754:(SVE) is an effective remediation technology for soil. "Multi Phase Extraction" (MPE) is also an effective remediation technology when soil and groundwater are to be remediated coincidentally. SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors (and VOCs) from the subsurface and include granular activated carbon (most commonly used historically), thermal and/or catalytic oxidation and vapor condensation. Generally, carbon is used for low (below 500 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams, oxidation is used for moderate (up to 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration streams, and vapor condensation is used for high (over 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams. Below is a brief summary of each technology.
448:"The selection of subsurface barriers for any given site which needs remediation, and the selection of a particular barrier technology must be done, however, by means of the Superfund Process, with special emphasis on the remedial investigation and feasibility study portions. The chemical compatibility of the material with the wastes, leachates and geology with which it is likely to come in contact is of particular importance for barriers constructed from fluids which are supposed to set in-situ. EPA emphasizes this compatibility in its guidance documents, noting that thorough characterization of the waste, leachate, barrier material chemistry, site geochemistry, and compatibility testing of the barrier material with the likely disposal site chemical environment are all required."
473:
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762:(GAC) is used as a filter for air or water. Commonly used to filter tap water in household sinks. GAC is a highly porous adsorbent material, produced by heating organic matter, such as coal, wood and coconut shell, in the absence of air, which is then crushed into granules. Activated carbon is positively charged and therefore able to remove negative ions from the water such as organic ions, ozone, chlorine, fluorides and dissolved organic solutes by adsorption onto the activated carbon. The activated carbon must be replaced periodically as it may become saturated and unable to adsorb (i.e. reduced absorption efficiency with loading). Activated carbon is not effective in removing heavy metals.
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further. Better options of in-situ treatment often include air sparge/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) or dual phase extraction/multiphase extraction (DPE/MPE). Other methods include trying to increase the dissolved oxygen content of the groundwater to support microbial degradation of the compound (especially petroleum) by direct injection of oxygen into the subsurface, or the direct injection of a slurry that slowly releases oxygen over time (typically magnesium peroxide or calcium oxy-hydroxide).
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as well as community concerns and interests information. Consultation should be open, on a group basis so that each member of the community is informed about issues they may not have individually thought about. An independent chairperson acceptable to both the proponent and the community should be engaged (at proponent expense if a fee is required). Minutes of meetings including questions asked and the answers to them and copies of presentations by the proponent should be available both on the
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traditionally has been more cautious about negative externalities that may or may not arise from the introduction of these species. One of their concerns is that the toxic chemicals would lead to the microbe's gene degradation, which would then be passed on to other harmful bacteria, creating more issues, if the pathogens evolve the ability to feed off of pollutants.
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levels in the area and standards for areas zoned as nearby areas are zoned and against standards used in other recent remediations. Just because the emission is emanating from an area zoned industrial does not mean that in a nearby residential area there should be permitted any exceedances of the appropriate residential standards.
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The rezoning is often resisted by local communities and local government because of the adverse effects on the local amenity of the remediation and the new development. The main impacts during remediation are noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk. Then there is the noise, dust and traffic of
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processes in the soil. However, pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation. It is expensive to treat the groundwater, and typically is a very slow process to clean up a release with pump and treat. It is best suited to control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading
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In geologic formations that allow delivery of hydrocarbon mitigation agents or specialty surfactants, this approach provides a cost-effective and permanent solution to sites that have been previously unsuccessful utilizing other remedial approaches. This technology is also successful when utilized as
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was used in the past, however cracking and poor performance under wet-dry conditions at arid sites need improved materials to remedy. Sites that need remediation have variable humidity, moisture and soil conditions. Field implementation remains challenging: different environmental and site conditions
382:
Remediation technologies are many and varied but can generally be categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods. Ex-situ methods involve excavation of affected soils and subsequent treatment at the surface as well as extraction of contaminated groundwater and treatment at the surface. In-situ methods
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this is 1 in 1,000,000 but in other jurisdictions the acceptable projected rate of increase is 1 in 100,000. A relatively small incremental health risk from a single project is not of much comfort if the area already has a relatively high health risk from other operations like incinerators or other
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In preparation for any significant remediation there should be extensive community consultation. The proponent should both present information to and seek information from the community. The proponent needs to learn about "sensitive" (future) uses like childcare, schools, hospitals, and playgrounds
