Photovoltaic power station - Knowledge (XXG)

5501: 246: 739: 1450: 1319: 638: 305: 1306:, the law which establishes Germany's feed-in tariffs, provides the legislative basis not just for the compensation levels, but other regulatory factors, such as priority access to the grid. The law was amended in 2010 to restrict the use of agricultural land, since which time most solar parks have been built on so-called 'development land', such as former military sites. Partly for this reason, the geographic distribution of photovoltaic power plants in Germany is biased towards the former 489: 40: 686: 9840: 2522: 177: 2508: 668:. A parameter called the 'performance ratio' has been developed to evaluate the total value of these losses. The performance ratio gives a measure of the output AC power delivered as a proportion of the total DC power which the solar panels should be able to deliver under the ambient climatic conditions. In modern solar parks the performance ratio should typically be in excess of 80%. 575: 9852: 791:

output under the climatic conditions actually experienced. It also provides data to enable the scheduling of both rectification and preventive maintenance. A small number of large solar farms use a separate inverter or maximizer for each solar panel, which provide individual performance data that can be monitored. For other solar farms,

1145:

Another form of indirect incentive which has been used to stimulate investment in solar power plant was tax credits available to investors. In some cases the credits were linked to the energy produced by the installations, such as the Production Tax Credits. In other cases the credits were related to

847:

As solar power costs reached grid parity, PV systems were able to offer power competitively in the energy market. The subsidies and incentives, which were needed to stimulate the early market as detailed below, were progressively replaced by auctions and competitive tendering leading to further price

750:

for each megawatt of rated output, so require a substantial land area; which is subject to planning approval. The chances of obtaining consent, and the related time, cost and conditions, vary by jurisdiction and location. Many planning approvals will also apply conditions on the treatment of the site

676:

Early photovoltaic systems output decreased as much as 10%/year, but as of 2010 the median degradation rate was 0.5%/year, with panels made after 2000 having a significantly lower degradation rate, so that a system would lose only 12% of its output performance in 25 years. A system using panels which

585:

These units have relatively high capacity, typically of the order between 1 MW up to 7 MW for newer units (2020), so they condition the output of a substantial block of solar arrays, up to perhaps 2 hectares (4.9 acres) in area. Solar parks using centralized inverters are often configured in discrete

507:

These arrays need to be spaced out to reduce inter-shading as the sun moves and the array orientations change, so need more land area. They also require more complex mechanisms to maintain the array surface at the required angle. The increased output can be of the order of 30% in locations with high

469:

inclination calculated to provide the optimum annual output profile. The panels are normally oriented towards the Equator, at a tilt angle slightly less than the latitude of the site. In some cases, depending on local climatic, topographical or electricity pricing regimes, different tilt angles can

253:

The land area required for a desired power output varies depending on the location, the efficiency of the solar panels, the slope of the site, and the type of mounting used. Fixed tilt solar arrays using typical panels of about 15% efficiency on horizontal sites, need about 1 hectare (2.5 acres)/MW

1297:

The first multi-megawatt plant in Europe was the 4.2 MW community-owned project at Hemau, commissioned in 2003. But it was the revisions to the German feed-in tariffs in 2004, which gave the strongest impetus to the establishment of utility-scale solar power plants. The first to be completed under

1103:

Feed-in tariffs are designated prices which must be paid by utility companies for each kilowatt hour of renewable electricity produced by qualifying generators and fed into the grid. These tariffs normally represent a premium on wholesale electricity prices and offer a guaranteed revenue stream to

766:

Most stations are sited within a few kilometres of a suitable grid connection point. This network needs to be capable of absorbing the output of the solar park when operating at its maximum capacity. The project developer will normally have to absorb the cost of providing power lines to this point

222:. With its introduction of feed-in tariffs in 2008, Spain briefly became the largest market with some 60 solar parks over 10 MW, but these incentives have since been withdrawn. The USA, China, India, France, Canada, Australia, and Italy, among others, have also become major markets as shown on the 1215:

