38:
752:
7832:
497:
1645:
7820:
1390:
77:
7757:
7904:
1055:
7769:
4966:
1546:
1444:
1132:. In the process of thermalization, photoelectrons transfer energy to neutral species, resulting in heating and expansion of the neutral atmosphere. The greatest increases in ionization occur in the lower ionosphere where wavelengths with the greatest relative increase in irradiance—the highly penetrative X-ray wavelengths—are absorbed, corresponding to Earth's E and D layers and Mars's M
7868:
634:
7892:
7844:
2708:
7880:
1663:. This event saturated the GOES detectors, and because of this, its classification is only approximate. Initially, extrapolating the GOES curve, it was estimated to be X28. Later analysis of the ionospheric effects suggested increasing this estimate to X45. This event produced the first clear evidence of a new spectral component above 100 GHz.
7856:
1630:
the Sun in soft X-rays, and their observations have become the standard measure of flares, diminishing the importance of the H-alpha classification. Additionally, space-based telescopes allow for the observation of extremely long wavelengths—as long as a few kilometres—which cannot propagate through the ionosphere.
959:
measured by GOES. The FWHM time spans from when a flare's flux first reaches halfway between its maximum flux and the background flux and when it again reaches this value as the flare decays. Using this measure, the duration of a flare ranges from approximately tens of seconds to several hours with a
1655:
The most powerful flare ever observed is thought to be the flare associated with the 1859 Carrington Event. While no soft X-ray measurements were made at the time, the magnetic crochet associated with the flare was recorded by ground-based magnetometers allowing the flare's strength to be estimated
1629:
much of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun with wavelengths shorter than 300 nm, space-based telescopes allowed for the observation of solar flares in previously unobserved high-energy spectral lines. Since the 1970s, the GOES series of satellites have been continuously observing
878:
spectral observations. The scheme uses both the intensity and emitting surface. The classification in intensity is qualitative, referring to the flares as: faint (f), normal (n), or brilliant (b). The emitting surface is measured in terms of millionths of the hemisphere and is described below. (The
850:
This system was originally devised in 1970 and included only the letters C, M, and X. These letters were chosen to avoid confusion with other optical classification systems. The A and B classes were added in the 1990s as instruments became more sensitive to weaker flares. Around the same time, the
1683:
issues forecasts of this kind. MAG4 was developed at the
University of Alabama in Huntsville with support from the Space Radiation Analysis Group at Johnson Space Flight Center (NASA/SRAG) for forecasting M- and X-class flares, CMEs, fast CME, and solar energetic particle events. A physics-based
846:
The strength of an event within a class is noted by a numerical suffix ranging from 1 up to, but excluding, 10, which is also the factor for that event within the class. Hence, an X2 flare is twice the strength of an X1 flare, an X3 flare is three times as powerful as an X1. M-class flares are a
648:
made of hot plasma begin to form across the neutral line separating regions of opposite magnetic polarity near the flare's source. These loops extend from the photosphere up into the corona and form along the neutral line at increasingly greater distances from the source as time progresses. The
1671:
Current methods of flare prediction are problematic, and there is no certain indication that an active region on the Sun will produce a flare. However, many properties of active regions and their sunspots correlate with flaring. For example, magnetically complex regions (based on line-of-sight
610:
following magnetic lines of force. These lines of force quickly reconnect into a lower arcade of loops leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade. The sudden release of energy in this reconnection is the origin of the particle acceleration. The unconnected magnetic
1678:
frequently produce the largest flares. A simple scheme of sunspot classification based on the McIntosh system for sunspot groups, or related to a region's fractal complexity is commonly used as a starting point for flare prediction. Predictions are usually stated in terms of probabilities for
614:
Although there is a general agreement on the source of a flare's energy, the mechanisms involved are not well understood. It is not clear how the magnetic energy is transformed into the kinetic energy of the particles, nor is it known how some particles can be accelerated to the GeV range (10
1424:, adding a narrow (≈1 Å) passband filter centered at this wavelength to the optical telescope allows the observation of not very bright flares with small telescopes. For years Hα was the main, if not the only, source of information about solar flares. Other passband filters are also used.
1158:
propagation. Skywave, or skip, refers to the propagation of radio waves reflected or refracted off of the ionized ionosphere. When ionization is higher than normal, radio waves get degraded or completely absorbed by losing energy from the more frequent collisions with free electrons.
1257:
1607:
2328:
Grechnev, V. V.; Kuzin, S. V.; Urnov, A. M.; Zhitnik, I. A.; Uralov, A. M.; Bogachev, S. A.; Livshits, M. A.; Bugaenko, O. I.; Zandanov, V. G.; Ignat’ev, A. P.; Krutov, V. V.; Oparin, S. N.; Pertsov, A. A.; Slemzin, V. A.; Chertok, I. M.; Stepanov, A. I. (July 2006).
979:). The time threshold separating the two is not well defined. The SWPC regards events requiring 30 minutes or more to decay to half maximum as LDEs, whereas Belgium's Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence regards events with duration greater than 60 minutes as LDEs.
3307:
Thiemann, E. M. B.; Andersson, L.; Lillis, R.; Withers, P.; Xu, S.; Elrod, M.; Jain, S.; Pilinski, M. D.; Pawlowski, D.; Chamberlin, P. C.; Eparvier, F. G.; Benna, M.; Fowler, C.; Curry, S.; Peterson, W. K.; Deighan, J. (28 August 2018).
611:
helical field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a coronal mass ejection. This also explains why solar flares typically erupt from active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger.
847:
tenth the size of X-class flares with the same numeric suffix. An X2 is four times more powerful than an M5 flare. X-class flares with a peak flux that exceeds 10 W/m may be noted with a numerical suffix equal to or greater than 10.
1912:
Fletcher, L.; Dennis, B. R.; Hudson, H. S.; Krucker, S.; Phillips, K.; Veronig, A.; Battaglia, M.; Bone, L.; Caspi, A.; Chen, Q.; Gallagher, P.; Grigis, P. T.; Ji, H.; Liu, W.; Milligan, R. O.; Temmer, M. (September 2011).
3588:
Thirupathaiah, P.; Shah, Siddhi Y.; Haider, S.A. (September 2019). "Characteristics of solar X-ray flares and their effects on the ionosphere and human exploration to Mars: MGS radio science observations".
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1614:
1347:. Models of its atmosphere indicate that the most energetic solar flares previously recorded may have provided acute doses of radiation that would have been almost harmful or lethal to mammals and other
4129:
Kaufmann, Pierre; Raulin, Jean-Pierre; de Castro, C. G. Gimnez; Levato, Hugo; Gary, Dale E.; Costa, Joaquim E. R.; Marun, Adolfo; Pereyra, Pablo; Silva, Adriana V. R.; Correia, Emilia (10 March 2004).
1611:
1369:
Flares produce radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, although with different intensity. They are not very intense in visible light, but they can be very bright at particular
619:) and beyond. There are also some inconsistencies regarding the total number of accelerated particles, which sometimes seems to be greater than the total number in the coronal loop.
7209:
6548:
6505:
1393:
Richard
Carrington's sketch of the first recorded solar flare (A and B mark the initial bright points which moved over the course of five minutes to C and D before disappearing.)
6474:
6339:
1351:
on Mars's surface. Furthermore, flares energetic enough to provide lethal doses, while not yet observed on the Sun, are thought to occur and have been observed on other
3956:
3553:
Jain, Rajmal; Awasthi, Arun K.; Tripathi, Sharad C.; Bhatt, Nipa J.; Khan, Parvaiz A. (August 2012). "Influence of solar flare X-rays on the habitability on the Mars".
7602:
1680:
1167:
7500:
5281:
37:
3871:
660:. These structures may last anywhere from multiple hours to multiple days after the initial flare. In some cases, dark sunward-traveling plasma voids known as
5286:
6553:
5914:
1272:
small-amplitude diurnal variations in the geomagnetic field. These ionospheric currents can be strengthened during large solar flares due to increases in
6656:
2473:
Rieger, E.; Share, G. H.; Forrest, D. J.; Kanbach, G.; Reppin, C.; Chupp, E. L. (1984). "A 154-day periodicity in the occurrence of hard solar flares?".
943:
A flare is then classified taking S or a number that represents its size and a letter that represents its peak intensity, v.g.: Sn is a normal sunflare.
4312:"A tool for empirical forecasting of major flares, coronal mass ejections, and solar particle events from a proxy of active-region free magnetic energy"
1610:
2543:
Crosby, Norma B.; Aschwanden, Markus J.; Dennis, Brian R. (February 1993). "Frequency distributions and correlations of solar X-ray flare parameters".
1974:
6419:
5002:
3180:
Hayes, Laura A.; O’Hara, Oscar S. D.; Murray, Sophie A.; Gallagher, Peter T. (November 2021). "Solar Flare
Effects on the Earth's Lower Ionosphere".
1820:
Ishikawa, Shin-nosuke; Glesener, Lindsay; Krucker, Säm; Christe, Steven; Buitrago-Casas, Juan Camilo; Narukage, Noriyuki; Vievering, Juliana (2017).
7659:
7597:
751:
6332:
5927:
1276:
associated with enhanced ionization of the E and D layers. The subsequent increase in the induced geomagnetic field variation is referred to as a
575:
the sudden (timescales of minutes to tens of minutes) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona. The same energy releases may also produce
1684:
method that can predict imminent large solar flares was proposed by
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University.
5440:
3010:; Branduardi-Raymont, G.; Elsner, R. F.; Gladstone, G. R.; Ramsay, G.; Rodriguez, P.; Soria, R.; Waite, J. H.; Cravens, T. E. (February 2005).
1626:
388:
7831:
6738:
3138:
2634:
649:
existence of these hot loops is thought to be continued by prolonged heating present after the eruption and during the flare's decay stage.
6676:
5563:
688:(severe) flares occur on average about eight times per cycle, whereas M1-class (minor) flares occur on average about 2000 times per cycle.
