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275:) or the shock-drift mechanism. SEPs can be accelerated to energies of several tens of MeV within 5–10 solar radii (5% of the Sun–Earth distance) and can reach Earth in a few minutes in extreme cases. This makes prediction and warning of SEP events quite challenging.
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This visualization of particle acceleration across a shock is a simplified representation of shock drift acceleration showing the motion of electrons (yellow) and protons (blue).
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In March 2021, NASA reported that scientists had located the source of several SEP events, potentially leading to improved predictions in the future.
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Two main mechanisms of acceleration are possible: diffusive shock acceleration (DSA, an example of second-order
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composition, scientists can indirectly measure the material that formed the solar system.
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397:"The source of the major solar energetic particle events from super active region 11944"
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333:"Three Unusual Cosmic-Ray Increases Possibly Due to Charged Particles from the Sun"
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Reames, Donald V. (2013). "The Two
Sources of Solar Energetic Particles".
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SEPs are of interest to scientists because they provide a good sample of
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Reames D.V., Solar
Energetic Particles, Springer, Berlin, (2017a)
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268:(CMEs). However, only about 1% of CMEs produce strong SEP events.
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and heavy ions with energies ranging from a few tens of
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SEPs were first detected in
February and March 1942 by
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Brooks, David H.; Yardley, Stephanie L. (March 2021).
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The
Isotopic Composition of Solar Energetic Particles
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542:Solar Energetic Particles (Rainer Schwenn)
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238:indirectly as ground level enhancements.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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164:followed by solar energetic particles
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331:Scott E., Forebush (November 1946).
256:. These can originate either from a
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214:SEPs are relevant to the field of
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224:ground level enhancements
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18:Solar Energetic Particles
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254:solar particle events
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187:originating in the
273:Fermi acceleration
195:. They consist of
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318:References
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193:solar wind
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