The electrical output of a solar park will be related to the solar radiation, the capacity of the plant and its performance ratio. The income derived from this electrical output will come primarily from the sale of the electricity, and any incentive payments such as those under Feed-in Tariffs or

648:

The performance of a solar park depends on the climatic conditions, the equipment used and the system configuration. The primary energy input is the global light irradiance in the plane of the solar arrays, and this in turn is a combination of the direct and the diffuse radiation. In some regions

790:

require minimal maintenance, compared to rotating machinery. A major aspect of the O&M contract will be continuous monitoring of the performance of the plant and all of its primary subsystems, which is normally undertaken remotely. This enables performance to be compared with the anticipated

524:

A third approach achieves some of the output benefits of tracking, with a lesser penalty in terms of land area, capital and operating cost. This involves tracking the sun in one dimension – in its daily journey across the sky – but not adjusting for the seasons. The angle of the axis is normally

473:

A variant on this design is the use of arrays, whose tilt angle can be adjusted twice or four times annually to optimise seasonal output. They also require more land area to reduce internal shading at the steeper winter tilt angle. Because the increased output is typically only a few percent, it

1408:

By the end of 2017, it was reported that more than 732 MW of solar energy projects had been completed, which contributed to 7% of Jordan's electricity. After having initially set the percentage of renewable energy Jordan aimed to generate by 2020 at 10%, the government announced in 2018 that it

1062:

Solar generating stations have become progressively cheaper in recent years, and this trend is expected to continue. Meanwhile, traditional electricity generation is becoming progressively more expensive. These trends led to a crossover point when the levelised cost of energy from solar parks,

714:

Some of these power producers develop their own portfolio of power plants, but most solar parks are initially designed and constructed by specialist project developers. Typically the developer will plan the project, obtain planning and connection consents, and arrange financing for the capital

597:

are substantially lower in capacity than central inverters, of the order of 10 kW up to 250 KW for newer models (2020), and condition the output of a single array string. This is normally a whole, or part of, a row of solar arrays within the overall plant. String inverters can enhance the

338:

In some cases, several different solar power stations with separate owners and contractors are developed on adjacent sites. This can offer the advantage of the projects sharing the cost and risks of project infrastructure such as grid connections and planning approval. Solar farms can also be

1248:

The first places to reach grid parity were those with high traditional electricity prices and high levels of solar radiation. The worldwide distribution of solar parks is expected to change as different regions achieve grid parity. This transition also includes a shift from rooftop towards

257:

Because of the longer shadow the array casts when tilted at a steeper angle, this area is typically about 10% higher for an adjustable tilt array or a single axis tracker, and 20% higher for a 2-axis tracker, though these figures will vary depending on the latitude and topography.

1066:

For merchant solar power stations, where the electricity is being sold into the electricity transmission network, the levelised cost of solar energy will need to match the wholesale electricity price. This point is sometimes called 'wholesale grid parity' or 'busbar parity'.

6298: 1169:

showing how these targets would be met, and many of these have specific support measures for solar energy deployment. The directive also allows states to develop projects outside their national boundaries, and this may lead to bilateral programs such as the Helios project.

1230:. Though operating costs are typically relatively low, especially as no fuel is required, most operators will want to ensure that adequate operation and maintenance cover is available to maximise the availability of the plant and thereby optimise the income to cost ratio. 1088:

In the years before grid parity had been reached in many parts of the world, solar generating stations needed some form of financial incentive to compete for the supply of electricity. Many countries used such incentives to support the deployment of solar power stations.

677:

degrade 4%/year will lose 64% of its output during the same period. Many panel makers offer a performance guarantee, typically 90% in ten years and 80% over 25 years. The output of all panels is typically warranted at plus or minus 3% during the first year of operation.

1136:

Some countries and states adopt less targeted financial incentives, available for a wide range of infrastructure investment, such as the US Department of Energy loan guarantee scheme, which stimulated a number of investments in the solar power plant in 2010 and 2011.

1118:

These standards are obligations on utility companies to source a proportion of their electricity from renewable generators. In most cases, they do not prescribe which technology should be used and the utility is free to select the most appropriate renewable sources.

