing
983:"A Brief Overview of the Origins and Evolution of Tap Dance"
831:"A Brief Overview of the Origins and Evolution of Tap Dance"
92:, and practitioners consider themselves to be a part of the
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Dancing Many Drums: Excavations In African American Dance
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1191:"'Bojangles' salutes tap dancer who broke race barriers"
516:. Choreography typically starts on the eighth or first
1496:"How to Choose the Right Shoes for Tap Dance Classes?"
1562:
The Book of Tap: Recovering America's Long Lost Dance
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Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
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The Origin Of Tap Dance, Beholders.org, 12 Sept 2011
573:, starring Gregory Hines and many old-time hoofers.
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1091:David Hinkley, Gregory Hines (February 4, 2001).
1166:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
1011:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
914:Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith (2010-01-01),
266:.) Prominent modern tap dancers have included
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258:, has further reinforced the popular appeal.
180:Another notable figure during this period is
49:) is a form of dance that uses the sounds of
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1591:What the Eye Hears: A History of Tap Dancing
956:Shoes, Walking in a Dancer's (2017-04-18).
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1494:Bellerose, Author Samantha (2021-09-12).
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549:. The majority of early hoofers, such as
475:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Irish soft-shoe and hard-shoe step dances
1266:. Oxford University Press. p. 103.
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520:count. Another aspect of tap dancing is
27:Type of dance involving percussive shoes
1595:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1368:A Brief History of the Soft Shoes Dance
1263:Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History
1162:"Tap Dance in America: A Short History"
1007:"Tap Dance in America: A Short History"
958:"Different Types of Tap Dancing Styles"
878:The International Encyclopedia of Dance
768:
689:
667:There are several styles of tap shoes:
216:During the 1930s, tap dance mixed with
1536:"Customizing Your Tap Shoes: The Taps"
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1560:Ames, Jerry; Siegelman, Jim (1977).
928:10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001
886:10.1093/acref/9780195173697.001.0001
413:adding citations to reliable sources
1653:PillowTalks: Tap Dancing in America
1124:Sarah Kaufman (December 17, 2006).
1064:Thomas F DeFrantz (April 1, 2002).
122:Students performing a tap dance in
64:that began with the combination of
1719:Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
1665:"The Black History of Tap Dancing"
141:traditions, which themselves have
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620:timesteps, riffs, and drawbacks.
512:Tap dancers make frequent use of
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1294:Valis Hill, Constantine (2010).
876:, in Cohen, Selma Jeanne (ed.),
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651:Popular tap shoe makers include
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2662:Dance in mythology and religion
1126:"Tapping a Gold Mine of Motion"
962:Walking In A Tap Dancer's Shoes
859:"Home - Irish Dancing Magazine"
400:needs additional citations for
1260:Hill, Constance Valis (2014).
920:The Oxford Dictionary of Dance
1:
1724:American Negro Ballet Company
1538:. Dance Advantage. 2011-07-05
1400:10.1080/23734833.2021.1954852
1093:"HERE'S TO YOU, MR. ROBINSON"
1047:American Tap Dance Foundation
801:10.1080/07303084.2013.773810
224:emerged. What is now called
1655:at Jacob's Pillow, 7/1/2010
1442:"Tap Shoe Guide | Bloch US"
1388:Dance Education in Practice
1070:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
981:Blume, Julie (2023-03-20).
922:, Oxford University Press,
880:, Oxford University Press,
747:Stepping (African-American)
711:Metal tap on bottom of heel
584:look to tap dancing, while
557:were African American men.
359:, who performed duets with
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723:Metal tap on bottom of toe
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159:African rhythms and styles
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1382:Silao, Nia (2021-07-03).
1346:10.1017/s2753906700003338
1195:Christian Science Monitor
872:Sommer, Sally R. (1998),
357:Bill "Bojangles" Robinson
264:Bill "Bojangles" Robinson
182:Bill "Bojangles" Robinson
316:Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards
204:Shortly thereafter, the
88:. Rhythm tap focuses on
76:, and a variety of both
1625:The Origin of Tap Dance
1587:Seibert, Brian (2015).
1564:. David McKay Company.
1474:www.abbystandingtap.com
1470:"Anatomy of a tap shoe"
1300:Oxford University Press
1225:DURKIN, HANNAH (2010).