1409:
by projecting the image of the solar disk produced by an optical telescope through a broad-band filter. It was an extraordinarily intense
734:. For example, the peak fluxes of radio, extreme ultraviolet, and hard and soft X-ray emissions; total energies; and flare durations (see
759:
on 14 December 2023. Their corresponding peak fluxes in the 0.1 to 0.8 nm channel were 5.8×10, 2.3×10, and 2.8×10 W/m, respectively.
7231:
6671:
6570:
4496:
1656:
after the event. Using these magnetometer readings, its soft X-ray class has been estimated to be greater than X10 and around X45 (±5).
602:
leads to this extreme acceleration of charged particles. On the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades – a type of
1113:
to distinguish them from the ambient ionospheric electrons, are left with kinetic energies equal to the photon energy in excess of the
7631:
6325:
2691:
1087:
475:, and does not reach the surface. This absorption can temporarily increase the ionization of the ionosphere which may interfere with
6651:
5303:
5232:
4790:
4476:
1593:
1491:
3061:
Bhardwaj, Anil; Elsner, Ronald F.; Waite, Jr., J. Hunter; Gladstone, G. Randall; Cravens, Thomas E.; Ford, Peter G. (10 May 2005).
1868:
1162:
The level of ionization of the atmosphere correlates with the strength of the associated solar flare in soft X-ray radiation. The
7216:
6912:
5298:
3844:
3775:
Druett, Malcolm; Scullion, Eamon; Zharkova, Valentina; Matthews, Sarah; Zharkov, Sergei; Rouppe Van der Voort, Luc (2017-06-27).
3395:
7263:
6760:
6733:
6364:
5907:
5789:
5605:
4421:
2651:
1163:
259:
76:
1020:. The impacts on other planets in the Solar System are little studied in comparison. As of 2024, research on their effects on
6621:
5810:
5711:
5685:
3949:
1571:
1469:
1398:
1049:
1125:
with the ambient electrons and neutral species and via secondary ionization due to collisions with the latter, or so-called
496:
7011:
6917:
6369:
5815:
5580:
5159:
5101:
4995:
4946:
4056:
703:
219:
169:
7810:
3154:
2966:
Werner, A. L. E.; Leblanc, F.; Chaufray, J. Y.; Modolo, R.; Aizawa, S.; Hadid, L. Z.; Baskevitch, C. (16 February 2022).
7664:
7061:
6961:
6276:
5820:
5610:
5575:
4951:
3840:
1660:
1567:
1465:
264:
31:
5768:
5763:
1105:
Flare-associated XUV photons interact with and ionize neutral constituents of planetary atmospheres via the process of
7795:
7544:
6743:
6693:
6011:
5841:
1649:
1402:
5319:
3743:
3702:
2272:
Livshits, M. A.; Urnov, A. M.; Goryaev, F. F.; Kashapova, L. K.; Grigor’eva, I. Yu.; Kal’tman, T. I. (October 2011).
1556:
1454:
1025:
1012:
Solar flares also affect other objects in the Solar System. Research into these effects has primarily focused on the
4083:
3879:
3418:
3063:"Chandra Observation of an X-Ray Flare at Saturn: Evidence of Direct Solar Control on Saturn's Disk X-Ray Emissions"
7204:
7056:
7031:
6441:
5900:
5805:
5433:
5324:
5164:
4749:
1619:
1532:
related to the flares. Today, ground-based radiotelescopes observe the Sun from c. 15 MHz up to 400 GHz.
952:
381:
81:
1575:
1560:
1473:
1458:
1150:
The temporary increase in ionization of the daylight side of Earth's atmosphere, in particular the D layer of the
7674:
7607:
7450:
7182:
7177:
7051:
6881:
6723:
6510:
5504:
5035:
4927:
2968:"Modeling the Impact of a Strong X-Class Solar Flare on the Planetary Ion Composition in Mercury's Magnetosphere"
1269:
1251:
545:
505:
406:
7934:
7924:
7780:
7669:
7564:
7490:
7317:
6946:
6646:
6348:
5836:
5690:
5334:
5116:
5096:
4988:
3349:
Lollo, Anthony; Withers, Paul; Fallows, Kathryn; Girazian, Zachary; Matta, Majd; Chamberlin, P. C. (May 2012).
1512:
interpreted as solar emission. Their discovery did not go public until the end of the conflict. The same year,
1067:
638:
571:, where intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere to link the corona to the solar interior. Flares are
549:
453:
234:
214:
3227:"An improved parameterization of thermal electron heating by photoelectrons, with application to an X17 flare"
2925:
Yan, Maodong; Dang, Tong; Cao, Yu-Tian; Cui, Jun; Zhang, Binzheng; Liu, Zerui; Lei, Jiuhou (1 November 2022).
1078:
of Earth and Earth-like planets. On Earth, these changes to the upper atmosphere, collectively referred to as
500:
An X3.2-class solar flare observed in different wavelengths. Clockwise from top left: 304, 335, 131, and 193 Å
7775:
7344:
7199:
6495:
5344:
5217:
5212:
5025:
4622:
3468:"The invisible space killers – The dangers of space radiation from both inside and outside the solar system"
1983:
1644:
1513:
1273:
1145:
4437:
2067:
1520:
was the first to report radioastronomical observations of the Sun at 160 MHz. The fast development of
1323:, an expected radiation dose from the electromagnetic radiation emitted during a solar flare is about 0.05
1306:
and last for a few minutes, which is relatively minor compared to those induced during geomagnetic storms.
763:
The modern classification system for solar flares uses the letters A, B, C, M, or X, according to the peak
7929:
7790:
7624:
7571:
7465:
7288:
7133:
6491:
5329:
5169:
4921:
4764:
4657:
2734:
731:
727:
661:
576:
2578:
Li, Y. P.; Gan, W. Q.; Feng, L. (March 2012). "Statistical analyses on thermal aspects of solar flares".
7194:
7006:
6468:
6429:
5873:
5857:
5487:
5426:
5139:
4817:
4637:
4469:
4432:
3982:
3467:
2878:
2275:"Physics of post-eruptive solar arcades: Interpretation of RATAN-600 and STEREO spacecraft observations"
2174:
1976:
Effects of
Magnetic and Gravity forces on the Acceleration of Solar Filaments and Coronal Mass Ejections
1378:
1058:
Structure of Earth's nightside (left) and dayside (right) ionospheric sub-layers under normal conditions
599:
422:
374:
338:
189:
162:
144:
137:
53:
49:
1516:
also observed the Sun in radio, but as with Hey, his observations were only known after 1945. In 1943,
582:
Associated with solar flares are flare sprays. They involve faster ejections of material than eruptive
7356:
7258:
7123:
7085:
6835:
6639:
6533:
5982:
5745:
5673:
5655:
5543:
5516:
5499:
5174:
4901:
4871:
4689:
4506:
4378:
4323:
4248:
4195:
4142:
4095:
3997:
3914:
3788:
3714:
3668:
3637:
3598:
3562:
3527:
3430:
3362:
3321:
3279:
3238:
3199:
3084:
3033:
2979:
2938:
2838:
2775:
2587:
2552:
2525:
2482:
2408:
2344:
2287:
2212:
2147:
2108:
2023:
1939:
1914:
1880:
1833:
1790:
1779:"Contributions of the solar ultraviolet irradiance to the total solar irradiance during large flares"
1639:
1433:
1006:
788:
426:
360:
355:
2247:
1389:
7896:
7819:
7700:
7480:
7351:
7273:
6871:
6817:
6765:
6728:
6718:
6424:
5645:
4721:
3012:"Solar control on Jupiter's equatorial X-ray emissions: 26–29 November 2003 XMM-Newton observation"
1752:
1406:
1340:
1118:
1017:
460:
291:
7884:
7872:
7403:
7398:
7376:
7361:
7253:
7041:
7021:
6971:
6934:
6924:
6775:
6612:
5227:
4807:
4539:
4268:
4238:
4162:
3930:
3903:"The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance And the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity"
3517:
3483:
3448:
3189:
3074:
3023:
2858:
2828:
2795:
2765:
2617:
Self-Organized
Criticality in Astrophysics: The Statistics of Nonlinear Processes in the Universe
2498:
2428:
2398:
2360:
2303:
2098:
2049:
1955:
1929:
1328:
1013:
1002:
998:
414:
7756:
2331:
3508:
Smith, David S.; Scalo, John (March 2007). "Solar X-ray flare hazards on the surface of Mars".
2387:"Quantitative Examination of a Large Sample of Supra-Arcade Downflows in Eruptive Solar Flares"
993:
The electromagnetic radiation emitted during a solar flare propagates away from the Sun at the
7636:
7537:
7332:
7140:
7105:
7066:
7016:
6907:
6891:
6634:
6597:
6575:
6560:
6543:
6461:
6291:
6001:
5935:
5726:
5600:
5259:
5242:
5203:
5149:
5066:
4941:
4856:
4662:
4398:
4369:
4111:
3902:
3822:
3804:
3134:
2687:
2681:
2630:
2274:
2228:
2041:
1849:
1509:
1364:
1260:
Electric currents in Earth's dayside ionosphere can be strengthened during a large solar flare
1256:
1154:, can interfere with short-wave radio communications that rely on its level of ionization for
1128:
1114:
244:
45:
7848:
7785:
7720:
7549:
7527:
7371:
7339:
7327:
7303:
6929:
6876:
6866:
6825:
6755:
6750:
6479:
6387:
6223:
6217:
6019:
5923:
5784:
5695:
5568:
5492:
5479:
5405:
5390:
5253:
4647:
4556:
4462:
4388:
4343:
4333:
4258:
4205:
4152:
4103:
4005:
3922:
3812:
3796:
3755:
3722:
3678:
3606:
3570:
3535:
3531:
3475:
3438:
3370:
3329:
3287:
3246:
3207:
3126:
3092:
3041:
2987:
2946:
2848:
2785:
2714:
2622:
2595:
2560:
2490:
2418:
2352:
2295:
2220:
2155:
2151:
2118:
2033:
1947:
1888:
1841:
1800:
1265:
1083:
1021:
603:
595:
583:
521:
476:
449:
445:
343:
194:
127:
41:
2615:
7614:
7455:
7026:
6886:
6802:
6790:
6770:
6666:
6456:
6436:
6359:
6122:
5630:
5400:
5395:
5339:
4881:
4861:
4836:
4731:
4676:
4652:
4529:
2710:
Physical properties of chromospheric features: Plage, peacock jets, and calibrating it all
1699:
1414:
1348:
1320:
1298:
reflecting the hook-like disturbances in magnetic field strength observed by ground-based
1106:
1095:
553:
441:
430:
304:
279:
149:
17:
5892:
4447:
4057:"Biggest ever solar flare was even bigger than thought | SpaceRef – Your Space Reference"
3268:"Response of the Mars ionosphere to solar flares: Analysis of MGS radio occultation data"
1822:"Detection of nanoflare-heated plasma in the solar corona by the FOXSI-2 sounding rocket"
1327:, which is not immediately lethal on its own. Of much more concern for astronauts is the
1009:
and is of relevance to human space exploration and the search for extraterrestrial life.