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or effluent off-gas. Controlled, high temperature incineration with filtering of exhaust gases however should not pose any risks. Two different technologies can be employed to oxidize the contaminants of an extracted vapor stream. The selection of either thermal or catalytic depends on the type and
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Standards are set for the levels of dust, noise, odour, emissions to air and groundwater, and discharge to sewers or waterways of all chemicals of concern or chemicals likely to be produced during the remediation by processing of the contaminants. These are compared against both natural background
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Cleaning of oil contaminated sediments with self collapsing air microbubbles have been recently explored as a chemical free technology. Air microbubbles generated in water without adding any surfactant could be used to clean oil contaminated sediments. This technology holds promise over the use of
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is the most effective off-gas treatment technology for high (over 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams. The process involves cryogenically cooling the vapor stream to below 40 degrees C such that the VOCs condensate out of the vapor stream and into liquid form where it is collected in steel
536:
This is used in removing non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from aquifer. This is done by pumping surfactant solution into contaminated aquifer using injection wells which are passed through contaminated zones to the extraction wells. The
Surfactant solution containing contaminants is then captured
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That nanoparticles are highly reactive can mean that they rapidly clump together or react with soil particles or other material in the environment, limiting their dispersal to target contaminants. Some of the important challenges currently limiting nanoremediation technologies include identifying
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with cement and chemicals, freezing and slurry walls. Barrier walls must be constructed of impermeable materials and resistant to deterioration from contact with waste, for the lifespan of the barrier wall. It wasn't until the use of newer polymer and chemical grouts in the 1950s and 1960s that
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Assessment should be made of the risks of operations, transporting contaminated material, disposal of waste which may be contaminated including workers' clothes, and a formal emergency response plan should be developed. Every worker and visitor entering the site should have a safety induction
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to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. Other countries have other mechanisms and commonly sites are rezoned to "higher" uses such as high density housing, to give the land a higher value so that after deducting cleanup costs there is still an incentive for a developer to
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In the past, it has been difficult to turn to bioremediation as an implemented policy solution, as lack of adequate production of remediating microbes led to little options for implementation. Those that manufacture microbes for bioremediation must be approved by the EPA; however, the EPA
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is a technology for soil remediation. During the process a desorber volatilizes the contaminants (e.g. oil, mercury or hydrocarbon) to separate them from especially soil or sludge. After that the contaminants can either be collected or destroyed in an offgas treatment system.
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to be done. Often nearby sites owned by the same company or which are nearby and have been reclaimed, levelled or filled are also contaminated even where the current land use seems innocuous. For example, a car park may have been levelled by using contaminated waste in the
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under state or municipal programs like New York State's
Brownfield Cleanup Program. If remediation is done by removal the waste materials are simply transported off-site for disposal at another location. The waste material can also be contained by physical barriers like
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and most hydrocarbons, bioreactors can be used to clean the contaminated water to non-detectable levels. With fluidized bed bioreactors it is possible to achieve very low discharge concentrations which will meet or exceed discharge requirements for most pollutants.
528:) may be conducted. Recently, ExSitu Chemical oxidation has also been utilized in the remediation of contaminated soil. This process involves the excavation of the contaminated area into large bermed areas where they are treated using chemical oxidation methods.
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emissions, or if other projects exist at the same time causing a greater cumulative risk or an unacceptably high total risk. An analogy often used by remediators is to compare the risk of the remediation on nearby residents to the risks of death through
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is a process that treats a polluted area either by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms or through natural microorganism activity, resulting in the degradation of the target pollutants. Broad categories of
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gas or ambient air can also be injected to promote growth of aerobic bacteria which accelerate natural attenuation of organic contaminants. One disadvantage of this approach is the possibility of decreasing anaerobic contaminant destruction
422:
Contaminants can be removed from a site or controlled. One option for control are barrier walls, which can be temporary to prevent contamination during treatment and removal, or more permanent. Techniques to construct barrier walls are
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Migration of metal contaminants must also be considered whenever modifying subsurface oxidation-reduction potential. Certain metals are more soluble in oxidizing environments while others are more mobile in reducing environments.