622:

chose to keep a spare transformer onsite, as transformer failure would have kept the solar farm offline for a long period. Transformers typically have a life of 25 to 75 years, and normally do not require replacement during the life of a photovoltaic power station.

378:

reservoir, Portugal, enabling solar power and hydroelectric energy to be combined. Separately, a German engineering firm committed to integrating an offshore floating solar farm with an offshore wind farm to use ocean space more efficiently. The projects involve

751:

after the station has been decommissioned in the future. A professional health, safety and environment assessment is usually undertaken during the design of a PV power station in order to ensure the facility is designed and planned in accordance with all

856:

The improving competitiveness of utility-scale solar became more visible as countries and energy utilities introduced auctions for new generating capacity. Some auctions are reserved for solar projects, while others are open to a wider range of sources.

803:

A solar park's income derives from the sales of electricity to the grid, and so its output is metered in real-time with readings of its energy output provided, typically on a half-hourly basis, for balancing and settlement within the electricity market.

342:

Sometimes 'solar park' is used to describe a set of individual solar power stations, which share sites or infrastructure, and 'cluster' is used where several plants are located nearby without any shared resources. Some examples of solar parks are the

4546: 815:

the output of a solar park, for example at times of low demand or high availability of other generators. Some countries make statutory provision for priority access to the grid for renewable generators, such as that under the European

296:. A recent study found that the value of solar generated electricity coupled to shade-tolerant crop production created an over 30% increase in economic value from farms deploying agrivoltaic systems instead of conventional agriculture. 730:, construction, connection and commissioning. At each stage in the process, the developer will be able to update estimates of the anticipated performance and costs of the plant and the financial returns it should be able to deliver. 663:

There will be losses between the DC output of the solar panels and the AC power delivered to the grid, due to a wide range of factors such as light absorption losses, mismatch, cable voltage drop, conversion efficiencies, and other

451:, mounted on support structures and interconnected to deliver a power output to electronic power conditioning subsystems. The majority are free-field systems using ground-mounted structures, usually of one of the following types: 94:, the other major large-scale solar generation technology, which uses heat to drive a variety of conventional generator systems. Both approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages, but to date, for a variety of reasons, 1377:

became functional and had a production capacity of 2GW. As of February 2020, it is the largest Solar Park in the world. In September 2018 Acme Solar announced that it had commissioned India's cheapest solar power plant, the 200

265:, or where there is no other valuable land use. Even in cultivated areas, a significant proportion of the site of a solar farm can also be devoted to other productive uses, such as crop growing or biodiversity. The change in 6046:"Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC" 7221: 4705: 525:

horizontal, though some, such as the solar park at Nellis Air Force Base, which has a 20° tilt, incline the axis towards the equator in a north–south orientation – effectively a hybrid between tracking and fixed tilt.

6903: 767:

and making the connection; in addition often to any costs associated with upgrading the grid, so it can accommodate the output from the plant. Therefore, solar power stations are sometimes built at sites of former

1256:

Because of the economic background, large-scale systems are presently distributed where the support regimes have been the most consistent, or the most advantageous. Total capacity of worldwide PV plants above 4

8092: 117:

power output. In other countries, the manufacturer states the surface and the efficiency. However, Canada, Japan, Spain, and the United States often specify using the converted lower nominal power output in

598:

efficiency of solar parks, where different parts of the array are experiencing different levels of insolation, for example where arranged at different orientations, or closely packed to minimise site area.

7246: 6508: 1457:

The US deployment of photovoltaic power stations is largely concentrated in southwestern states. The Renewable Portfolio Standards in California and surrounding states provide a particular incentive.

8191: 5035: 3247: 6074: 3949: 1423:

The majority of the deployment of solar power stations in Spain to date occurred during the boom market of 2007–8. The stations are well distributed around the country, with some concentration in

618:

operate at much higher voltages of the order of tens or hundreds of thousands of volts, so transformers are incorporated to deliver the required output to the grid. Due to the long lead time, the

245: 6568: 4521: 4413: 8734: 1063:

historically more expensive, matched or beat the cost of traditional electricity generation. This point depends on locations and other factors, and is commonly referred to as grid parity.