320:Dianne "Lady Di" Walker
2733:African-American dance
1708:African-American dance
1333:Hypatia Reviews Online
1327:Edwards, Mary (2020).
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260:National Tap Dance Day
174:John "Bubbles" Sublett
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553:, Glover, Hines, and
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34:Tap dancing class at
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2627:Dance and disability
1660:Tap dance dictionary
409:improve this article
369:James "Buster" Brown
334:Segregation's impact
284:James "Buster" Brown
72:traditions, such as
2672:Dance on television
1631:All About Tap Dance
1296:Tap Dancing America
576:Early tappers like
381:Tap dance technique
304:Jason Samuels Smith
190:The Whitman Sisters
1520:has generic name (
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328:Tilly and the Wall
280:The Clark Brothers
245:No Maps on My Taps
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36:Iowa State College
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2667:Dance occupations
2604:Wallis and Futuna
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1673:, 1 December 2022
1670:Afropop Worldwide
1371:themovingarts.com
1309:978-0-19-539082-7
1273:978-0-19-022538-4
1095:. The Daily News.
937:978-0-19-956344-9
895:978-0-19-517369-7
555:LaVaughn Robinson
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312:Michelle Dorrance
300:LaVaughn Robinson
211:Nicholas Brothers
206:Nicholas Brothers
66:Southern American
16:(Redirected from
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2702:History of dance
2687:Dance technology
2632:Dance and health
2582:African-American
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1903:List of dancers
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551:Sammy Davis Jr.
528:" tap dancing.
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375:Characteristics
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272:Brenda Bufalino
228:evolved out of
184:, a protégé of
105:
86:musical theater
28:
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2707:Women in dance
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2677:Dance research
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2016:
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2001:
1996:
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1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
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1915:
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1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1898:List of dances
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1619:External links
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1458:
1446:BLOCH Dance US
1430:
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1308:
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1272:
1252:
1214:
1197:. 2001-02-02.
1177:
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1053:on 2010-06-16.
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674:Character Heel
672:
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612:
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590:Broadway style
483:
482:
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388:
379:Main article:
376:
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361:Shirley Temple
335:
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199:Shirley Temple
104:
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26:
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14:
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10:
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2:
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2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Dancing mania
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Dance science
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
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2663:
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2657:Dance in film
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2642:Dance costume
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2417:Faroe Islands
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2174:
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2169:
2167:
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2162:
2159:
2157:
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2147:
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2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
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2127:
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2120:
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2110:
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2055:
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2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Neo-Burlesque
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
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2000:
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1992:
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1984:
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1978:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
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1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:open position
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:close embrace
1927:
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1912:Participation
1910:
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1756:
1755:
1754:Hip-hop dance
1752:
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1602:9781429947619
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1233:(2): 98–106.
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916:"tap dancing"
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596:
595:Anything Goes
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:Savion Glover
556:
552:
548:
547:Savion Glover
544:
543:Gregory Hines
540:
536:
534:
529:
527:
523:
522:improvisation
519:
515:
506:
479:
476:
468:
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426: –
425:
421:
420:Find sources:
414:
410:
404:
403:
398:This section
396:
392:
387:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
346:
341:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Maurice Hines
293:
289:
288:Savion Glover
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
250:animated film
247:
246:
241:
239:
235:
234:Arthur Duncan
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
207:
202:
200:
195:
194:Buck and Wing
191:
187:
186:Alice Whitman
183:
178:
175:
171:
166:
164:
163:minstrel show
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:ancient roots
144:
140:
136:
132:
125:
120:
113:
109:
102:
100:
97:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2692:Dance troupe
2637:Dance awards
2532:Pontic Greek
2239:Dance theory
2229:Choreography
2200:
2141:Contemporary
1820:
1759:Breakdancing
1668:
1652:
1590:
1561:
1540:. Retrieved
1530:
1518:|first=
1499:. Retrieved
1489:
1478:. Retrieved
1476:. 2016-12-28
1473:
1450:. Retrieved
1448:. 2022-04-25
1445:
1424:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1336:
1332:
1295:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1262:
1255:
1230:
1206:. Retrieved
1194:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
1137:December 16,
1135:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:
1086:
1066:
1059:
1051:the original
1046:
1037:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:
976:
965:. Retrieved
961:
951:
941:, retrieved
919:
909:
899:, retrieved
877:
867:
853:
839:
825:
795:(4): 29–40.