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and soil type, pump and treat may be a good method to quickly reduce high concentrations of pollutants. It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of
2019:
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coatings or other formulations that increase dispersal of the nanoparticle agents to better reach target contaminants while limiting any potential toxicity to bioremediation agents, wildlife, or people.
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involves the addition of reagents to a contaminated material to impart physical/dimensional stability to contain contaminants in a solid product and reduce access by external agents (e.g. air, rainfall).
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of the site. In these cases, injections downgradient of groundwater flow may provide adequate microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters or drinking water supply wells.
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concentration in parts per million by volume of constituent in the vapor stream. Thermal oxidation is more useful for higher concentration (~4,000 ppmV) influent vapor streams (which require less
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per unit mass, and due to this reactivity nanomaterials may react with target contaminants at a faster rate than would larger particles. Most field applications of nanoremediation have used nano
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is currently in progress. After three years of intensive research by the
Croatian government, the EU funded the immobilization project in Bakar. The area is contaminated with large amounts of
439:
The
Department of Energy is one US government agency that sponsors research to formulate, test and determine use applications for innovative polymer grouts used in waste containment barriers.
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and biostimulation of the excavated material have also proven to be able to remediate semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) onsite. If the contamination affects a river or bay bottom, then
635:
Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is a remediation and treatment technology that relies on the reaction between a binder and soil to stop/prevent or reduce the mobility of contaminants.
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and other earthquake zones, has achieved mixed results in field tests to create barriers, and site-specific results depend upon many variable conditions that can greatly impact outcomes.
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250:, most standards for remediation are set by the provinces individually, but the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment provides guidance at a federal level in the form of the
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at a concentration of 22%. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have also been used to monitor the degradation and reduction of anthropogenic oil contamination in the environment.
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and pumped out by extraction wells for further treatment at the surface. Then the water after treatment is discharged into surface water or re-injected into groundwater.
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seek to treat the contamination without removing the soils or groundwater. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil/sediments.
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726:. In general, aerobic activity is much faster than anaerobic and overall destruction rates are typically greater when aerobic activity can be successfully promoted.
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require different materials and the placement technologies are specific to the characteristics of the compounds used which vary in viscosity, gel time and density:
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Penalties must be significant as otherwise fines are treated as a normal expense of doing business. Compliance must be cheaper than to have continuous breaches.
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work has a reasonably good track record but also a set of serious deficiencies related to durability of solutions and potential long-term effects. In addition CO
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Monitoring for compliance against each standards is critical to ensure that exceedances are detected and reported both to authorities and the local community.
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developments. Then there is the impact on local traffic, schools, playing fields, and other public facilities of the often vastly increased local population.
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in many countries in the world. However, the uptake of S/S technologies has been relatively modest, and a number of barriers have been identified including:
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on a support to facilitate a lower temperature oxidation. This system usually maintains temperatures ranging from 600 to 800 °F (316 to 427 °C).
171:. Remediation may be required by regulations before development of land revitalization projects. Developers who agree to voluntary cleanup may be offered
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the initial step in a multi-faceted remedial approach utilizing SEAR then In situ
Oxidation, bioremediation enhancement or soil vapor extraction (SVE).
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experiences of past poor practice in the application of cement stabilization processes used in waste disposal in the 1980s and 1990s (ENDS, 1992); and
132:
2118:
Ezezika, Obidimma C; Singer, Peter A (2010). "Genetically engineered oil-eating microbes for bioremediation: Prospects and regulatory challenges".
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325:, however a "Freedom of Information" inquiry will often produce other documents that are not protected or will produce references to the reports.
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Thermal oxidation which uses a system that acts as a furnace and maintains temperatures ranging from 1,350 to 1,500 °F (730 to 820 °C).
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1784:
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Entomoremediation is considered viable as an accessible low-energy, low-carbon, and highly renewable method for environmental decontamination.
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299:, surface and groundwater of nearby properties should also be tested, both before and after any remediation. This is a controversial step as:
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Once a site is suspected of being contaminated there is a need to assess the contamination. Often the assessment begins with preparation of a
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1284:
267:
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1934:
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Biancarosa (2018). "Uptake of heavy metals and arsenic in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae grown on seaweed-enriched media".