4056: 5156: 4260: 8803: 1074:

explains these discrepancies due to differences in "soft costs", which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs.

8702: 1219:

Electricity prices may vary at different times of day, giving a higher price at times of high demand. This may influence the design of the plant to increase its output at such times.

742:

Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red).

4764: 4712: 807:

Income is affected by the reliability of equipment within the plant and also by the availability of the grid network to which it is exporting. Some connection contracts allow the

7585: 6320: 4201: 7642: 4316: 763:

The availability, locality and capacity of the connection to the grid is a major consideration in planning a new solar park, and can be a significant contributor to the cost.

566:

are used. Single inverters allows optimizing the output of each panel, and multiple inverters increases the reliability by limiting the loss of output when an inverter fails.

4648: 3906: 3409: 5606: 4147: 2685:

Arnett, J.C.; Schaffer, L. A.; Rumberg, J. P.; Tolbert, R. E. L.; et al. (1984). "Design, installation and performance of the ARCO Solar one-megawatt power plant".

1283:. The distribution of power plants around the country is quite broad, with the highest concentration in the Gobi desert and connected to the Northwest China Power Grid. 5980: 3932: 3607: 7125: 3700: 152:, but the involvement of community and utility-owned projects is increasing. Previously, almost all were supported at least in part by regulatory incentives such as 6712: 6531: 6365: 5120: 8472: 7555: 1298:

this programme was the Leipziger Land solar park developed by Geosol. Several dozen plants were built between 2004 and 2011, several of which were at the time the

6276: 500:

To maximise the intensity of incoming direct radiation, solar panels should be orientated normal to the sun's rays. To achieve this, arrays can be designed using

8653: 7257: 9745: 9422: 8598: 5301: 4623: 1397: 7196: 4571: 516:, due to overcast conditions. So dual axis trackers are most commonly used in subtropical regions, and were first deployed at utility scale at the Lugo plant. 1154:

In addition to free market commercial incentives, some countries and regions have specific programs to support the deployment of solar energy installations.

8195: 6620: 4738: 696:

Solar power plants are developed to deliver merchant electricity into the grid as an alternative to other renewable, fossil or nuclear generating stations.

9227: 8402: 5066: 3258: 7940: 6067: 395:

and beaming energy down to Earth—constituted an early feasibility demonstration completed. Such setups are not limited by cloud cover or the Sun’s cycle.

9100: 1707: 716: 6561: 6485: 5446: 1471:

The following solar parks were, at the time they became operational, the largest in the world or their continent, or are notable for the reasons given:

1261:

was assessed by Wiki-Solar as c. 220 GW in c. 9,000 installations at the end of 2019 and represents about 35 percent of estimated global PV capacity of

4091: 8217: 6873: 6788: 562:

There are two primary alternatives for configuring this conversion equipment; centralized and string inverters, although in some cases individual, or

9562: 6231: 72: 8118: 738: 531:

are aligned along axes roughly north–south. Some use linkages between rows so that the same actuator can adjust the angle of several rows at once.

9529: 9524: 8858: 8724: 7739: 6137: 1189: 1122:

There are some exceptions where solar technologies are allocated a proportion of the RPS in what is sometimes referred to as a 'solar set aside'.

8620: 5910: 5257: 4063: 7988: 6810: 6763: 5160: 4381: 3435:

Barron-Gafford, Greg A.; Minor, Rebecca L.; Allen, Nathan A.; Cronin, Alex D.; Brooks, Adria E.; Pavao-Zuckerman, Mitchell A. (December 2016).

1083: 5376: 3502:

Guoqing, Li; Hernandez, Rebecca R; Blackburn, George Alan; Davies, Gemma; Hunt, Merryn; Whyatt, James Duncan; Armstrong, Alona (August 2021).

