2686:
2321:
2675:
2702:
1497:
975:. The core is then cut back using a grinding implement, very gradually (~1 mm per time), and at every interval the surface of the core sample is digitally imaged. The images are then loaded into a computer where they can be analysed. Depth, continuity, surface area and a number of other measurements can then be made on the cracks within the soil.
959:
that no more cracking will occur. These are often characteristic of a soil and can therefore be measured in the field and used in the model. However it was not able to predict the points at which cracking starts and although random in the formation of crack pattern, in many ways, cracking of soil is often not random, but follows lines of weaknesses.
926:
method used prior to advances in modern technology. Another field method was with the use of string and a semicircle of wire. The semi circle was moved along alternating sides of a string line. The cracks within the semicircle were measured for width, length and depth using a ruler. The crack distribution was calculated using the principle of
958:
to create a two-dimensional prediction of surface crack formation. It used the fact that once cracks come within a certain distance of one another they tend to be attracted to each other. Cracks also tend to turn within a particular range of angles and at some stage a surface aggregate gets to a size
80:
rates in many soils as well as preferential flow patterns, hydraulic conductivity and evapotranspiration. Cracks are also very influential in gas exchange, influencing respiration within soils. Modeling cracks therefore helps understand how these processes work and what the effects of changes in soil
925:
Basic crack modeling has been undertaken for many years by simple observations and measurements of crack size, distribution, continuity and depth. These observations have either been surface observation or done on profiles in pits. Hand tracing and measurement of crack patterns on paper was one
846:
A pore is not simply a void in the solid structure of soil. The various pore size categories have different characteristics and contribute different attributes to soils depending on the number and frequency of each type. A widely used classification of pore size is that of Brewer (1964):
916:
Pores that are too small to be penetrated by most microorganisms. Organic matter in these pores is therefore protected from microbial decomposition. They are filled with water unless the soil is very dry, but little of this water is available to plants, and water movement is very slow.
987:
of air, the air spaces within a soil can be mapped. A specially designed resistivity meter had improved the meter-soil contact and therefore the area of the reading. This technology can be used to produce images that can be analysed for a range of cracking properties.
895:
These are "pores that are sufficiently small that water within these pores is considered immobile, but available for plant extraction." Because there is little movement of water in these pores, solute movement is mainly by the process of diffusion. Size 5–30 μm.
442:
586:
730:
807:, describes water movement through saturated media. Where hydraulic conductivity has the capability to be measured at any state. It can be estimated by numerous kinds of equipment. To calculate hydraulic conductivity,
197:
942:
is produced, with all pores filled with water. As the potential is decreased progressively larger cracks drain. By measuring at the hydraulic conductivity at a range of negative potentials, the
233:
1200:
Ringrose-Voase, A.J.; Sanidad, W.B. (1996). "A method for measuring the development of surface cracks in soils: application to crack development after lowland rice".
2483:
875:. Also known as storage pores because of the ability to store water useful to plants. They do not have capillary forces too great so that the water does not become
753:
2519:
938:
This method relies on the fact that crack sizes have a range of different water potentials. At zero water potential at the soil surface an estimate of saturated
1395:
834:. The smaller pores take longer to fill and rely on capillary forces as well as gravity. The smaller pores have a slower infiltration as the soil becomes more
855:
The pores that are too large to have any significant capillary force. Unless impeded, water will drain from these pores, and they are generally air-filled at
217:
Most soils have a dry bulk density between 1.0 and 1.6 g/cm but organic soil and some porous clays may have a dry bulk density well below 1 g/cm.
472:
2493:
597:
2599:
1755:
2571:
2032:
1184:
1115:
2509:
2536:
1738:
1273:
946:
can be determined. While this is not a physical model of the cracks, it does give an indication to the sizes of pores within the soil.
2016:
1548:
1070:
1043:
2021:
1388:
1003:
1060:
822:
is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. The water enters the soil through the pores by the forces of
2564:
2504:
2488:
2026:
118:
2542:
2547:
2531:
2037:
1420:
1235:
Horgan, G.W.; Young, I.M. (2000). "An empirical stochastic model for the geometry of two-dimensional crack growth in soil".