4383:
4328:
4253:
4200:
4147:
4099:
4001:
3918:
3792:
3718:
3673:
3656:
3641:
3625:
3602:
3566:
3434:
3366:
3325:
3283:
3242:
3203:
3088:
3037:
2983:
2942:
2843:
2780:
2591:
2556:
2529:
2486:
2413:
2348:
2291:
2216:
2200:
2113:
2028:
1943:
1884:
1837:
1795:
694:
discovered with coworkers in 1984, an approximately 154 day period in the occurrence of
7908:
7836:
7824:
7592:
7532:
7517:
7470:
7366:
7312:
7172:
6830:
6807:
6780:
6698:
6688:
6590:
6585:
6451:
6402:
6075:
5991:
5668:
5134:
4851:
4831:
4826:
4614:
4519:
3817:
3776:
3119:
2927:"A Comparative Study of Ionospheric Response to Solar Flares at Earth, Venus, and Mars"
2010:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1521:
1374:
1170:, classifies radio blackouts by the peak soft X-ray intensity of the associated flare.
1122:
994:
780:
699:
564:
541:
249:
2599:
2123:
2086:
1094:, and subsequent expansion of the upper atmosphere can increase drag on satellites in
684:. Additionally, more powerful flares are less frequent than weaker ones. For example,
7918:
7735:
7619:
7576:
7522:
7510:
7495:
7485:
7408:
7322:
7298:
7293:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7073:
6661:
6602:
6565:
6517:
6286:
6084:
5635:
5592:
5521:
5465:
5460:
5184:
5179:
5091:
5086:
5011:
4896:
4891:
4866:
4795:
4785:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4599:
4576:
4561:
4427:
4310:
Falconer, David; Barghouty, Abdulnasser F.; Khazanov, Igor; Moore, Ron (April 2011).
4060:
3934:
3487:
3452:
3007:
2863:
2677:
2433:
2423:
2386:
2364:
2332:"Long-lived hot coronal structures observed with CORONAS-F/SPIRIT in the Mg XII line"
2307:
2053:
1673:
1370:
1352:
1099:
999:
intensity inversely proportional to the square of the distance from its source region
988:
681:
677:
656:
or higher, the loops may combine to form an elongated arch-like structure known as a
594:
Flares occur when accelerated charged particles, mainly electrons, interact with the
508:
originating in the Sun's atmosphere. They affect all layers of the solar atmosphere (
418:
321:
316:
274:
224:
207:
174:
111:
106:
4442:
4273:
4167:
4030:
2800:
2451:
1959:
1821:
1054:
7903:
7860:
7761:
7695:
7427:
7413:
7268:
7078:
7046:
7036:
6939:
6785:
6683:
6629:
6538:
6397:
6281:
6203:
6198:
6031:
5996:
5944:
5716:
5640:
5625:
5533:
5380:
5111:
5106:
5081:
4969:
4876:
4846:
4841:
4802:
4632:
4627:
4604:
4586:
4566:
3310:"The Mars Topside Ionosphere Response to the X8.2 Solar Flare of 10 September 2017"
2502:
1709:
1505:
1344:
1303:
1299:
1037:
707:
691:
628:
616:
607:
517:
513:
333:
239:
229:
101:
68:
579:(CMEs), although the relationship between CMEs and flares is not well understood.
3610:
3574:
2085:
Zhu, Chunming; Liu, Rui; Alexander, David; McAteer, R. T. James (19 April 2016).
1290:
1121:
are less important, the newly liberated photoelectrons lose energy primarily via
7740:
7422:
7283:
7278:
7115:
6976:
6951:
6580:
6500:
6407:
6392:
6182:
6115:
6094:
6089:
5967:
5721:
5449:
5385:
5291:
5154:
4812:
4759:
4754:
4741:
4711:
4684:
4594:
4548:
3703:"Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859"
2719:
1704:
1545:
1517:
1443:
1324:
720:
673:
509:
434:
328:
311:
91:
3391:
3211:
2951:
2926:
2790:
2753:
1659:
In modern times, the largest solar flare measured with instruments occurred on
1508:, on February 25 and 26, 1942, British radar operators observed radiation that
7690:
7505:
7475:
7460:
7248:
7236:
6996:
6858:
6484:
5977:
5556:
5551:
5126:
5076:
5050:
5045:
4886:
4716:
4524:
4514:
3926:
3539:
3130:
2626:
2356:
2299:
2201:"On the Transport and Acceleration of Solar Flare Particles in a Coronal Loop"
1951:
1845:
1729:
1648:
Space weather conditions, including the soft-X-ray flux (top row), during the
1151:
1075:
1063:
772:
768:
484:
472:
286:
184:
179:
4115:
3848:
3808:
3760:
3125:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 46. Dordrecht: Springer.
2232:
2045:
1853:
479:
communication. The prediction of solar flares is an active area of research.
7432:
7221:
7150:
7095:
7090:
6956:
6797:
6703:
6446:
6317:
6306:
6301:
6249:
6164:
6159:
6154:
5957:
5952:
5375:
5370:
5071:
5040:
4769:
4642:
4393:
4364:
4348:
3727:
3683:
2900:
2516:
Kurochka, L. N. (April 1987). "Energy distribution of 15,000 solar flares".
2138:
Priest, E. R.; Forbes, T. G. (2002). "The magnetic nature of solar flares".
852:
776:
716:
713:
695:
633:
557:
132:
4402:
4131:"A New Solar Burst Spectral Component Emitting Only in the Terahertz Range"
4107:
4009:
3826:
3657:"Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859"
3443:
1005:, namely X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation, is known to affect
2159:
637:
A post-eruption arcade present after an X5.7-class solar flare during the
7725:
7710:
7241:
7226:
7128:
6966:
6414:
6256:
6244:
6149:
6049:
5620:
4911:
4363:
Kusano, Kanya; Iju, Tomoya; Bamba, Yumi; Inoue, Satoshi (July 31, 2020).
4338:
4311:
4243:
3522:
3375:
3350:
3334:
3309:
3292:
3267:
3251:
3226:
3079:
3046:
3028:
3011:
2992:
2967:
2853:
2816:
1805:
1778:
529:
468:
269:
3800:
2008:
Tandberg-Hanssen, E.; Martin, Sara F.; Hansen, Richard T. (March 1980).
702:. The period has since been confirmed in most heliophysics data and the
7705:
7559:
7554:
7391:
7381:
7189:
7001:
6713:
6708:
6239:
6213:
6174:
6110:
6041:
5962:
5615:
5526:
5354:
5222:
4571:
3479:
2564:
2037:
1421:
1155:
1071:
1029:
875:
756:
568:
452:. This results in the emission of electromagnetic radiation across the
4288:
3351:"Numerical simulations of the ionosphere of Mars during a solar flare"
1892:
7715:
7641:
5663:
5349:
5276:
5248:
5030:
4365:"A physics-based method that can predict imminent large solar flares"
2494:
1694:
1033:
533:
525:
254:
3983:"The 1859 space weather event revisited: limits of extreme activity"
2754:"What Determines the X-Ray Intensity and Duration of a Solar Flare?"
1679:
occurrence of flares above M- or X-class within 24 or 48 hours. The
1062:
Enhanced XUV irradiance during solar flares can result in increased
672:
The frequency of occurrence of solar flares varies with the 11-year
7855:
4263:
4226:
4210:
4183:
4157:
4130:
3194:
3097:
3062:
2833:
2770:
2224:
2103:
7386:
7145:
6070:
6024:
5678:
4980:
2403:
2087:"Observation of the Evolution of a Current Sheet in a Solar Flare"
1934:
1643:
1618:
Observations of a solar flare by different instruments aboard the
1605:
1388:
1255:
1053:
750:
632:
495:
464:
36:
56:
image of a major solar flare due to the excess incident radiation
7730:
6207:
4906:
4418:
967:
Flares can also be classified based on their duration as either
784:
764:
6321:
5896:
5743:
5422:
5418:
4984:
4458:
1117:. In the lower ionosphere where flare impacts are greatest and
1109:. The electrons that are freed in this process, referred to as
870:
An earlier classification system, sometimes referred to as the
4485:
2817:"Forecasting the Remaining Duration of an Ongoing Solar Flare"
1539:
1437:
1091:
537:
410:
96:
1777:
Woods, Thomas N.; Kopp, Greg; Chamberlin, Phillip C. (2006).
1339:
The impacts of solar flare radiation on Mars are relevant to
4082:
Curto, Juan José; Castell, Josep; Moral, Ferran Del (2016).
2683:
Heliophysics: Space Storms and
Radiation: Causes and Effects
586:, and reach velocities of 20 to 2000 kilometers per second.
1681:
U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
4454:
1036:
have only been studied in the context of X-ray radiation
1024:
have been limited to modeling of the response of ions in
960:
median duration of approximately 6 and 11 minutes in the
433:. The occurrence of solar flares varies with the 11-year
3981:
Cliver, Edward W.; Dietrich, William F. (4 April 2013).
3266:
Fallows, K.; Withers, P.; Gonzalez, G. (November 2015).
2752:
Reep, Jeffrey W.; Knizhnik, Kalman J. (3 April 2019).
1524:
revealed new peculiarities of the solar activity like
7808:
6549:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
2385:
Savage, Sabrina L.; McKenzie, David E. (1 May 2011).