8698: 8558: 8351: 8144: 6410: 3998: 3305: 1166: 8243: 5523: 2655: 9878: 8041: 7327: 5738: 2541: 1769: 656:

A key determinant of the output of the system is the conversion efficiency of the solar panels, which depends in particular on the type of

352: 31: 7455: 4768: 3365: 2633: 2608: 8169: 4978: 860:

The prices revealed by these auctions and tenders have led to highly competitive prices in many regions. Amongst the prices quoted are:

9567: 8020: 6973: 6459: 3413: 2546: 2172: 1466: 223: 130: 125:, a measure more directly comparable to other forms of power generation. Most solar parks are developed at a scale of at least 1 MW 7427: 7004: 9583: 8935: 7592: 4926:

Ilse K, Micheli L, Figgis BW, Lange K, Dassler D, Hanifi H, Wolfertstetter F, Naumann V, Hagendorf C, Gottschalg R, Bagdahn J (2019).

4208: 8305: 7055: 6342: 5690: 1070:

Prices for installed PV systems show regional variations, more than solar cells and panels, which tend to be global commodities. The

9711: 9646: 9588: 9085: 7805: 7305: 4477: 4327: 3090: 6737: 4655: 3063: 6594: 3902: 9716: 9479: 8960: 7668: 4793: 2556: 1444: 8328: 5598: 5421: 3950:"Free-field solar power plants a solution that allows power to be generated faster and more cost-effectively than offshore wind" 1279:

In 2013 China overtook Germany as the nation with the most utility-scale solar capacity. Much of this has been supported by the

9730: 9237: 9095: 8976: 8066: 7481: 5868: 4154: 4030: 2551: 1743: 1165:

sets targets for increasing levels of deployment of renewable energy in all member states. Each has been required to develop a

632: 8273: 5792: 1449: 779:

Once the solar park has been commissioned, the owner usually enters into a contract with a suitable counterparty to undertake

9681: 9207: 9001: 8950: 8804:"Núñez de Balboa completed: Iberdrola finalizes the construction of the largest photovoltaic plant in Europe within one year" 8573: 4293: 3924: 3614: 752: 653:, the accumulation of dust or organic material on the solar panels that blocks incident light, is a significant loss factor. 8425: 2437: 6539: 3826: 9514: 7129: 3704: 2486: 8639: 7506: 6928: 5131: 3874: 3116:"MX Group Spa signs a 1.75 Billion Euros agreement for the construction in Serbia of the largest solar park in the world" 407:

PV systems, also known as free-field solar power plants. They can either be fixed tilt or use a single axis or dual axis

9801: 9781: 9161: 8920: 8450: 7563: 6100: 1113: 808: 665: 552: 404: 6854: 5716: 4742: 2877: 411:. While tracking improves the overall performance, it also increases the system's installation and maintenance cost. A 9691: 9166: 8851: 6509:"Solar Report Stunner: Unsubsidized 'Grid Parity Has Been Reached In India', Italy–With More Countries Coming in 2014" 5549: 2263: 1986: 1865: 1633: 1614: 1303: 1280: 1181:

is an international programme under which solar generating stations in certain qualifying countries can be supported.

1174: 1071: 504:, capable of tracking the sun in its daily movement across the sky, and as its elevation changes throughout the year. 304: 6388: 4499: 4442:

Li, Zhimin; et al. (June 2010). "Optical performance of inclined south-north single-axis tracked solar panels".

87:

level, rather than to a local user or users. Utility-scale solar is sometimes used to describe this type of project.

8676: 7712: 7282: 6658:

Couture, T., Cory, K., Kreycik, C., Williams, E., (2010). National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy

4575: 4324:

Proceedings of 1st Southern African Solar Energy Conference (SASEC 2012), 21–23 May 2012, Stellenbosch, South Africa

3321: 637: 9701: 9417: 9264: 9222: 9202: 8756: 7762: 4601: 1908: 1318: 727: 700: 208: 149: 7405: 3218: 2105: 9115: 9090: 8930: 4117: 812: 780: 44: 6184: 6045: 9855: 9616: 9598: 9489: 9335: 9322: 9317: 9217: 7617: 5932: 1889: 1595: 768: 348: 91: 8532: 6433: 6122: 5575: 3671: 2744: 9898: 9893: 9706: 9626: 9504: 9474: 9232: 9212: 9141: 9027: 9022: 8991: 8986: 8510: 8122: 7532: 4095: 2928: 2536: 2527: 1669: 1262: 1243: 787: 555:, either within the inverters or as separate units. These devices keep each solar array string close to its 312: 180: 8496: 6254: 3903:"A pilot project in the North Sea will develop floating solar panels that glide over waves 'like a carpet'" 2903: 2418: 470:

be used, or the arrays might be offset from the normal east–west axis to favour morning or evening output.