1558:
800:
2678:
1381:
437:{\displaystyle {\rm {{Dry\ bulk\ density}={\frac {\rm {(mass\ of\ oven\ dry\ soil)}}{\rm {(total\ sample\ volume)}}}}}}
2499:
2057:
2514:
2042:
1481:
1363:
1352:
799:(K) is a property of soil that describes the ease with which water can move through pore spaces. It depends on the
1486:
904:
These pores are suitable for habitation by microorganisms. Their distribution is determined by soil texture and
2636:
2430:
2052:
831:
819:
77:
2731:
2705:
2047:
2010:
1731:
1415:
943:
879:
to the plants. The properties of mesopores are highly studied by soil scientists because of their impact on
830:. The largest cracks and pores offer a great reservoir for the initial flush of water. This allows a rapid
2324:
1698:
1244:
939:
796:
591:
or, more generally, for an unsaturated soil in which the pores are filled by two fluids, air and water:
2736:
2726:
2695:
2379:
860:
803:
of the material (pores, compaction) and on the degree of saturation. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, K
66:
1141:
2460:
2354:
2178:
1285:
1209:
448:
1747:
1688:
1649:
1249:
1008:
905:
1174:
2651:
2298:
1931:
1724:
1587:
1543:
1301:
927:
2344:
2213:
1604:
1451:
1367:
1180:
1111:
1066:
1039:
214:
is around 2.65 g/cm but the dry bulk density of a soil can be less than half that value.
1309:
2525:
2218:
1681:
1293:
1254:
1217:
1013:
827:
206:
of a soil greatly depends on the mineral assemblage making up the soil and on its degree of
51:
738:
2646:
2626:
2621:
2450:
2384:
2369:
2349:
2283:
2268:
2128:
1624:
1553:
1521:
835:
207:
811:
is used. The manipulation of the law depends on the soil saturation and instrument used.
1289:
1213:
2655:
2578:
2258:
2203:
1666:
1639:
1619:
1531:
1476:
1471:
955:
872:
856:
808:
775:. For example, a sandy soil will have a larger porosity than a silty sand, because the
772:
93:
1258:
2720:
2689:
2592:
2585:
2425:
2394:
2303:
2188:
1693:
1570:
1526:
1274:"Electrical resistivity imaging for detecting soil cracking at the centimetric scale"
1221:
1105:
1305:
2445:
2440:
2415:
2288:
2233:
1661:
1634:
1609:
1565:
1538:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1404:
755:
is a measure of the total pore space in the soil. This is defined as a fraction of
224:
223:
are taken by pushing a metallic cutting edge into the soil at the desired depth or
203:
110:
581:{\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {V_{pore}}{V_{total}}}={\frac {V_{fluid}}{V_{total}}}}
227:. The soil samples are then oven dried (often at 105 °C) until constant weight.
2641:
2455:
2389:
2359:
2293:
2273:
2193:
2173:
2153:
2143:
2138:
1671:
1594:
1575:
984:
880:
863:, as well as plant roots, and zoological exploration. Size >75 μm.
823:
220:
89:
47:
2631:
2374:
2278:
2228:
2183:
2168:
2133:
2103:
1969:
1876:
1841:
1816:
1656:
1629:
1614:
1516:
1441:
884:
760:
725:{\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {V_{air}+V_{water}}{V_{solid}+V_{air}+V_{water}}}}
2660:
2435:
2420:
2364:
2263:
2208:
2148:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1831:
1801:
1781:
1710:
1599:
1297:
1496:
2616:
2465:
2248:
2163:
2118:
1994:
1974:
1964:
1949:
1921:
1916:
1901:
1871:
1866:
1846:
1836:
1821:
1806:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1676:
1436:
998:
968:
876:
464:
452:
73:
62:
58:
17:
2410:
2198:
2158:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2093:
1989:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1891:
1886:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1826:
1811:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1582:
908:, and they are not greatly affected by compaction. Size 0.1–5 μm.
768:
764:
85:
1716:
2308:
2243:
1984:
1979:
1881:
1272:
Samouëlian, A; Cousin, I; Richard, G; Tabbagh, A; Bruand, A. (2003).
756:
211:
35:
2223:
972:
455:. The more pore space in a soil, the lower its dry bulk density.