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is either done on the contaminated site (in situ) or after the removal of contaminated soils at another more controlled site (ex situ).
100:
1909:
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involves the addition of reagents to a contaminated material (e.g. soil or sludge) to produce more chemically stable constituents; and
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emissions due to the use of cement are also becoming a major obstacle to its widespread use in solidification/stabilization projects.
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Federal agencies of the US government recognized the need to establish a minimum project life of 50 years in real world applications.
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1586:"Supplemental guidance on implementation of Canada-wide standard for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil at federal contaminated sites"
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823:(LNAPL) when the source of the liquid consists predominantly of petroleum or fuel products. This recovered chemical can then be
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2667:
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2520:
2490:
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Agarwal, Ashutosh; Zhou, Yufeng; Liu, Yu (2016). "Remediation of oil-contaminated sand with self-collapsing air microbubbles".
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816:
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820:
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57:
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Entomoremediation is a variant of bioremediation in which insects decontaminate soils. Entomoremediation techniques engage
86:
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Crane, R.A; Scott, T.B (2012). "Nanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology".
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There are several tools for mapping these sites and which allow the user to view additional information. One such tool is
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which do voluntary testing of their sites are protected from the reports to environmental agencies becoming public under
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residual liability associated with immobilized contaminants remaining on-site, rather than their removal or destruction.
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that a receptor (normally a human being living nearby) will face from (the lack of) a remediation project. The use of
832:
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technologies have become popular for remediation of a wide range of soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by
68:
2883:
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1767:"Laboratory Evaluation of Performance and Durability of Polymer Grouts for Subsurface Hydraulic/Diffusion Barriers"
1439:
1249:
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773:) can also be an effective remediation technology. This approach is somewhat controversial because of the risks of
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manner than the alternatives described above. This technology is also known as cryogenic cooling and compression (
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Conventional S/S is an established remediation technology for contaminated soils and treatment technology for
287:. Also important is to consider off site contamination of nearby sites often through decades of emissions to
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1985:
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Sánchez, Antoni; Recillas, Sonia; Font, Xavier; Casals, Eudald; González, Edgar; Puntes, Víctor (2011).
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270:. The historical use of the site and the materials used and produced on site will guide the assessment
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1842:"Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation: Mechanisms, influences, limitations and the countermeasures"
1499:"A field test of permeation grouting in heterogeneous soils using a new generation of barrier liquids"
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358:, a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the
180:. The use of slurry walls is well-established in the construction industry. The application of (low)
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Dredging contaminated sediment in New
Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts. The harbor is contaminated with
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Enforcement is necessary to ensure that continued or significant breaches result in fines or even a
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1079:) effects and often involves value judgements about the acceptable projected rate of increase in
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the contaminants from the groundwater. For petroleum-contaminated sites this material is usually
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486:
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888:. Research is also investigating how nanoparticles may be applied to cleanup of soil and gases.
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into the groundwater may also cause contamination to spread faster than normal depending on the
2075:
Zhang, Wei-Xian (2003). "Nanoscale Iron
Particles for Environmental Remediation: An Overview".
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purchase the land, clean it up, redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units).
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Agarwal, Ashutosh; Liu, Yu (2015). "Remediation technologies for oil-contaminated sediments".
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1204:, and metals. For the immobilization, the contractor chose to use the mix-in-plant procedure.
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is the cleanup of hazardous substances dealing with the removal, treatment and containment of
1986:"Ecotoxicity of, and remediation with, engineered inorganic nanoparticles in the environment"
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uncertainty over the durability and rate of contaminant release from S/S-treated material;
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1176:. Remediation was completed in 2010, but fishing will continue to be banned for decades.
2276:"Insect Lipase Activity as a Useful Indicator of Entomoremediation of Oil Contamination"
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Excavation of soil contaminated with dioxins at Da Nang
International Airport in Vietnam
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362:(NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the
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chemicals (mainly surfactant) for traditional washing of oil contaminated sediments.