1420:
Since flares produce copious amounts of radiation at
738:) have been found to follow power-law distributions.
676:. It can typically range from several per day during
6475:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
719:
also have been reported from most data types in the
471:
side of Earth's upper atmosphere, in particular the
7683:
7652:
7585:
7443:
7114:
6989:
6900:
6857:
6850:
6816:
6620:
6611:
6526:
6380:
6269:
6232:
6191:
6173:
6142:
6135:
6103:
6069:
6062:
6040:
6010:
5976:
5943:
5934:
5866:
5850:
5829:
5798:
5777:
5756:
5704:
5654:
5591:
5542:
5478:
5363:
5312:
5269:
5193:
5125:
5059:
5018:
4934:
4920:
4778:
4740:
4675:
4613:
4585:
4547:
4538:
4505:
1640:
List of solar storms § Soft X-ray solar flares
730:of various flare phenomena can be characterized by
4424:'s near real-time solar flare data and resources:
3118:
2815:Reep, Jeffrey W.; Barnes, Will T. (October 2021).
2614:
2330:
2273:
2009:
3748:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3707:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3661:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1973:Morimoto, Tarou; Kurokawa, Hiroki (31 May 2002).
1413:, a flare emitting a high amount of light in the
598:medium. Evidence suggests that the phenomenon of
482:Flares also occur on other stars, where the term
7603:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
3777:"Beam electrons as a source of Hα flare ribbons"
2713:(PhD). Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University.
1869:"Unveiling the mystery of solar-coronal heating"
4227:"A Bayesian approach to solar flare prediction"
3225:Smithtro, C. G.; Solomon, S. C. (August 2008).
1867:Sigalotti, Leonardo Di G.; Cruz, Fidel (2023).
1302:. These disturbances are on the order of a few
1288:. The latter term derives from the french word
1168:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
755:An M5.8, M2.3, and X2.8 flare were recorded by
467:radiation from solar flares is absorbed by the
405:is a relatively intense, localized emission of
7501:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
3355:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
3272:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
3231:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
2250:. Montana State University Solar Physics Group
1268:flow through the ionosphere's dayside E layer
1264:During non-flaring or solar quiet conditions,
652:In sufficiently powerful flares, typically of
440:Solar flares are thought to occur when stored
421:and are often, but not always, accompanied by
6506:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
6333:
5908:
5434:
4996:
4470:
3901:Cliver, E. W.; Svalgaard, L. (October 2004).
3870:Bell, Trudy E.; Phillips, Tony (6 May 2008).
2446:
2444:
2267:
2265:
2199:Ryan, James M.; Lee, Martin A. (1991-02-01).
382:
8:
1982:. 地球惑星科学関連学会2002年合同大会. Tokyo. Archived from
1146:Communications blackout § Space weather
955:(FWHM) time of flux in the soft X-ray bands
606:consisting of a series of closely occurring
6554:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
3419:"Geomagnetic solar flare effects: a review"
2686:, Cambridge University Press, p. 375,
2246:Brian, Handy; Hudson, Hugh (14 July 2000).
1915:"An Observational Overview of Solar Flares"
1747:
1745:
1574:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1472:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6854:
6657:Climate change and civilizational collapse
6617:
6340:
6326:
6318:
6139:
6066:
5940:
5915:
5901:
5893:
5753:
5740:
5475:
5441:
5427:
5419:
5003:
4989:
4981:
4544:
4477:
4463:
4455:
4291:. NOAA/NWS Space Weather Prediction Center
4088:Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
3626:"Energetic X-Ray Bursts From Solar Flares"
3423:Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
3112:
3110:
3108:
2881:. NOAA/NWS Space Weather Prediction Center
2454:. NOAA/NWS Space Weather Prediction Center
1755:. NOAA/NWS Space Weather Prediction Center
951:A common measure of flare duration is the
389:
375:
75:
59:
4392:
4382:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4272:
4262:
4252:
4242:
4209:
4199:
4166:
4156:
4146:
3816:
3759:
3744:"On a curious Appearance seen in the Sun"
3726:
3682:
3672:
3521:
3442:
3374:
3333:
3291:
3250:
3193:
3096:
3078:
3045:
3027:
2991:
2950:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2799:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2718:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2027:
1933:
1804:
1794:
1772:
1770:
1594:Learn how and when to remove this message
1492:Learn how and when to remove this message
698:emitting solar flares at least since the
7660:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
7598:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
3701:Carrington, Richard C. (November 1859).
2920:
2918:
2903:. Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence
2175:"The Mysterious Origins of Solar Flares"
1172:
888:
793:
7815:
4438:D Region Absorption Predictions (D-RAP)
1741:
1331:associated with solar particle events.
1040:off of the planets' upper atmospheres.
67:
4184:"Statistics of Active Region Complexy"
4059:. SpaceRef. 2004-03-15. Archived from
3696:
3694:
2140:The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
862:for X-class flares began to be used.
644:After the eruption of a solar flare,
27:Eruption of electromagnetic radiation
7:
6677:Tipping points in the climate system
5564:Interplanetary coronal mass ejection
4433:GOES Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI)
3962:from the original on 23 October 2015
1572:adding citations to reliable sources
1470:adding citations to reliable sources
1397:Solar flares were first observed by
444:in the Sun's atmosphere accelerates
6672:Extinction risk from climate change
6571:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
3655:Carrington, R. C. (November 1859).
3121:Ionospheric Effects of Solar Flares
2652:"Sun Erupts With Significant Flare"
1088:global navigation satellite systems
767:in watts per square metre (W/m) of
685:
680:to less than one every week during
653:
7632:List of fictional doomsday devices
3742:Hodgson, Richard (November 1859).
2173:Holman, Gordon D. (1 April 2006).
962:0.05 to 0.4 and 0.1 to 0.8 nm
957:0.05 to 0.4 and 0.1 to 0.8 nm
63:Part of a series of articles about
25:
6652:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
5304:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
7902:
7890:
7878:
7866:
7854:
7842:
7830:
7818:
7768:
7767:
7755:
6913:Decline in amphibian populations
4965:
4964:
3845:National Geophysical Data Center
3398:Space Weather Forecasting Centre
3396:Australian Bureau of Meteorology
2650:Garner, Rob (6 September 2017).
2621:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
1753:"Solar Flares (Radio Blackouts)"
1544:
1442:
7264:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
6761:Land surface effects on climate
6734:Human impact on the environment
6365:Future of an expanding universe
5790:November 1882 geomagnetic storm
5606:Geomagnetically induced current
4428:GOES X-Ray Flux (1-minute data)
4422:Space Weather Prediction Center
2068:"Biggest Solar Flare on Record"
1783:Journal of Geophysical Research
1672:magnetic field) referred to as
1625:Because the Earth's atmosphere
1164:Space Weather Prediction Center
1080:sudden ionospheric disturbances
623:Post-eruption loops and arcades
5811:January 1938 geomagnetic storm
5712:Health threat from cosmic rays
5686:Sudden ionospheric disturbance
4084:"Sfe: waiting for the big one"
3878:. NASA Science. Archived from
3841:"Extreme Space Weather Events"
3624:Winckler, J. R. (1964-01-01).
2901:"The duration of solar flares"
2613:Aschwanden, Markus J. (2011).
1634:Examples of large solar flares
1166:, a part of the United States
1050:Sudden ionospheric disturbance
664:may form above these arcades.
504:Solar flares are eruptions of
1:
7210:Interpretations of Revelation
7012:Cosmological phase transition
6918:Decline in insect populations
6370:Ultimate fate of the universe
5816:August 1972 geomagnetic storm
5581:Interplanetary magnetic field
5160:Interplanetary magnetic field
5102:Magnetosphere particle motion
4947:List of heliophysics missions
2741:. Cambridge University Press.
735:
706:and is commonly known as the
704:interplanetary magnetic field
7665:Future of Humanity Institute
7062:Potentially hazardous object
6962:Interplanetary contamination
6277:Potentially hazardous object
5821:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
5611:Disturbance storm time index
5576:Interplanetary current sheet
4952:Category:Missions to the Sun
3611:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.04.015
3575:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.011
3314:Geophysical Research Letters
3016:Geophysical Research Letters
2972:Geophysical Research Letters
2737:; Emslie, A. Gordon (1988).
989:Space weather § Effects
540:are accelerated to near the
32:Solar flare (disambiguation)
7545:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
6694:Global terrestrial stilling
5842:2003 Halloween solar storms
4037:. ESA/NASA. 4 November 2003
3990:J. Space Weather Space Clim
3510:Planetary and Space Science
2739:The Physics of Solar Flares
2720:10.13140/RG.2.2.36047.76968
2600:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/133
2452:"NOAA Space Weather Scales"
2124:10.3847/2041-8205/821/2/L29
1650:2003 Halloween solar storms
897:(millionths of hemisphere)
524:medium is heated to >10
7951:
7057:Asteroid impact prediction
7032:Heat death of the universe
6442:Mutual assured destruction
5806:May 1921 geomagnetic storm
5165:Heliospheric current sheet
4031:"X-Whatever Flare! (X 28)"
3212:10.1007/s11207-021-01898-y
2707:Pietrow, A. G. M. (2022).
2424:10.1088/0004-637x/730/2/98
2011:"Dynamics of flare sprays"
1637:
1620:Solar Dynamics Observatory
1431:
1362:
1249:
1143:
1047:
1026:the planet's magnetosphere
986:
953:full width at half maximum
626:
572:
82:Heliospheric current sheet
29:
18:Solar flare classification
7749:
7675:Nuclear Threat Initiative
7608:List of apocalyptic films
7451:2011 end times prediction
7183:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
7178:Abomination of desolation
7052:Asteroid impact avoidance
6882:List of extinction events
6724:Environmental degradation
6511:Technological singularity
6355:
6349:Global catastrophic risks
5752:
5739:
5505:Solar energetic particles
5474:
5456:
4960:
4928:G-type main-sequence star
4492:
4231:The Astrophysical Journal
4225:Wheatland, M. S. (2008).
4188:The Astrophysical Journal
4135:The Astrophysical Journal
3927:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z
3540:10.1016/j.pss.2006.10.001
3417:Curto, Juan José (2020).