792:
788:
729:
727:
685:
666:
650:
646:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
599:
593:
589:
578:Fred Astaire
575:
568:
562:
539:Steve Condos
537:
532:
530:
525:
511:
471:
465:October 2023
462:
452:
445:
438:
431:
419:
407:Please help
402:verification
399:
349:
337:
308:Chloe Arnold
253:
243:
242:
229:
225:
215:
203:
179:
167:
137:musical and
135:West African
128:
98:
83:
59:
46:
42:
41:
2522:Philippines
2507:Netherlands
2497:Middle East
2049:Table dance
2014:Go go dance
1994:Competitive
1811:Stick dance
1796:Set de flo'
1394:(3): 6–17.
1279:February 2,
1231:IJAS Online
874:"Tap Dance"
757:Irish dance
601:42nd Street
514:syncopation
424:"Tap dance"
340:segregation
268:Sarah Reich
201:franchise.
124:Mexico City
114:tap dancing
112:Jimmy Slyde
96:tradition.
70:Irish dance
2738:Jazz dance
2722:Categories
2589:Uzbekistan
2357:Azerbaijan
2266:Musicality
2234:Connection
2191:Postmodern
2161:Historical
2044:Striptease
2039:Pole dance
1989:Ceremonial
1944:slow dance
1786:Juba dance
1729:Buck dance
1571:0679506152
1542:2013-02-25
1501:2023-11-24
1480:2023-10-31
1452:2023-10-30
1208:2022-11-28
1171:2022-11-29
1016:2022-10-20
992:2024-06-27
967:2024-09-14
943:2023-10-31
901:2023-10-31
763:References
742:Step dance
730:soundboard
586:Gene Kelly
564:Happy Feet
533:rhythm tap
526:a cappella
435:newspapers
353:black-face
345:Musicality
255:Happy Feet
238:Tommy Tune
226:jazz dance
222:jazz dance
170:Vaudeville
139:step dance
90:musicality
62:step dance
55:a cappella
2728:Tap dance
2594:Venezuela
2557:Sri Lanka
2552:Singapore
2512:Nicaragua
2442:Indonesia
2347:Australia
2216:Technique
2114:formation
2029:Lap dance
1821:Tap dance
1801:Slow drag
1791:Lindy Hop
1774:Strutting
1637:Tap dance
1611:898419561
1416:237548320
1408:2373-4833
1355:2753-9067
1239:2009-2377
1203:0882-7729
817:144368244
809:0730-3084
671:Mary Jane
643:Tap shoes
635:Tap shoes
611:Tap Steps
324:Indie-pop
230:tap dance
218:Lindy Hop
51:tap shoes
43:Tap dance
18:Soft shoe
2609:Zimbabwe
2562:Thailand
2487:Malaysia
2472:Kiribati
2382:Cameroon
2377:Cambodia
2367:Bulgaria
2342:Assyrian
2311:national
2306:Regional
2286:Spotting
2281:Sequence
2259:glossary
2206:Two-step
2151:Flamenco
2136:Breaking
2131:Boogaloo
2109:Ballroom
2054:Twerking
2019:Grinding
2004:Ecstatic
1806:Stepping
1769:Boogaloo
1749:Get down
1734:Cakewalk
1510:cite web
1247:26234258
752:Flamenco
736:See also
582:ballroom
365:minstrel
143:medieval
2619:Related
2599:Vietnam
2572:Ukraine
2482:Kurdish
2452:Ireland
2432:Hungary
2422:Georgia
2407:Denmark
2397:Croatia
2362:Belarus
2352:Austria
2337:Armenia
2327:Albania
2291:Turnout
2176:Lyrical
2156:Hip-hop
1999:Concert
1924:Partner
1893:Outline
1779:Popping
1764:Locking
1580:2493445
1113:YouTube
657:Capezio
449:scholar
292:Gregory
103:History
2567:Turkey
2547:Serbia
2542:Russia
2537:Romani
2527:Poland
2492:Mexico
2457:Israel
2427:Greece
2412:Europe
2387:Canada
2322:Africa
2313:dances
2271:Pointe
2244:Graham
2224:Ballet
2181:Modern
2104:Ballet
2091:Styles
2076:Street
2071:Sacred
2009:Erotic
1981:Social
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