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by slowly proceeding through a series of vessels that contain materials designed to
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If nearby properties are found to be contaminated it may have to be noted on their
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Using nano-sized reactive agents to degrade or immobilize contaminants is termed
218:, the most comprehensive set of Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) is from the
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1810:"Statement of Qualifications: Environmental Consulting and Remediation Services"
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2004:
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Lili Huo, Guansheng Liu, Xin Yang, Zulfiqar Ahmad and Hua Zhong (August 2020).
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involves pumping out contaminated groundwater with the use of a submersible or
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Traditional remediation approaches consist of soil excavation and disposal to
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Canada-Wide
Standards|Canada-Wide Standard for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil
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risks where no legislative standards exist, or where standards are advisory.
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1960:"Remediation: Selected Sites Using or Testing Nanoparticles for Remediation"
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819:(DNAPL) when the source of the liquid consists predominantly of solvents or
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367:
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238:(EU) is rapidly moving towards Europe-wide standards, although most of the
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US Department of Energy Office of
Science and Technical Information (OSTI)
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994:(black soldier fly - BSF) is an important entomoremediation participant.
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insect larvae, resistant to adverse environmental conditions and able to
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880:. In commercial settings, this technology has been dominantly applied to
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These guidelines are for all materials - experimental and traditional.
394:"pump and treat". In-situ technologies include but are not limited to:
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An EU contract for immobilization of a polluted area of 20,000 m in
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and at a local library (even a school library) or community centre.
1536:"Environmental Diligence Home Builders Must Follow Before Building"
660:
the relatively low cost and widespread use of disposal to landfill;
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has been observed to reduce polluted substrate dry weight by 49%.
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869:
836:
700:
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is a method that can be effective for volatile pollutants such as
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1935:"Soil Vapor Extraction | Environmental Remediation Services"
1517:"Grouting Techniques in Bottom Sealing of Hazardous Waste Sites"
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1910:"In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) | Remediation Services"
1478:"Liquefaction Remediation Near Existing Lifelines ]page=28"
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may also be used to decrease the contamination of groundwater.
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as a new and promising species for use in entomoremediation".
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402:, permeable reactive barriers, monitored natural attenuation,
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29:
2147:"Entomoremediation - A Novel In-Situ Bioremediation Approach"
1709:. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. Archived from
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at a concentration of 93% and bioaccumulation factor of 5.6,
860:
are brought into contact with the contaminant through either
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requirements, and may also be based on assessments of human
2414:
U.S. EPA's Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN)
1682:"Environmental Due Diligence and Remeditation Information"
815:
containers. The liquid form of the VOCs is referred to as
2413:
891:
Nanomaterials are highly reactive because of their high
303:
No one wants to have to pay for the cleanup of the site;
1610:"Environmental Site Assessment Basics | ESA Phase One"
1584:
Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2022-05-04).
872:
reactions or adsorb to and immobilize metals such as
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the lack of authoritative technical guidance on S/S;
410:, chemical oxidation, steam-enhanced extraction and
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2625:
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1561:"Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) - Generic Tables"
903:or mixed with another metal to enhance dispersion.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1130:personalised to their involvement with the site.
1403:(International organisation with National sites)
1310:Solidification / Stabilization (S/S) with Cement
27:Removal of pollution from soil, groundwater etc.
1164:used in the production of now-banned pesticide
556:, and allowing the extracted groundwater to be
313:No one wants to pay for the cost of assessment.
2233:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
1156:Remediation of pesticide plant on Homebush Bay
532:Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR)
184:, used to mitigate soil liquefaction risks in
2441:
1414:United States Environmental Protection Agency
364:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
2298:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
2020:"Nanotechnologies for environmental cleanup"
1894:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
718:where existing conditions enhance anaerobic
1707:"In-Situ Treatment Technology Optimization"
1192:based on solidification/stabilization with
864:injection or a pump-and-treat process. The
414:and have been used extensively in the USA.
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868:then degrade organic contaminants through
856:. In soil or groundwater nanoremediation,
485:processes can be as simple as hauling the
360:United States National Library of Medicine
1125:Transport and emergency safety assessment
1059:Incremental health risk is the increased
722:which normally live in the soil prefer a
333:In the US there has been a mechanism for
252:Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2541:Environmentally healthy community design
1734:Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization
1368:'Wet Verontreiniging Oppervlaktewater' (
1148:Homebush Bay, New South Wales, Australia
1002:larvae have been observed to accumulate
246:have their own standards at present. In
1787:. Terra Nova Biosystems. Archived from
1773:. Brookhaven National Laboratory. 1994.