3131:10.1007/978-94-010-2231-6
3067:The Astrophysical Journal
2931:The Astrophysical Journal
2758:The Astrophysical Journal
2627:10.1007/978-3-642-15001-2
2580:The Astrophysical Journal
2391:The Astrophysical Journal
2357:10.1134/S0038094606040046
2300:10.1134/S1063772911100064
2205:The Astrophysical Journal
2091:The Astrophysical Journal
1952:10.1007/s11214-010-9701-8
1846:10.1038/s41550-017-0269-z
1252:Ionospheric dynamo region
1016:and, to a lesser extent,
546:electromagnetic radiation
506:electromagnetic radiation
407:electromagnetic radiation
7670:Future of Life Institute
7572:Resurrection of the dead
7565:Post-tribulation rapture
6947:Colony collapse disorder
5837:Bastille Day solar storm
5691:Ground level enhancement
5117:Van Allen radiation belt
5097:Magnetosphere chronology
4791:In mythology and culture
3630:NASA Special Publication
3472:Physiology News Magazine
2952:10.3847/1538-4357/ac92ff
2879:"Space Weather Glossary"
2791:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0ae7
2518:Astronomicheskii Zhurnal
1373:. They normally produce
1206:Moderate radio blackout
639:Bastille Day solar storm
550:electromagnetic spectrum
454:electromagnetic spectrum
235:Van Allen radiation belt
6496:Artificial intelligence
5769:993–994 carbon-14 spike
5764:774–775 carbon-14 spike
5026:Atmospheric circulation
4394:10.1126/science.aaz2511
4182:McAteer, James (2005).
3532:2007P&SS...55..517S
2735:Tandberg-Hanssen, Einar
2676:Schrijver, Carolus J.;
2152:2002A&ARv..10..313P
1284:) or historically as a
1274:electrical conductivity
1239:Extreme radio blackout
858:for M-class flares and
732:power-law distributions
728:frequency distributions
7625:List of disaster films
7466:Apocalyptic literature
6566:Malthusian catastrophe
6492:Synthetic intelligence
5036:Earth's magnetic field
4658:Supra-arcade downflows
3761:10.1093/mnras/20.1.15a
3392:"A Solar Flare Effect"
3155:"The Impact of Flares"
1652:
1622:
1394:
1289:
1261:
1228:Severe radio blackout
1217:Strong radio blackout
1059:
1028:, and their impact on
879:total hemisphere area
800:Peak flux range (W/m)
760:
662:supra-arcade downflows
641:
577:coronal mass ejections
501:
423:coronal mass ejections
57:
7007:Coronal mass ejection
6469:Electromagnetic pulse
6430:Kinetic energy weapon
5874:May 2024 solar storms
5858:July 2012 solar storm
5488:Coronal mass ejection
5140:Coronal mass ejection
5060:Earth's magnetosphere
4638:Coronal mass ejection
3872:"A Super Solar Flare"
3781:Nature Communications
3728:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13
3684:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13
3117:Mitra, A. P. (1974).
2337:Solar System Research
2160:10.1007/s001590100013
1922:Space Science Reviews
1647:
1617:
1432:Further information:
1392:
1379:synchrotron radiation
1363:Further information:
1359:Observational history
1259:
1195:Minor radio blackout
1082:, can interfere with
1057:
1048:Further information:
1007:planetary atmospheres
964:bands, respectively.
754:
636:
600:magnetic reconnection
499:
429:, and other eruptive
427:solar particle events
163:Interplanetary medium
145:Particle acceleration
138:Magnetic reconnection
40:
7409:War of Gog and Magog
7086:Near-Earth supernova
6836:Human overpopulation
6640:Mass mortality event
6534:Anthropogenic hazard
5746:List of solar storms
5674:Subauroral ion drift
5656:Planetary atmosphere
5544:Interplanetary space
5517:Solar radio emission
5500:Solar particle event
5313:Other magnetospheres
5175:Solar particle event
4902:Standard solar model
4872:Solar radio emission
4690:List of solar cycles
4339:10.1029/2009SW000537
4108:10.1051/swsc/2016018
4010:10.1051/swsc/2013053
3444:10.1051/swsc/2020027
3376:10.1029/2011JA017399
3335:10.1029/2018GL077730
3293:10.1002/2015JA021108
3252:10.1029/2008JA013077
3047:10.1029/2004GL021497
2993:10.1029/2021GL096614
2854:10.1029/2021SW002754
2074:. NASA. 15 May 2001.
1806:10.1029/2005JA011507
1568:improve this section
1466:improve this section
1434:Solar radio emission
1385:Optical observations
1115:ionization threshold
973:long duration events
789:geosynchronous orbit
658:post-eruption arcade
492:Physical description
356:Solar particle event
30:For other uses, see
7481:Blood moon prophecy
7274:Number of the Beast
6872:Holocene extinction
6818:Earth Overshoot Day
6766:Ocean acidification
6729:Habitat destruction
6719:Ecological collapse
6425:Kinetic bombardment
6360:Future of the Earth
5646:Magnetic pulsations
4722:Magnetic switchback
4448:Forecast Discussion
4384:2020Sci...369..587K
4329:2011SpWea...9.4003F
4254:2004ApJ...609.1134W
4201:2005ApJ...631..628M
4148:2004ApJ...603L.121K
4100:2016JSWSC...6A..23C
4002:2013JSWSC...3A..31C
3919:2004SoPh..224..407C
3801:10.1038/ncomms15905
3793:2017NatCo...815905D
3719:1859MNRAS..20...13C
3674:1859MNRAS..20...13C
3642:1964NASSP..50..117W
3603:2018cosp...42E1350H
3567:2012Icar..220..889J
3435:2020JSWSC..10...27C
3390:Thompson, Richard.
3367:2012JGRA..117.5314L
3326:2018GeoRL..45.8005T
3284:2015JGRA..120.9805F
3243:2008JGRA..113.8307S
3204:2021SoPh..296..157H
3089:2005ApJ...624L.121B
3038:2005GeoRL..32.3S08B
2984:2022GeoRL..4996614W
2943:2022ApJ...939...23Y
2844:2021SpWea..1902754R
2781:2019ApJ...874..157R
2592:2012ApJ...747..133L
2557:1993SoPh..143..275C
2530:1987AZh....64..443K
2487:1984Natur.312..623R
2414:2011ApJ...730...98S
2349:2006SoSyR..40..286G
2292:2011ARep...55..918L
2217:1991ApJ...368..316R
2179:Scientific American
2114:2016ApJ...821L..29Z
2029:1980SoPh...65..357T
1944:2011SSRv..159...19F
1885:2023PhT....76d..34S
1838:2017NatAs...1..771I
1796:2005AGUFMSA33A..07W
1343:and the search for
1119:transport phenomena
646:post-eruption loops
461:extreme ultraviolet
448:in the surrounding
292:Flux transfer event
7796:Doomsday scenarios
7362:Beast of the Earth
7254:Book of Revelation
7042:Virtual black hole
7022:False vacuum decay
6972:Pollinator decline
6935:Biological warfare
6925:Biotechnology risk
6776:Resource depletion
5928:list by death toll
4912:Sunlight radiation
4507:Internal structure
3480:10.36866/pn.117.36
2565:10.1007/BF00646488
2038:10.1007/BF00152799
1653:
1623:
1428:Radio observations
1399:Richard Carrington
1395:
1345:life on the planet
1329:particle radiation
1319:For astronauts in
1278:solar flare effect
1262:
1246:Solar flare effect
1086:communication and
1060:
1014:atmosphere of Mars
1003:ionizing radiation
783:), as measured by
761:
642:
502:
417:. Flares occur in
58:
46:diffraction spikes
7806:
7805:
7637:Zombie apocalypse
7538:Postmillennialism
7333:Great Tribulation
7106:Stellar collision
7067:Near-Earth object
7017:Geomagnetic storm
6985:
6984:
6908:Biodiversity loss
6892:Genetic pollution
6846:
6845:
6635:Biodiversity loss
6598:Societal collapse
6576:Nuclear holocaust
6561:Economic collapse
6544:Doomsday argument
6462:Antimatter weapon
6315:
6314:
6292:Geomagnetic storm
6265:
6264:
6131:
6130:
6058:
6057:
6002:Soil liquefaction
5924:Natural disasters
5890:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5735:
5734:
5727:Solar observation
5601:Geomagnetic storm
5416:
5415:
5270:Research projects
5238:
5209:
5150:Geomagnetic storm
5067:Birkeland current
4978:
4977:
4942:Solar observatory
4857:Solar observation
4755:Termination shock
4671:
4670:
4623:Transition region
4377:(6503): 587–591.
3320:(16): 8005–8013.
3278:(11): 9805–9825.
3140:978-94-010-2233-0
2678:Siscoe, George L.
2636:978-3-642-15001-2
2481:(5995): 623–625.
2280:Astronomy Reports
1893:10.1063/pt.3.5217
1615:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1411:white light flare
1405:independently on
1365:Solar observation
1266:electric currents
1243:
1242:
1129:impact ionization
941:
940:
886:= 15.5 × 10 km.)
844:
843:
446:charged particles
399:
398:
245:Birkeland current
52:) appearing in a
16:(Redirected from
7942:
7907:
7906:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7859:
7858:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7835:
7834:
7823:
7822:
7814:
7771:
7770:
7762:World portal
7760:
7759:
7721:Financial crisis
7550:Nibiru cataclysm
7528:Premillennialism
7372:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
7340:Son of perdition
7328:Olivet Discourse
7304:Whore of Babylon
6930:Biological agent
6877:Human extinction
6867:Extinction event
6855:
6826:Overexploitation
6756:Land consumption
6751:Land degradation
6618:
6480:Micro black hole
6388:Chemical warfare
6342:
6335:
6328:
6319:
6224:Tropical cyclone
6218:Tornado outbreak
6140:
6067:
6020:Pyroclastic flow
6012:Volcano eruption
5941:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5894:
5785:Carrington Event
5754:
5741:
5696:Magnetic crochet
5569:Forbush decrease
5493:Solar prominence
5480:Solar atmosphere
5476:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5420:
5254:Van Allen Probes
5236:
5207:
5019:Submagnetosphere
5005:
4998:
4991:
4982:
4968:
4967:
4557:Supergranulation
4545:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4456:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4386:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:2060/20100032971
4341:
4331:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4266:
4256:
4246:
4244:astro-ph/0403613
4237:(2): 1134–1139.