2253:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
1511:
967:
A large core sample is collected. This is then impregnated with
780:
776:
43:
1720:
1377:
1373:
2238:
39:
859:. Macropores can be caused by cracking, division of peds and
192:{\displaystyle \rho _{dry}={\frac {M_{solid}}{V_{total}}}}
81:
cracking such as compaction, can have on these processes.
50:
that contains mainly minerals of varying sizes as well as
741:
600:
475:
236:
121:
2609:
2556:
2476:
2403:
2337:
2066:
2003:
1930:
1754:
1709:
1504:
1429:
1038:. Huntington, N.Y.: R.E. Krieger (published 1980).
763:. The amount of porosity in a soil depends on the
747:
724:
580:
436:
191:
27:Volume occupied by liquid and gas phases in a soil
1065:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p. 694.
1110:. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
2484:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
69:interactions between the three phases of soil.
2520:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
1104:Soil Science Glossary Terms Committee (2008).
1732:
1389:
8:
1344:(Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, Sydney)
1168:
1166:
1342:Introduction to environmental soil physics.
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
767:that make up the soil and on the amount of
2701:
1739:
1725:
1717:
1396:
1382:
1374:
1248:
740:
701:
682:
657:
633:
614:
607:
599:
558:
536:
530:
507:
488:
482:
474:
365:
294:
292:
239:
238:
237:
235:
169:
147:
141:
126:
120:
2494:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
2600:Soil Science Society of America Journal
1278:Soil Science Society of America Journal
1026:
871:The largest pores filled with water at
84:The pore space of soil may contain the
2572:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
2033:Canadian system of soil classification
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
7:
2674:
2510:International Union of Soil Sciences
1360:Soil science : an introduction.
1173:Malcolm E. Sumner (31 August 1999).
1149:Fabric and mineral analysis of soils
1036:Fabric and mineral analysis of soils
2537:Soil and Water Conservation Society
1337:(Iowa State University Press, Ames)
1107:Glossary of Soil Science Terms 2008
954:Horgan and Young (2000) produced a
2017:Unified Soil Classification System
1549:Soil retrogression and degradation
779:will fill the gaps in between the
447:The dry bulk density of a soil is
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
358:
355:
352:
349:
343:
340:
337:
331:
328:
325:
322:
316:
313:
307:
304:
301:
298:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
261:
258:
255:
252:
246:
243:
240:
25:
2022:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1151:. New York: John Wiley & Sons
2700:
2685:
2684:
2679:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Soil
2673:
2565:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
2505:Indian Institute of Soil Science
2489:Canadian Society of Soil Science
2320:
2319:
1495:
2543:Soil Science Society of America
2548:World Congress of Soil Science
2532:Soil Science Society of Poland
2038:Australian Soil Classification
2029:(French classification system)
979:Electrical resistivity imaging
426:
366:
361:
295:
65:have been used to express the
1:
1559:Soil compaction (agriculture)
1328:Fundamentals of soil science.
1259:10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00015-X
963:Araldite-impregnation imaging
1222:10.1016/0016-7061(96)00008-0
1179:. CRC Press. p. A-232.
1062:Encyclopedia of soil science
2500:German Soil Science Society
2058:List of vineyard soil types
917:Size <0.1 μm.
46:, i.e., everything but the
2753:
2515:International Year of Soil
2043:Polish Soil Classification
1482:Environmental soil science
1364:Melbourne University Press
1353:Prospect Heights, Illinois
462:
108:
2669:
2317:
2067:Non-systematic soil types
1493:
1487:Agricultural soil science
1411:
1142:"[table excerpt]"
2637:Infiltration (hydrology)
2431:Geotechnical engineering
2053:List of U.S. state soils
1349:Soil science simplified.
1335:Soil science simplified.
1333:Harpstead, M.I. (2001).
1176:Handbook of Soil Science
1059:Chesworth, Ward (2008).
2706:List of soil scientists
2048:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
2027:Référentiel pédologique
2011:FAO soil classification
57:In order to understand
2477:Societies, Initiatives
1699:Soil water (retention)
1298:10.2136/sssaj2003.1319
950:Horgan and Young model
944:pore size distribution
940:hydraulic conductivity
887:. Size 30–75 μm.
797:Hydraulic conductivity
792:Hydraulic conductivity
749:
726:
582:
449:inversely proportional
438:
193:
2696:Category soil science
2380:Soil salinity control
1358:Leeper, G.W. (1993).