1451:
310:title, potentially affecting the value;
1887:
1143:Examples of major remediation projects
1042:Community consultation and information
591:For most biodegradable materials like
497:the excavated material in the case of
1785:"Environmental Remediation Resources"
1388:Environmental groups with information
1285:Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
268:Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
7:
1464:NYC Economic Development Corporation
341:to remediate abandoned sites, or to
194:is generally subject to an array of
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1993:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
1230:In-situ capping of subaqueous waste
520:containing contaminants (including
226:(RSLs). A set of standards used in
2678:waste-water treatment technologies
1332:Contaminated Land Management Act (
25:
2663:agricultural wastewater treatment
2389:Davies, Anne (October 30, 2010).
1937:. MEC. 2008-01-01. Archived from
1866:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126620
1408:Environmental protection agencies
1166:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
802:Catalytic oxidation which uses a
691:involves the injection of strong
499:volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
2616:
2283:ACTA Scientific Medical Sciences
2182:Science of the Total Environment
2077:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
1379:'Environmental Management Act' (
626:Solidification and stabilization
621:Solidification and stabilization
396:solidification and stabilization
138:polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
34:
2744:List of energy storage projects
2668:industrial wastewater treatment
2521:Environmental impact assessment
2491:Environmental impact assessment
2202:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.252
1684:. ESA Phase One. Archived from
1660:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010
821:light non-aqueous phase liquids
817:dense non-aqueous phase liquids
337:polluting industries to form a
230:exists and is often called the
220:Environmental Protection Agency
45:needs additional citations for
2930:Pollution control technologies
2046:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1134:Impacts of funding remediation
1:
2151:Animal Research International
2132:10.1016/j.techsoc.2010.10.010
2054:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.073
1317:Legislation about remediation
1255:Electrical resistance heating
588:compounds found in gasoline.
2935:Cleaning and the environment
2368:Cubby, Ben (June 13, 2010).
2341:"Polluted Soils Restoration"
2526:Environmental impact design
1884:– via Science Direct.
1460:"Understanding Remediation"
1344:Contaminated Sites Act 2003
1033:Collapsing air microbubbles
833:environmentally sustainable
568:in granular form. Chemical
323:Freedom of Information Acts
69:"Environmental remediation"
2951:
2884:High-performance buildings
2391:"The poison that got away"
2370:"Toxic scrub-up a success"
2005:10.1016/j.trac.2010.11.011
1962:. U.S. EPA. Archived from
1559:US EPA, ORD (2015-09-03).
1534:Watts, Ryan (2019-10-22).
1440:List of cleaning companies
1370:Surfacewater Pollution Act
1250:Electrokinetic remediation
1240:In-situ thermal desorption
412:in situ thermal desorption
2879:Heat recovery ventilation
2864:Environmental remediation
2614:
2481:Climate smart agriculture
2396:The Sydney Morning Herald
2375:The Sydney Morning Herald
2310:10.1007/s11356-016-7601-5
1731:Karol, Reuben H. (2003).
1640:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1265:Environmental restoration
1260:Environmental degradation
931:, and natural recovery (
794:oxidation at ~2,000 ppmV.
501:. Recent advancements in
295:, and air. Ceiling dust,
224:Regional Screening Levels
145:Environmental remediation
2869:Glass in green buildings
2813:sustainable architecture
2457:Environmental technology
1418:NSW EPA (NSW, Australia)
1357:'Wet Bodembescherming' (
1067:health risk is based on
372:Toxics Release Inventory
2097:10.1023/A:1025520116015
2018:U.S. EPA (2012-11-14).
1393:CHEJ (US - Grew out of
1270:Groundwater remediation
1055:Incremental health risk
882:groundwater remediation
493:, but can also involve
2859:Environmental movement
2556:Sustainability science
2546:Public interest design
2471:Appropriate technology
1157:
1020:bioaccumulation factor
705:potassium permanganate
526:harmful microorganisms
477:
468:Excavation or dredging
450:
141:
2738:hydrogen technologies
2652:Solid waste treatment
2339:Korjus, Henn (2014).