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4203:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4160:
4150:
4141:(2): L121–L124.
4126:
4120:
4119:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3954:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3913:(1–2): 407–422.
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3882:on 12 April 2010
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3847:. Archived from
3837:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3676:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3525:
3523:astro-ph/0610091
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3466:Whittaker, Ian.
3463:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3114:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3082:
3080:astro-ph/0504110
3073:(2): L121–L124.
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3031:
3029:astro-ph/0504670
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2495:10.1038/312623a0
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2106:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2031:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1937:
1919:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1826:Nature Astronomy
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1616:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1548:
1540:
1536:Space telescopes
1497:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1446:
1438:
1407:1 September 1859
1349:higher organisms
1286:magnetic crochet
1173:
1084:short-wave radio
963:
958:
889:
872:flare importance
794:
563:Flares occur in
477:short-wave radio
391:
384:
377:
344:Solar prominence
195:Forbush decrease
79:
60:
50:vertical streaks
21:
7950:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7935:Cosmic doomsday
7925:Solar phenomena
7915:
7914:
7913:
7901:
7891:
7889:
7879:
7877:
7867:
7865:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7829:
7817:
7809:
7807:
7802:
7781:Future problems
7754:
7745:
7679:
7648:
7615:Climate fiction
7581:
7456:2012 phenomenon
7439:
7345:Sheep and Goats
7232:2 Thessalonians
7110:
7027:Gamma-ray burst
6981:
6896:
6887:Genetic erosion
6842:
6812:
6803:Water pollution
6771:Ozone depletion
6667:Desertification
6607:
6522:
6457:Doomsday device
6437:Nuclear warfare
6376:
6351:
6346:
6316:
6311:
6261:
6228:
6192:Cyclonic storms
6187:
6169:
6127:
6123:Limnic eruption
6099:
6073:
6054:
6042:Natural erosion
6036:
6006:
5980:
5972:
5930:
5921:
5891:
5878:
5862:
5846:
5825:
5794:
5773:
5748:
5731:
5700:
5650:
5631:Space hurricane
5587:
5538:
5470:
5452:
5447:
5417:
5412:
5359:
5308:
5265:
5189:
5121:
5055:
5014:
5012:Magnetospherics
5009:
4979:
4974:
4956:
4930:
4916:
4882:Solar telescope
4862:Solar phenomena
4837:Solar astronomy
4774:
4736:
4732:Helioseismology
4667:
4653:Helmet streamer
4609:
4581:
4534:
4530:Convection zone
4501:
4488:
4483:
4415:
4410:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3851:on May 22, 2012
3839:
3838:
3834:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3159:RHESSI Web Site
3153:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2680:, eds. (2010),
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2286:(10): 918–927.
2271:
2270:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2248:"Super Regions"
2245:
2244:
2240:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1989:on 11 June 2011
1986:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1928:(1–4): 19–106.
1917:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1832:(11): 771–774.
1819:
1818:
1814:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1700:Gamma-ray burst
1690:
1669:
1661:4 November 2003
1642:
1636:
1606:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1565:
1549:
1538:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1463:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1415:visual spectrum
1403:Richard Hodgson
1387:
1367:
1361:
1337:
1321:low Earth orbit
1317:
1315:Low Earth orbit
1312:
1254:
1248:
1180:
1148:
1142:
1140:Radio blackouts
1135:
1107:photoionization
1096:low Earth orbit
1090:(GNSS) such as
1052:
1046:
1038:back scattering
991:
985:
961:
956:
949:
896:
884:
874:, was based on
868:
749:
744:
736:§ Duration
712:. The period's
670:
631:
625:
592:
567:, often around
494:
442:magnetic energy
431:solar phenomena
395:
366:
365:
307:
305:Solar phenomena
297:
296:
280:Space hurricane
220:Particle motion
210:
208:Magnetospherics
200:
199:
165:
155:
154:
150:Nuclear physics
123:
84:
42:Image artifacts
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7948:
7946:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7899:
7887:
7875:
7863:
7851:
7839:
7827:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7776:Apocalypticism
7765:
7750:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7634:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7620:Disaster films
7617:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7595:
7593:Alien invasion
7589:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7533:Amillennialism
7530:
7520:
7518:Millenarianism
7515:
7514:
7513:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7471:Apocalypticism
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7425:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7367:Dhu al-Qarnayn
7364:
7359:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7313:Great Apostasy
7310:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7251:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7202:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7170:
7160:
7158:Last Judgement
7155:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7120:
7118:
7116:Eschatological
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7059:
7054:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6863:
6861:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6831:Overpopulation
6828:
6822:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6808:Water scarcity
6805:
6800:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6783:
6781:Sea level rise
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6744:on marine life
6741:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6699:Global warming
6696:
6691:
6689:Global dimming
6686:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6647:Cascade effect
6644:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6626:
6624:
6622:Climate change
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6452:Doomsday Clock
6449:
6444:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6403:Cyberterrorism
6400:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6362:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6322:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6211:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6137:
6136:Meteorological
6133:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5992:Seismic hazard
5988:
5986:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5897:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5669:Auroral chorus
5660:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5548:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5484:
5482:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5364:Related topics
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5239:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Magnetic cloud
5131:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4922:Spectral class
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Solar neutrino
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Solar activity
4829:
4827:Sun in fiction
4824:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4663:Alfvén surface
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4520:Radiation zone
4517:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4443:3-Day Forecast
4440:
4435:
4430:
4414:
4413:External links
4411:
4409:
4408:
4355:
4302:
4280:
4264:10.1086/421261
4217:
4211:10.1086/432412
4174:
4158:10.1086/383186
4121:
4074:
4048:
4022:
3973:
3950:"Solar Flares"
3940:
3893:
3862:
3832:
3767:
3734:
3690:
3647:
3616:
3580:
3561:(2): 889–895.
3545:
3516:(4): 517–527.
3500:
3458:
3409:
3382:
3341:
3299:
3258:
3217:
3172:
3146:
3139:
3104:
3098:10.1086/430521
3053:
3008:Bhardwaj, Anil
2999:
2958:
2914:
2892:
2870:
2807:
2744:
2726:
2699:
2693:978-1107049048
2692:
2668:
2642:
2635:
2605:
2570:
2551:(2): 275–299.
2535:
2508:
2465:
2440:
2377:
2343:(4): 286–293.
2320:
2261:
2238:
2225:10.1086/169695
2191:
2165:
2146:(4): 314–317.
2130:
2077:
2059:
2022:(2): 357–368.
2000:
1965:
1904:
1859:
1812:
1766:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:Sun in fiction
1722:
1720:Sun in culture
1717:
1715:Neupert effect
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1668:
1665:
1635:
1632:
1602:
1601:
1552:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1522:radioastronomy
1500:
1499:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1429:
1426:
1386:
1383:
1377:in X-rays and
1375:bremsstrahlung
1371:spectral lines
1360:
1357:
1353:Sun-like stars
1336:
1333:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1176:Classification
1141:
1138:
1133:
1127:photoelectron
1123:thermalization
1111:photoelectrons
1045:
1042:
995:speed of light
984:
981:
948:
945:
939:
938:
935:
931:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:Corrected area
893:
892:Classification
882:
867:
864:
842:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
797:Classification
787:satellites in
748:
745:
743:
742:Classification
740:
700:solar cycle 19
669:
666:
624:
621:
591:
588:
565:active regions
544:. Flares emit
542:speed of light
536:, and heavier
493:
490:
419:active regions
397:
396:
394:
393:
386:
379:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
361:Radio emission
358:
353:
348:
347:
346:
336:
331:
326:
325:
324:
319:
308:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
250:Magnetic storm
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
141:
140:
135:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
86:
85:
80:
72:
71:
65:
64:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7947:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7930:Space plasmas
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7898:
7888:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7864:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7850:
7840:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7812:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7791:Risk analysis
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7736:Social crisis
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:Organizations
7651:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7577:World to come
7575:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7523:Millennialism
7521:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7511:Messianic Age
7509:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7496:Gog and Magog
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7486:Earth Changes
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7323:New Jerusalem
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7299:War in Heaven
7297:
7295:
7294:Two witnesses
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7163:Second Coming
7161:
7159:
7156:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6662:Deforestation
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6603:World War III
6601:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6518:Transhumanism
6516:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:Technological
6379:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6331:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6287:Meteor shower
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6085:Coastal flood
6083:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:Space tornado
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5593:Magnetosphere
5590:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5522:Active region
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5466:Space climate
5464:
5462:
5461:Space weather
5459:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5185:Space weather
5183:
5181:
5180:Space climate
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Magnetosphere
5090:
5088:
5087:Magnetosheath
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4971:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Space weather
4895:
4893:
4892:Space climate
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Solar physics
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4796:Lunar eclipse
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Current sheet
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Solar minimum
4705:
4703:
4702:Solar maximum
4700:
4698:
4697:Active region
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4577:Ellerman bomb
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:Space Weather
4313:
4306:
4303:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4063:on 2012-09-10
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4036:
4035:SOHO Hotshots
4032:
4026:
4023:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:Solar Physics
3904:
3897:
3894:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:Solar Physics
3176:
3173:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:Space Weather
2818:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:Solar Physics
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2324:
2321:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2072:Visible Earth
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:Solar Physics
2012:
2004:
2001:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Physics Today
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1621:
1598:
1595:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1553:This section
1551:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1496:
1493:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1451:This section
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:magnetometers
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1100:orbital decay
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:that of Venus
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:. The excess
1000:
996:
990:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
965:
954:
946:
944:
936:
933:
932:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
916:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
900:
894:
891:
890:
887:
885:
877:
873:
865:
863:
861:
857:
854:
848:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
827:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
795:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
753:
746:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
715:
711:
710:
709:Rieger period
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
647:
640:
635:
630:
622:
620:
618:
617:electron volt
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
498:
491:
489:
487:
486:
485:stellar flare
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
392:
387:
385:
380:
378:
373:
372:
370:
369:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
275:Space tornado
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:Magnetosheath
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
204:
203:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Parker spiral
173:
171:
168:
167:
164:
159:
158:
151:
148:
146:
143:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
119:
118:
113:
112:Space weather
110:
108:
107:Space climate
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
7897:Solar System
7753:
7696:Cyberwarfare
7414:Third Temple
7269:Lake of fire
7100:
7079:Rogue planet
7047:Impact event
7037:Proton decay
6990:Astronomical
6940:Bioterrorism
6786:Supervolcano
6684:Flood basalt
6630:Anoxic event
6539:Collapsology
6527:Sociological
6398:Cyberwarfare
6296:
6282:Impact event
6270:Astronomical
6204:Thunderstorm
6199:Bomb cyclone
6063:Hydrological
6032:Volcanic ash
5997:Seismic risk
5945:Mass wasting
5717:Heliophysics
5641:Ring current
5626:Dungey Cycle
5534:Coronal hole
5511:
5450:Solar storms
5386:Ring systems
5381:Lunar swirls
5258:
5241:
5144:
5112:Ring current
5107:Plasmasphere
5082:Magnetopause
4877:Solar System
4847:Solar energy
4842:Solar dynamo
4803:Heliophysics
4726:
4633:Coronal loop
4628:Coronal hole
4605:Moreton wave
4587:Chromosphere
4374:
4368:
4358:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4283:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4065:. Retrieved
4061:the original
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4034:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
3993:
3989:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3948:Woods, Tom.