771:occurring within the
750:
748:{\displaystyle \eta }
727:
583:
439:
194:
76:play a major role in
2461:Agricultural science
2355:Soil guideline value
2179:Calcareous grassland
1756:World Reference Base
1140:Brewer, Roy (1964).
1034:Brewer, Roy (1964).
787:Pore space relations
739:
598:
473:
234:
119:
2557:Scientific journals
1748:Soil classification
1689:Soil organic matter
1650:Pore water pressure
1347:Kohnke, H. (1995).
1340:Hillel, D. (2004).
1326:Foth, H.D. (1990).
1290:2003SSASJ..67.1319S
1214:1996Geode..71..245R
1009:Pore water pressure
983:Using the infinite
906:soil organic matter
61:better a series of
2652:Impervious surface
1932:USDA soil taxonomy
1758:for Soil Resources
1645:Pore space in soil
1588:Soil acidification
1544:Soil contamination
971:and a fluorescent
745:
722:
578:
434:
189:
32:pore space of soil
2714:
2713:
2345:Soil conservation
2331:
2330:
1605:Soil biodiversity
1452:Soil microbiology
1368:Carlton, Victoria
1351:(Waveland Press:
1330:(Wiley, New York)
1186:978-0-8493-3136-7
1117:978-0-89118-851-3
720:
576:
525:
430:
407:
386:
348:
336:
321:
312:
266:
251:
210:. The density of
187:
52:organic compounds
16:(Redirected from
2744:
2704:
2703:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2526:OPAL Soil Centre
2323:
2322:
2219:Hydrophobic soil
1741:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1682:Soil respiration
1499:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1314:
1313:
1308:. Archived from
1284:(5): 1319–1326.
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1208:(3–4): 245–261.
1197:
1191:
1190:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1031:
1014:Soil respiration
1004:Particle density
999:Aeration of soil
934:Disc permeameter
921:Modeling methods
828:capillary action
754:
752:
751:
746:
731:
729:
728:
723:
721:
719:
718:
717:
693:
692:
674:
673:
651:
650:
649:
625:
624:
608:
587:
585:
584:
579:
577:
575:
574:
553:
552:
531:
526:
524:
523:
502:
501:
483:
443:
441:
440:
435:
433:
432:
431:
429:
405:
384:
364:
346:
334:
319:
310:
293:
288:
264:
249:
198:
196:
195:
190:
188:
186:
185:
164:
163:
142:
137:
136:
105:Dry bulk density
21:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2665:
2647:Crust (geology)
2627:Land management
2622:Land conversion
2605:
2552:
2472:
2451:Earth materials
2399:
2385:Erosion control
2370:Soil governance
2350:Soil management
2333:
2332:
2327:
2313:
2284:Subaqueous soil
2269:Serpentine soil
2129:Parent material
2062:
1999:
1926:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1705:
1625:Soil resilience
1554:Soil compaction
1522:Soil morphology
1500:
1491:
1425:
1407:
1402:
1323:
1321:Further reading
1318:
1317:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1125:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
994:
981:
965:
952:
936:
928:Buffon's needle
923:
914:
902:
893:
869:
853:
844:
817:
806:
794:
789:
759:often given in
737:
736:
697:
678:
653:
652:
629:
610:
609:
596:
595:
554:
532:
503:
484:
471:
470:
467:
461:
232:
231:
165:
143:
122:
117:
116:
113:
107:
102:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2732:Soil mechanics
2729:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2681:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2656:Surface runoff
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2579:Plant and Soil
2575:
2568:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2404:Related fields
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Prime farmland
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Fuller's earth
2211:
2206:
2204:Expansive clay
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1667:Soil biomantle
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:Soil structure
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:Soil fertility
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:Soil formation
1529:
1524:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Soil chemistry
1474:
1472:Soil mechanics
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1356:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:on 2010-06-15.
1264:
1250:10.1.1.34.6589
1243:(4): 263–276.