2120:Technology in Society
1912:. MEC. Archived from
1815:. MEC. Archived from
1743:10.4324/9780429213830
1305:Soil vapor extraction
1155:
975:. It is dependent on
899:(nZVI), which may be
884:, with research into
751:Soil vapor extraction
745:Soil vapor extraction
475:
446:
400:soil vapor extraction
210:Remediation standards
135:
2909:Water heat recycling
2839:Efficient energy use
2829:Conservation biology
2766:Sustainable lighting
2702:Efficient energy use
2516:Environmental Design
2486:Environmental design
2274:Abdelfattah (2021).
886:wastewater treatment
724:reducing environment
54:improve this article
2894:Nature conservation
2889:Land rehabilitation
2844:Energy conservation
2733:carbon-neutral fuel
2641:dispersion modeling
2304:(23): 23876–23883.
2245:2018JSFA...98.2176B
2194:2018ScTEn.633..912B
2089:2003JNR.....5..323Z
2048:. 211–212: 112–25.
1858:2020Chmsp.252l6620H
1771:UNT Digital Library
1652:2015MarPB.101..483A
1359:Soil Protection Act
1295:Restoration ecology
1275:Natural attenuation
1100:Emissions standards
933:natural attenuation
716:natural attenuation
350:Mapping remediation
329:Funding remediation
2712:Energy development
2694:Sustainable energy
2683:water purification
2647:Industrial ecology
2419:2022-07-03 at the
1422:Environment Canada
1300:Soil contamination
1158:
1118:for the polluter.
812:Vapor condensation
689:chemical oxidation
478:
461:Thermal desorption
456:Thermal desorption
142:
2917:
2916:
2754:commercialization
2253:10.1002/jsfa.8702
2178:Hermetia illucens
1429:EPA Summary Table
1348:Western Australia
1235:In Situ Oxidation
1071:and other (e.g.,
991:Hermetia illucens
984:toxic heavy metal
947:Entomoremediation
729:The injection of
697:hydrogen peroxide
684:in situ oxidation
677:In situ oxidation
487:contaminated soil
433:pressure grouting
280:chemical analysis
182:pressure grouting
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2942:
2854:Energy recycling
2775:electric vehicle
2749:Renewable energy
2723:alternative fuel
2673:sewage treatment
2657:Waste management
2620:
2511:Energy recycling
2506:Electric vehicle
2476:Clean technology
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2401:
2400:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2239:(6): 2176–2183.
2228:
2222:
2221:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2022:. Archived from
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1837:
1831:
1830:
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1814:
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1800:
1799:
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1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1616:. Archived from
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1290:Phytoremediation
1280:Mold Remediation
897:zero-valent iron
777:released in the
760:activated carbon
707:or persulfates.
654:hazardous wastes
566:activated carbon
425:deep soil mixing
408:phytoremediation
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
18:Soil remediation
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2874:Green computing
2849:Energy recovery
2785:
2717:Energy recovery
2707:Electrification
2688:
2634:Air pollution (
2621:
2612:
2459:
2454:
2421:Wayback Machine
2410:
2405:
2404:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2176:Bulak (2018). "
2175:
2174:
2170:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2083:(3/4): 323–32.
2074:
2073:
2069:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1886:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1436:
1410:
1390:
1334:New South Wales
1319:
1314:
1215:
1210:
1182:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1102:
1094:tobacco smoking
1057:
1044:
1035:
949:
929:bioaugmentation
913:
854:nanoremediation
850:
848:Nanoremediation
747:
679:
631:
623:
547:
534:
503:bioaugmentation
489:to a regulated
470:
458:
441:Portland cement
420:
380:
352:
331:
264:
262:Site assessment
232:Dutch standards
212:
192:Remedial action
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2948:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2780:hybrid vehicle
2777:
2771:Transportation
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2551:Sustainability
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Green building
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2496:Eco-innovation
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2409:
2408:External links
2406:
2403:
2402:
2381:
2360:
2331:
2288:
2266:
2223:
2168:
2145:Ewulm (2013).