3943:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3880:the original
3876:Science News
3875:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3849:the original
3835:
3787:(1): 15905.
3784:
3780:
3770:
3754:(1): 15–16.
3751:
3747:
3737:
3713:(1): 13–15.
3710:
3706:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3471:
3461:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3385:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3317:
3313:
3302:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3158:
3149:
3120:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3019:
3015:
3002:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2934:
2930:
2905:. Retrieved
2895:
2883:. Retrieved
2873:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2709:
2702:
2682:
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:
2645:
2616:
2608:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2394:
2390:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2340:
2336:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2283:
2279:
2252:. Retrieved
2241:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:
2168:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2019:
2015:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1984:the original
1975:
1968:
1925:
1921:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1879:(4): 34–40.
1876:
1872:
1862:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1786:
1782:
1757:. Retrieved
1710:Moreton wave
1674:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1624:
1590:
1581:
1566:Please help
1554:
1529:
1525:
1506:World War II
1503:
1488:
1479:
1464:Please help
1452:
1419:
1410:
1396:
1368:
1338:
1318:
1295:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1263:
1184:Description
1161:
1149:
1126:
1110:
1104:
1079:
1068:dissociation
1061:
1011:
992:
976:
972:
968:
966:
950:
942:
880:
871:
869:
859:
855:
849:
845:
762:
725:
708:
692:Erich Rieger
690:
682:solar minima
678:solar maxima
671:
657:
651:
645:
643:
629:Coronal loop
613:
593:
581:
562:
514:chromosphere
503:
483:
481:
458:
439:
402:
400:
350:
334:Coronal hole
240:Ring current
230:Plasmasphere
122:Fundamentals
102:Solar System
69:Heliophysics
7885:Outer space
7873:Spaceflight
7772:Categories
7741:Survivalism
7428:Zoroastrian
7284:Seven seals
7279:Seven bowls
7205:Historicism
7101:Solar flare
6977:Overfishing
6952:Defaunation
6739:coral reefs
6501:AI takeover
6420:Nanoweapons
6408:Cybergeddon
6393:Cyberattack
6297:Solar flare
6183:Megadrought
6143:Temperature
6116:Megatsunami
6095:Storm surge
6090:Flash flood
5968:Debris flow
5757:Before 1800
5722:Solar cycle
5512:Solar flare
5292:Unwin Radar
5218:Double Star
5155:Heliosphere
5145:Solar flare
4935:Exploration
4813:Solar deity
4760:Heliosheath
4742:Heliosphere
4712:Wolf number
4685:Solar cycle
4549:Photosphere
4289:"Forecasts"
4015:31 December
3966:24 November
3886:22 December
3188:(11): 157.
3165:23 December
2458:20 November
2370:23 December
2313:23 December
2254:23 December
1759:11 November
1705:Hyder flare
1675:delta spots
1518:Grote Reber
1510:Stanley Hey
1341:exploration
1102:over time.
1098:leading to
1076:ionospheres
775:0.1 to 0.8
773:wavelengths
769:soft X-rays
721:heliosphere
674:solar cycle
584:prominences
554:radio waves
548:across the
510:photosphere
435:solar cycle
403:solar flare
351:Solar flare
329:Solar storm
312:Solar cycle
92:Heliosphere
7919:Categories
7701:Depression
7691:Ransomware
7506:Messianism
7476:Armageddon
7461:Apocalypse
7249:Antichrist
7237:Man of sin
7134:Three Ages
6997:Big Crunch
6859:Extinction
6851:Biological
6613:Ecological
6485:Strangelet
5978:Earthquake
5936:Geological
5557:Pickup ion
5552:Solar wind
5340:Ganymedian
5213:Cluster II
5194:Satellites
5170:Heliopause
5127:Solar wind
5077:Ionosphere
5051:Polar wind
5046:Jet stream
4887:Solar time
4808:In culture
4765:Heliopause
4717:Solar wind
4648:Prominence
4540:Atmosphere
4525:Tachocline
4295:17 October
4194:(2): 638.
3195:2109.06558
2834:2103.03957
2771:1903.10564
2764:(2): 157.
2586:(2): 133.
2184:17 October
2104:1603.07062
2097:(2): L29.
1898:2024-05-17
1737:References
1730:Superflare
1667:Prediction
1638:See also:
1514:Southworth
1381:in radio.
1304:nanoteslas
1250:See also:
1179:Associated
1152:ionosphere
1144:See also:
1064:ionization
1044:Ionosphere
987:See also:
937:> 1200
866:Importance
777:nanometres
747:Soft X-ray
627:See also:
604:prominence
573:powered by
558:gamma rays
473:ionosphere
415:atmosphere
287:Polar wind
185:Cosmic ray
180:Solar wind
7849:Astronomy
7586:Fictional
7433:Saoshyant
7318:New Earth
7289:The Beast
7222:Preterism
7195:Christian
7151:Kali Yuga
7096:Micronova
7091:Hypernova
6957:Dysgenics
6798:Verneshot
6704:Hypercane
6447:Dead Hand
6307:Hypernova
6302:Supernova
6250:Firestorm
6165:Heat wave
6160:Ice storm
6155:Cold wave
5958:Avalanche
5953:Landslide
5376:Gas torus
5371:Flux tube
5355:Neptunian
5345:Saturnian
5299:SuperDARN
5200:Full list
5072:Bow shock
5041:Geosphere
4770:Bow shock
4677:Variation
4643:Nanoflare
4116:2115-7251
3935:120093108
3809:2041-1723
3667:: 13–15.
3597:: 60–74.
3488:214067105
3453:226442270
2937:(1): 23.
2864:237709521
2434:119273860
2404:1101.1540
2397:(2): 98.
2365:121291767
2308:121487634
2233:0004-637X
2054:122385884
2046:0038-0938
1993:8 October
1935:1109.5932
1854:2397-3366
1584:June 2024
1555:does not
1482:June 2024
1453:does not
1181:SXR class
969:impulsive
929:600–1200
905:< 100
853:backronym
781:ångströms
717:harmonics
714:resonance
696:gamma-ray
686:X10-class
668:Frequency
530:electrons
488:applies.
133:Flux tube
7726:Pandemic
7711:Epidemic
7706:Droughts
7560:Prewrath
7491:End time
7357:Al-Qa'im
7242:Katechon
7227:2 Esdras
7217:Idealism
7200:Futurism
7129:Maitreya
7124:Buddhist
6967:Pandemic
6415:Gray goo
6257:ARkStorm
6245:Wildfire
6150:Blizzard
6050:Sinkhole
5621:Substorm
4970:Category
4403:32732427
4274:10273389
4168:54878789
3957:Archived
3827:28653670
2907:18 April
2885:18 April
2801:85517195
1960:21203102
1688:See also
1294:meaning
1270:inducing
947:Duration
921:250–600
913:100–250
856:moderate
840:> 10
832:10 – 10
824:10 – 10
816:10 – 10
808:< 10
779:(1 to 8
569:sunspots
528:, while
469:daylight
270:Substorm
7909:Science
7837:Physics
7825:Weather
7811:Portals
7786:Hazards
7684:General
7555:Rapture
7404:Messiah
7392:Sufyani
7382:Israfil
7352:Islamic
7190:Messiah
7168:1 Enoch
7002:Big Rip
6714:Ecocide
6709:Ice age
6240:Derecho
6214:Tornado
6175:Drought
6111:Tsunami
5963:Mudflow
5705:Related
5616:K-index
5527:Sunspot
5406:Neptune
5391:Jupiter
5350:Uranian
5330:Martian
5320:Hermian
5223:Geotail
4786:Eclipse
4779:Related
4600:Spicule
4572:Sunspot
4567:Faculae
4562:Granule
4486:The Sun
4379:Bibcode
4370:Science
4324:Bibcode
4249:Bibcode
4196:Bibcode
4143:Bibcode
4096:Bibcode
4094:: A23.
4067:May 21,
3998:Bibcode
3996:: A31.
3915:Bibcode
3855:May 21,
3818:5490266
3789:Bibcode
3715:Bibcode
3669:Bibcode
3638:Bibcode
3636:: 117.
3599:Bibcode
3563:Bibcode
3528:Bibcode
3493:14 June
3431:Bibcode
3363:Bibcode
3322:Bibcode
3280:Bibcode
3239:Bibcode
3200:Bibcode
3085:Bibcode
3034:Bibcode
2980:Bibcode
2939:Bibcode
2839:Bibcode
2776:Bibcode
2588:Bibcode
2553:Bibcode
2526:Bibcode
2524:: 443.