9888: 9844: 9686: 9656: 9621: 9608: 9494: 9269: 9070: 9060: 8955: 8844: 5502:"SunEdison Closes R2.6 Billion (US$ 314 Million) in Funding for 58 MW (AC) in South Africa Solar Projects" 2576: 1292: 1239: 704: 650: 619: 5472: 3543: 2318:

The largest single solar power plant (as opposed to co-located group of projects) in Asia and the world.

1453:

Locations of solar photovoltaic facility locations having a direct current capacity of 1 megawatt or more

9883: 9661: 9651: 9631: 9484: 9307: 9110: 8913: 8908: 8093:"EDF Energies Nouvelles secures building permits for two solar power plants (15.3 MW) on Reunion Island" 7857: 7831: 7173: 6203: 6156: 5668: 3848: 1789: 1688: 829: 642: 578: 556: 513: 98:

technology has seen much wider use. As of 2019, about 97% of utility-scale solar power capacity was PV.

6832: 4906:

Proceedings of International Expert Conference on Mathematical Modeling of Solar Radiation and Daylight

3016: 1338:

India has been rising up the leading nations for the installation of utility-scale solar capacity. The

1184:

Additionally many other countries have specific solar energy development programmes. Some examples are

7941:"AC-DC conundrum: Latest PV power-plant ratings follies put focus on reporting inconsistency (update)" 4680: 9696: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9641: 9636: 9151: 9080: 8925: 8893: 7428:"Best of Both Worlds: What if German installation costs were combined with the best solar resources?" 5050: 4939: 4899:"Solar Radiation Modeling and Measurements for Renewable Energy Applications: Data and Model Quality" 4451: 3448: 2690: 2581: 2323: 2302: 2126:

Phase II of 530 MW added to 320 MW Phase I (2013) makes this the world's largest solar power station

1418: 1391: 1333: 1274: 1162: 817: 563: 447:

are the subsystems which convert incoming light into electrical energy. They comprise a multitude of

192: 8390:

Repartición solar farm, Location: Municipalidad Distrital La Joya. Province: Arequipa. Power: 22 MWp

7995: 5957: 5157:"Avenal in ascendance: Taking a closer look at the world's largest silicon thin-film PV power plant" 4388: 3748: 2994: 2972: 9350: 9330: 9297: 9105: 9041: 8981: 8940: 7689: 5767: 4928:"Techno-Economic Assessment of Soiling Losses and Mitigation Strategies for Solar Power Generation" 3038: 2950: 2830: 2566: 1970: 1846: 1374: 1339: 837: 723: 708: 689: 544: 420: 344: 4005: 488: 9386: 9345: 9292: 9065: 8945: 8251: 7077: 5846: 5001: 3525: 3484: 2855: 2773: 2726: 1808: 1587: 1573: 391:

The first successful test in January 2024 of a solar farm in space—collecting solar power from a

364: 102: 76: 5981:"A case study of a 3-MW scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant at Kolar, Karnataka" 4851: 4317:"Solar Electricity Production from Fixed-inclined and Sun-tracking c-Si Photovoltaic Modules in" 207:, was commissioned in Carrizo Plain in 2015). The next stage followed the 2004 revisions to the 9391: 5889: 4874: 4179: 3643: 1249:

utility-scale plants, since the focus of new PV deployment has changed from Europe towards the

685: 249:

Mosaic distribution of the photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the landscape of Southeast Germany

9412: 9407: 9340: 9136: 9075: 9006: 8996: 6366:"1.35 Cents/kWh: Record Abu Dhabi Solar Bid Is A Sober Reminder To Upbeat Fossil Fuel Pundits" 6023: 5821: 5009: 3504:"Ground-mounted photovoltaic solar parks promote land surface cool islands in arid ecosystems" 3476: 3301: 2373: 2348: 2180: 1827: 1428: 1322: 1212:

The financial performance of the solar power plant is a function of its income and its costs.