2137:
2110:
2067:
2036:
2010:
1976:
1951:
1926:
1901:
1832:
1801:
1776:
1758:
1751:
1723:
1698:
1673:
1630:
1601:
1576:
1551:
1540:nedstevens.com
1526:
1508:
1490:
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1447:
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1398:
1389:
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1377:
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1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
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1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Bioremediation
1222:
1220:Biodegradation
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1181:
1180:Bakar, Croatia
1178:
1168:and defoliant
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1101:
1098:
1056:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
986:contaminants.
953:microorganisms
948:
945:
937:Bioremediation
925:biostimulation
921:bioremediation
916:Bioremediation
912:
911:Bioremediation
909:
849:
846:
845:
844:
808:
807:
800:
796:
795:
763:
746:
743:
678:
675:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
650:
649:
646:Solidification
643:
629:
622:
619:
550:Pump and treat
546:
545:Pump and treat
543:
533:
530:
469:
466:
457:
454:
419:
416:
404:bioremediation
379:
376:
351:
348:
330:
327:
315:
314:
311:
304:
263:
260:
240:industrialised
236:European Union
211:
208:
159:media such as
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2947:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:New Classical
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:refurbishment
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:Sustainable (
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Green vehicle
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Ecotechnology
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2026:on 2014-08-08
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1999:(3): 507–16.
1998:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1966:on 2015-04-16
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1941:on 2013-03-13
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1916:on 2013-03-13
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1822:on 2018-11-05
1818:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1791:on 2009-11-01
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1752:9780429213830
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1713:on 2019-02-12
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1688:on 2019-03-07
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:(2): 483–90.
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1620:on 2019-03-07
1619:
1615:
1614:ESA Phase One
1611:
1605:
1602:
1591:
1590:www.canada.ca
1587:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:United States
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
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43:This article
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2899:Permaculture
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2818:New Urbanism
2790:Conservation
2582:food systems
2567:architecture
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1174:Homebush Bay
1170:Agent Orange
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378:Technologies
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153:contaminants
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2834:Ecoforestry
2592:procurement
2577:development
2562:agriculture
2188:: 912–919.
1846:Chemosphere
1565:www.epa.gov
1374:Netherlands
1363:Netherlands
1245:Ecotoxicity
1077:teratogenic
1065:incremental
1000:H. illucens
996:H. illucens
977:saprophytic
788:natural gas
574:flocculants
554:vacuum pump
392:groundwater
293:groundwater
242:nations in
165:groundwater
2924:Categories
2803:insulation
2796:Building (
2759:transition
2602:technology
2587:industries
2030:2014-07-29
1970:2014-07-29
1945:2013-03-30
1920:2013-03-30
1852:: 126620.
1826:2009-11-25
1795:2009-10-23
1717:2015-06-10
1692:2017-05-17
1624:2017-05-17
1595:2022-08-29
1570:2022-08-29
1545:2021-01-28
1446:References
1401:Greenpeace
1395:Love Canal
1083:. In some
901:emulsified
831:in a more
779:atmosphere
614:desorption
610:absorption
482:Excavation
374:programs.
204:ecological
196:regulatory
173:incentives
110:April 2021
80:newspapers
2904:Recycling
2627:Pollution
2607:transport
2163:1597-3115
1882:216198488
1352:Australia
1338:Australia
1323:Superfund
1172:polluted
1073:mutagenic
792:catalytic
767:oxidation
758:Granular
513:or other
368:Superfund
366:'s (EPA)
339:Superfund
149:pollution
2417:Archived
2353:21 April
2326:41969914
2318:27628704
2261:28960324
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1208:See also
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1049:internet
973:termites
923:include
829:recycled
804:catalyst
765:Thermal
720:bacteria
695:such as
693:oxidants
572:such as
570:reagents
558:purified
507:dredging
495:aerating
491:landfill
418:Barriers
388:landfill
343:litigate
308:property
276:sampling
272:strategy
254:and the
169:sediment
2808:natural
2728:biofuel
2661:Water (
2636:control
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2348:Dialnet
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2190:Bibcode
2085:Bibcode
1854:Bibcode
1648:Bibcode
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1190:Croatia
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1018:with a
1012:mercury
1004:cadmium
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