2503:4348672
2483:Bibcode
2409:Bibcode
2345:Bibcode
2288:Bibcode
2213:Bibcode
2211:: 316.
2148:Bibcode
2109:Bibcode
2024:Bibcode
1940:Bibcode
1881:Bibcode
1834:Bibcode
1791:Bibcode
1789:(A10).
1627:absorbs
1576:removed
1561:sources
1504:During
1474:removed
1459:sources
1422:H-alpha
1291:crochet
1156:skywave
1136:layer.
1074:in the
1072:heating
1030:Jupiter
1022:Mercury
983:Effects
876:H-alpha
860:extreme
757:GOES-16
654:C-class
552:, from
534:protons
520:). The
409:in the
215:History
7716:Famine
7642:Zombie
7444:Others
7399:Jewish
7377:Dajjal
7259:Events
7173:Daniel
7074:winter
6901:Others
6791:winter
6591:winter
6586:famine
6581:cobalt
5664:Aurora
5401:Uranus
5396:Saturn
5335:Jovian
5277:EISCAT
5249:THEMIS
5237:(2015)
5235:
5208:(2016)
5206:
5031:Aurora
4615:Corona
4401:
4271:
4165:
4114:
4041:21 May
3933:
3825:
3815:
3807:
3591:Icarus
3555:Icarus
3486:
3451:
3429:: 27.
3402:12 May
3361:(A5).
3237:(A8).
3161:. NASA
3137:
2861:
2827:(10).
2798:
2690:
2661:2 June
2633:
2501:
2475:Nature
2431:
2363:
2306:
2231:
2052:
2044:
1958:
1852:
1695:Aurora
1530:bursts
1526:storms
1310:Health
1070:, and
1034:Saturn
596:plasma
526:kelvin
522:plasma
518:corona
516:, and
450:plasma
255:Aurora
128:Plasma
7861:Stars
7731:Riots
7423:Norse
7387:Mahdi
7146:Kalki
7141:Hindu
6471:(EMP)
6233:Other
6104:Other
6071:Flood
6025:Lahar
5867:2020s
5851:2010s
5830:2000s
5799:1900s
5778:1800s
5679:STEVE
5325:Lunar
5287:SHARE
5282:HAARP
5243:Polar
5228:IMAGE
5204:Arase
4727:Flare
4595:Plage
4322:(4).
4269:S2CID
4239:arXiv
4163:S2CID
3986:(PDF)
3960:(PDF)
3953:(PDF)
3931:S2CID
3518:arXiv
3484:S2CID
3449:S2CID
3190:arXiv
3075:arXiv
3024:arXiv
3022:(3).
2978:(3).
2859:S2CID
2829:arXiv
2796:S2CID
2766:arXiv
2499:S2CID
2429:S2CID
2399:arXiv
2361:S2CID
2304:S2CID
2099:arXiv
2050:S2CID
1987:(PDF)
1980:(PDF)
1956:S2CID
1930:arXiv
1918:(PDF)
997:with
771:with
608:loops
590:Cause
465:X-ray
6208:Hail
6076:List
5983:List
5260:Wind
4907:Star
4818:List
4515:Core
4497:List
4419:NOAA
4399:PMID
4297:2023
4112:ISSN
4069:2012
4043:2012
4017:2023
3968:2019
3888:2012
3857:2012
3823:PMID
3805:ISSN
3495:2022
3404:2022
3167:2021
3135:ISBN
2909:2022
2887:2022
2688:ISBN
2663:2019
2656:NASA
2631:ISBN
2460:2021
2372:2021
2315:2021
2256:2021
2229:ISSN
2186:2023
2042:ISSN
1995:2009
1850:ISSN
1761:2021
1559:any
1557:cite
1528:and
1457:any
1455:cite
1401:and
1335:Mars
1325:gray
1296:hook
1032:and
785:GOES
765:flux
726:The
538:ions
463:and
459:The
190:ICME
48:and
5233:MMS
4389:doi
4375:369
4344:hdl
4334:doi
4259:doi
4235:609
4206:doi
4192:631
4153:doi
4139:603
4104:doi
4006:doi
3923:doi
3911:224
3813:PMC
3797:doi
3756:doi
3723:doi
3679:doi
3607:doi
3595:330
3571:doi
3559:220
3536:doi
3476:doi
3439:doi
3371:doi
3359:117
3330:doi
3288:doi
3276:120
3247:doi
3235:113
3208:doi
3186:296
3127:doi
3093:doi
3071:624
3042:doi
2988:doi
2947:doi
2935:939
2849:doi
2786:doi
2762:874
2715:doi
2623:doi
2596:doi
2584:747
2561:doi
2549:143
2491:doi
2479:312
2419:doi
2395:730
2353:doi
2296:doi
2221:doi
2209:368
2156:doi
2119:doi
2095:821
2034:doi
1948:doi
1926:159
1889:doi
1842:doi
1801:doi
1787:111
1570:by
1468:by
1282:sfe
1236:X20
1225:X10
1092:GPS
977:LDE
971:or
556:to
413:'s
411:Sun
339:CME
322:min
317:max
265:Dst
260:GIC
170:IMF
97:Sun
54:CCD
7921::
6494:/
5926:–
4397:.
4387:.
4373:.
4367:.
4342:.
4332:.
4318:.
4314:.
4267:.
4257:.
4247:.
4233:.
4229:.
4204:.
4190:.
4186:.
4161:.
4151:.
4137:.
4133:.
4110:.
4102:.
4090:.
4086:.
4033:.
4004:.
3992:.
3988:.
3955:.
3929:.
3921:.
3909:.
3905:.
3874:.
3843:.
3821:.
3811:.
3803:.
3795:.
3783:.
3779:.
3752:20
3750:.
3746:.
3721:.
3711:20
3709:.
3705:.
3693:^
3677:.
3665:20
3663:.
3659:.
3634:50
3632:.
3628:.
3605:.
3593:.
3569:.
3557:.
3534:.
3526:.
3514:55
3512:.
3482:.
3474:.
3470:.
3447:.
3437:.
3427:10
3425:.
3421:.
3394:.
3369:.
3357:.
3353:.
3328:.
3318:45
3316:.
3312:.
3286:.
3274:.
3270:.
3245:.
3233:.
3229:.
3206:.
3198:.
3184:.
3157:.
3133:.
3107:^
3091:.
3083:.
3069:.
3065:.
3040:.
3032:.
3020:32
3018:.
3014:.
2986:.
2976:49
2974:.
2970:.
2945:.
2933:.
2929:.
2917:^
2857:.
2847:.
2837:.
2825:19
2823:.
2819:.
2794:.
2784:.
2774:.
2760:.
2756:.
2654:.
2629:.
2594:.
2582:.
2559:.
2547:.
2522:64
2520:.
2497:.
2489:.
2477:.
2443:^
2427:.
2417:.
2407:.
2393:.
2389:.
2359:.
2351:.
2341:40
2339:.
2335:.
2302:.
2294:.
2284:55
2282:.
2278:.
2264:^
2227:.
2219:.
2207:.
2203:.
2177:.
2154:.
2144:10
2142:.
2117:.
2107:.
2093:.
2089:.
2070:.
2048:.
2040:.
2032:.
2020:65
2018:.
2014:.
1954:.
1946:.
1938:.
1924:.
1920:.
1887:.
1877:76
1875:.
1871:.
1848:.
1840:.
1828:.
1824:.
1799:.
1785:.
1781:.
1769:^
1744:^
1417:.
1355:.
1233:R5
1222:R4
1214:X1
1211:R3
1203:M5
1200:R2
1192:M1
1189:R1
1066:,
791:.
723:.
560:.
532:,
512:,
456:.
437:.
425:,
401:A
7813::
6341:e
6334:t
6327:v
6220:)
6216:(
6210:)
6206:(
6078:)
6074:(
5985:)
5981:(
5916:e
5909:t
5902:v
5442:e
5435:t
5428:v
5004:e
4997:t
4990:v
4478:e
4471:t
4464:v
4405:.
4391::
4381::
4352:.
4346::
4336::
4326::
4320:9
4299:.
4277:.
4261::
4251::
4241::
4214:.
4208::
4198::
4171:.
4155::
4145::
4118:.
4106::
4098::
4092:6
4071:.
4045:.
4019:.
4008::
4000::
3994:3
3970:.
3937:.
3925::
3917::
3890:.
3859:.
3829:.
3799::
3791::
3785:8
3764:.
3758::
3731:.
3725::
3717::
3687:.
3681::
3671::
3644:.
3640::
3613:.
3609::
3601::
3577:.
3573::
3565::
3542:.
3538::
3530::
3520::
3497:.
3478::
3455:.
3441::
3433::
3406:.
3379:.
3373::
3365::
3338:.
3332::
3324::
3296:.
3290::
3282::
3255:.
3249::
3241::
3214:.
3210::
3202::
3192::
3169:.
3143:.
3129::
3101:.
3095::
3087::
3077::
3050:.
3044::
3036::
3026::
2996:.
2990::
2982::
2955:.
2949::
2941::
2911:.
2889:.
2867:.
2851::
2841::
2831::
2804:.
2788::
2778::
2768::
2723:.
2717::
2697:.
2665:.
2639:.
2625::
2602:.
2598::
2590::
2567:.
2563::
2555::
2532:.
2528::
2505:.
2493::
2485::
2462:.
2437:.
2421::
2411::
2401::
2374:.
2355::
2347::
2317:.
2298::
2290::
2258:.
2235:.
2223::
2215::
2188:.
2162:.
2158::
2150::
2127:.
2121::
2111::
2101::
2056:.
2036::
2026::
1997:.
1962:.
1950::
1942::
1932::
1901:.
1891::
1883::
1856:.
1844::
1836::
1830:1
1809:.
1803::
1793::
1763:.
1597:)
1591:(
1586:)
1582:(
1578:.
1564:.
1495:)
1489:(
1484:)
1480:(
1476:.
1462:.
1280:(
1134:1
975:(
934:4
926:3
918:2
910:1
902:S
883:H
881:A
837:X
829:M
821:C
813:B
805:A
390:e
383:t
376:v
44:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