509: 7963: 7787: 6981: 5998: 5205: 4826: 1265:, up from 25 percent in 2014. Activities in the key markets are reviewed individually below. 9469: 9437: 9427: 8898: 5058: 4993: 4957: 4947: 4459: 3515: 3466: 3456: 3437:"The Photovoltaic Heat Island Effect: Larger solar power plants increase local temperatures" 2718: 2031: 204: 39: 8782:"With 2,245 MW of Commissioned Solar Projects, World's Largest Solar Park is Now at Bhadla" 8781: 3564: 3189: 864:

Competitive energy prices achieved by utility-scale PV plants in renewable energy auctions

9381: 9312: 6216: 6169: 5327: 3771: 2132: 615: 594: 262: 7809: 6123:"The Evolution of Photovoltaic Technology: A Path to Grid Parity and Mainstream Adoption" 4233: 1396:

Italy has a large number of photovoltaic power plants, the largest of which is the 84 MW

586:

rectangular blocks, with the related inverter in one corner, or the centre of the block.

6741: 5054: 4943: 4455: 3726: 3579: 3452: 3343: 3295: 3067: 2694: 2393:

Group of 31 co-located solar plants reported to be the largest solar park in the world.

699:

The plant owner is an electricity generator. Most solar power plants today are owned by

547:(AC), which is the form transmitted by the electricity grid. This conversion is done by 254:

in the tropics and this figure rises to over 2 hectares (4.9 acres) in northern Europe.

9791: 9766: 9432: 9284: 9186: 9176: 9146: 8903: 7935: 7591:. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India. 31 October 2017. Archived from 7406:"In Hemau liefert der weltweit größte Solarpark umweltfreundlichen Strom aus der Sonne" 4357:"One-Axis Trackers – Improved Reliability, Durability, Performance, and Cost Reduction" 3471: 3436: 3115: 2715:

Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1991., Conference Record of the Twenty Second IEEE

2399: 1362: 1158: 1131: 1098: 833: 540: 416: 412: 371: 319: 161: 153: 148:

Most of the existing large-scale photovoltaic power stations are owned and operated by

114: 84: 8377: 4800: 9872: 9453: 9376: 9366: 9279: 9171: 8888: 8867: 7222:"Solar Photovoltaics competing in the energy sector – On the road to competitiveness" 6950: 3529: 2730: 2561: 2513: 2085: 606:

The system inverters typically provide power output at voltages of the order of 480 V

528: 501: 483: 466: 408: 273:

effect, and another study claims that surroundings in arid ecosystems become cooler.

200: 106: 8403:"President Humala inaugurates T-Solar Group photovoltaic solar-power plants in Peru" 8070: 7909: 5669:"Connecting your new home, building or development to Ausgrid's electricity network" 5005: 2805: 2634:"Concentrated solar power had a global total installed capacity of 6,451 MW in 2019" 176: 9821: 9776: 9509: 9181: 8280: 6277:"Saudi Arabia sets lowest-ever PV price; IEA hikes solar growth outlook by a third" 4148:"Performance analysis of a grid connected photovoltaic park on the island of Crete" 3488: 2571: 2475: 2277: 2267: 2161: 2041: 1874: 1307: 1227: 1223: 1197: 792: 424: 380: 327: 308: 289: 281: 119: 95: 5599:"Americans don't hate living near solar and wind farms as much as you might think" 5062: 8218:"Activ Solar Commissions 100-Plus MW Perovo Solar PV Station in Ukraine's Crimea" 7352: 7029: 6691:"Race to the Top: The Expanding Role of U.S. State Renewable Portfolio Standards" 5349: 4463: 3167: 512:, but the increase is lower in temperate climates or those with more significant 9816: 9786: 9761: 9519: 9156: 9131: 6713:"Investment in electricity generation – the role of costs, incentives and risks" 5620: 4952: 4927: 3144: 2521: 2223: 2081: 1928: 1424: 1370: 1057: 841: 448: 444: 428: 375: 293: 270: 165: 80: 6255:"160 wind turbines and 1,750 hectares of solar approved in first State auction" 5447:"Solar farm on 20 acres of Kauai land gets county planning commission approval" 4977:

Green, Martin; Emery, Keith; Hishikawa, Yoshihiro & Warta, Wilhelm (2009).