1227:
1192:
1185:
1162:
1123:
1116:
1085:
1072:978-1402039942
1071:
1051:
1045:978-0882753140
1044:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
990:
980:
977:
964:
961:
956:computer model
951:
948:
935:
932:
922:
919:
913:
910:
901:
900:Ultramicropore
898:
892:
889:
873:field capacity
868:
865:
857:field capacity
852:
849:
843:
840:
816:
813:
804:
793:
790:
788:
785:
773:soil structure
744:
733:
732:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
700:
696:
691:
688:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
656:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
632:
628:
623:
620:
617:
613:
606:
603:
589:
588:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
535:
529:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
500:
497:
494:
491:
487:
481:
478:
463:Main article:
460:
457:
445:
444:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
345:
342:
339:
333:
330:
327:
324:
318:
315:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
291:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
263:
260:
257:
254:
248:
245:
242:
200:
199:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
168:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
146:
140:
135:
132:
129:
125:
109:Main article:
106:
103:
101:
98:
94:microorganisms
72:Macropores or
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2749:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:Category soil
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:Soil Research
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:Pochvovedenie
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Geomorphology
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2395:Liming (soil)
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2325:Types of soil
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Tropical peat
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Dry quicksand
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:Other systems
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:Soil moisture
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:Soil salinity
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Pedodiversity
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
989:
986:
978:
976:
974:
970:
962:
960:
957:
949:
947:
945:
941:
933:
931:
929:
920:
918:
911:
909:
907:
899:
897:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
864:
862:
858:
850:
848:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
810:
802:
798:
791:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
742:
735:The porosity
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
698:
694:
689:
686:
683:
679:
675:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
630:
626:
621:
618:
615:
611:
604:
601:
594:
593:
592:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
555:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
533:
527:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
504:
498:
495:
492:
489:
485:
479:
476:
469:
468:
466:
458:
456:
454:
450:
289:
230:
229:
228:
226:
222:
218:
215:
213:
209:
205:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
166:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
144:
138:
133:
130:
127:
123:
115:
114:
112:
104:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:contains the
33:
19:
2737:Porous media
2727:Soil science
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2446:Biogeography
2441:Hydrogeology
2416:Geochemistry
2338:Applications
2234:Martian soil
1662:Soil horizon
1644:
1635:Soil texture
1610:Soil quality
1566:Soil sealing
1539:Soil erosion
1467:Soil physics
1462:Soil ecology
1457:Soil zoology
1447:Soil biology
1405:Soil science
1359:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1310:the original
1281:
1277:
1267:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1175:
1153:. Retrieved
1148:
1106:
1076:. Retrieved
1061:
1054:
1035:
1029:
982:
966:
953:
937:
924:
915:
903:
894:
870:
854:
845:
832:infiltration
820:Infiltration
818:
815:Infiltration
801:permeability
795:
734:
590:
446:
225:soil horizon
221:Core samples
219:
216:
204:bulk density
201:
111:Bulk density
83:
78:infiltration
71:
67:quantitative
56:
31:
29:
2642:Groundwater
2456:Archaeology
2390:Agroecology
2360:Soil survey
2299:Terra rossa
2294:Terra preta
2274:Spodic soil
2194:Duplex soil
2174:Brown earth
2154:Alkali soil
2144:Rhizosphere
2139:Laimosphere
2013:(1974–1998)
1970:Inceptisols
1877:Plinthosols
1842:Kastanozems
1672:Soil carbon
1595:Soil health
1576:Alkali soil
1505:Soil topics
1430:Main fields
985:resistivity
881:agriculture
809:Darcy's law
783:particles.
90:rhizosphere
88:of plants (
48:solid phase
2721:Categories
2632:Vegetation
2375:Soil value
2279:Stagnogley
2229:Lunar soil
2184:Dark earth
2169:Brickearth
2134:Pedosphere
2104:Soil crust
1912:Technosols
1897:Solonchaks
1817:Ferralsols
1782:Anthrosols
1657:Soil crust
1630:Soil color
1615:Soil value
1517:Pedosphere
1442:Edaphology
1021:References
912:Cryptopore
885:irrigation
861:aggregates
842:Pore types
208:compaction
100:Background
42:phases of
2661:Petrichor
2436:Hydrology
2421:Petrology
2365:Soil test
2264:Quicksand
2209:Fill dirt
2149:Bulk soil
1995:Vertisols
1985:Spodosols
1975:Mollisols
1965:Histosols
1950:Aridisols
1922:Vertisols
1917:Umbrisols
1907:Stagnosol
1872:Planosols
1867:Phaeozems
1847:Leptosols
1832:Gypsisols
1822:Fluvisols
1802:Chernozem
1797:Cambisols
1792:Calcisols
1787:Arenosols
1711:Soil type
1600:Soil life
1245:CiteSeerX
891:Micropore
851:Macropore
836:saturated
743:η
602:η
477:η
124:ρ
74:fractures
63:equations
18:Soil pore
2617:Land use
2610:See also
2466:Agrology
2249:Paleosol
2164:Blue goo
2119:Gypcrust
1990:Ultisols
1960:Gelisols
1955:Entisols
1945:Andisols
1940:Alfisols
1902:Solonetz
1892:Retisols
1887:Regosols
1862:Nitisols
1857:Luvisols
1852:Lixisols
1837:Histosol
1827:Gleysols
1812:Durisols
1807:Cryosols
1777:Andosols
1767:Acrisols
1677:Soil gas
1437:Pedology
1306:19535162
1237:Geoderma
1202:Geoderma
1155:July 28,
992:See also
969:araldite
877:limiting
867:Mesopore
765:minerals
465:Porosity
459:Porosity
453:porosity
202:The dry
59:porosity
2694:
2496:(India)
2411:Geology
2199:Eluvium
2159:Bay mud
2124:Caliche
2114:Hardpan
2109:Claypan
2099:Subsoil
2094:Topsoil
1980:Oxisols
1882:Podzols
1772:Alisols
1760:(1998–)
1583:Soil pH
1416:History
1286:Bibcode
1210:Bibcode
824:gravity
769:sorting
761:percent
451:to its
86:habitat
2683:
2309:Yedoma
2244:Muskeg
1304:
1247:
1183:
1114:
1078:2 July
1069:
1042:
757:volume
406:
385:
347:
335:
320:
311:
265:
250:
212:quartz
92:) and
36:liquid
2289:Takir
2224:Loess
1421:Index
1302:S2CID
1145:(PDF)
973:resin
2539:(US)
2528:(UK)
2522:(US)
2254:Peat
2089:Loam
2084:Clay
2079:Silt
2074:Sand
1512:Soil
1181:ISBN
1157:2020
1112:ISBN
1080:2016
1067:ISBN
1040:ISBN
883:and
826:and
781:sand
777:silt
44:soil
38:and
30:The
2239:Mud
1294:doi
1255:doi
1218:doi
805:sat
40:gas
2723::
1366:,
1300:.
1292:.
1282:67
1280:.
1276:.
1253:.
1241:96
1239:.
1216:.
1206:71
1204:.
1165:^
1147:.
1126:^
1088:^
930:.
838:.
96:.
54:.
2654:/
1740:e
1733:t
1726:v
1397:e
1390:t
1383:v
1370:)
1362:(
1355:)
1296::
1288::
1261:.
1257::
1224:.
1220::
1212::
1189:.
1159:.
1120:.
1082:.
1048:.
715:r
712:e
709:t
706:a
703:w
699:V
695:+
690:r
687:i
684:a
680:V
676:+
671:d
668:i
665:l
662:o
659:s
655:V
647:r
644:e
641:t
638:a
635:w
631:V
627:+
622:r
619:i
616:a
612:V
605:=
572:l
569:a
566:t
563:o
560:t
556:V
550:d
547:i
544:u
541:l
538:f
534:V
528:=
521:l
518:a
515:t
512:o
509:t
505:V
499:e
496:r
493:o
490:p
486:V
480:=
427:)
424:e
421:m
418:u
415:l
412:o
409:v
403:e
400:l
397:p
394:m
391:a
388:s
382:l
379:a
376:t
373:o
370:t
367:(
362:)
359:l
356:i
353:o
350:s
344:y
341:r
338:d
332:n
329:e
326:v
323:o
317:f
314:o
308:s
305:s
302:a
299:m
296:(
290:=
286:y
283:t
280:i
277:s
274:n
271:e
268:d
262:k
259:l
256:u
253:b
247:y
244:r
241:D
183:l
180:a
177:t
174:o
171:t
167:V
161:d
158:i
155:l
152:o
149:s
145:M
139:=
134:y
131:r
128:d
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.