3520: 3503: 783:(O&M). In many cases this may be fulfilled by the original EPC contractor. 9302: 9274: 9052: 6690: 6299:"Mexico sets world's lowest solar price; Energy storage to hit 125 GW by 2030" 5911:"Talmage Solar Engineering, Inc. Unveils Largest Smart Array in North America" 5398: 5095: 4898: 4356: 2503: 2493:

installed three months earlier) to become Europe's largest solar power plant.

2151: 2057: 2012: 657: 543:(DC) electricity, so solar parks need conversion equipment to convert this to 392: 383:", in which different renewable energy technologies are combined in one site. 168:

has been reached in most markets, external incentives are usually not needed.

157: 8621:"Inauguran en Monte Plata la planta de energía solar más grande de la región" 7030:"South Africa: Renewable Energy Programme to Bring R47 Billion in Investment" 2722: 715:

required. The actual construction work is normally contracted to one or more

9593: 9499: 9371: 8654:"ENEL starts operation of South America's two largest solar parks in Brazil" 6789:"Independent Review: DOE's Loan Guarantee Program Has Worked, Can Be Better" 5036:"Forecasting photovoltaic array power production subject to mismatch losses" 2507: 2456: 2377: 2332: 2308: 2297: 2243: 2200: 1491: 1358: 1354: 1193: 30:"Solar power plant" redirects here. For list of solar thermal stations, see 8329:"Australia's Greenough River Solar Farm Opens Amid Renewable Target Debate" 8145:"Chint Solar successfully completed Golmud 20MW photovoltaic power station" 7883: 7378: 5642: 3613:. Kern County Planning and Community development Department. Archived from 3480: 574: 8473:"Shaikh Zayed Solar Power Plant in Mauritania inaugurated by Shaikh Saeed" 2713:

Wenger, H.J.; et al. "Decline of the Carrisa Plains PV power plant".

722:

Major milestones in the development of a new photovoltaic power plant are

269:

affects local temperature. One study claims a temperature rise due to the

218:

have since been installed in Germany, of which more than 50 are over 10 MW

17: 9806: 9796: 9771: 8170:"FinowTower I + II; Mit 84,7 MWp das größte Solarstrom-Kraftwerk Europas" 7931: 5231: 4962: 2327: 1379: 1366: 548: 432: 323: 134: 48: 7099: 6645: 5182: 5034:

Picault, D; Raison, B.; Bacha, S.; de la Casa, J.; Aguilera, J. (2010).

2175:

installation project (Longyanxia having been constructed in two phases)

1369:

of installed solar power capacity each. Rajasthan and Gujarat share the

137:. At the end of 2019, about 9,000 solar farms were larger than 4 MW 79:. They are different from most building-mounted and other decentralized 9811: 8831: 3222: 2464: 2293: 2109: 2061: 1343: 828:

In recent years, PV technology has improved its electricity generating

747: 360: 261:

The best locations for solar parks in terms of land use are held to be

6321:"Rajasthan solar auction draws electricity price of just 3.5 US cents" 5621:"Statistics about some selected markets for utility-scale solar parks" 3461: 359:

MW. An extreme example would be calling all of the solar farms in the

229:

The largest sites under construction have capacities of hundreds of MW

8729: 8497:

Topaz, the Largest Solar Plant in the World, Is Now Fully Operational

7197:"Optimizing PV Plant O&M Requires Focus on the Project Lifecycle" 5793:"Addressing Solar Photovoltaic Operations and Maintenance Challenges" 4478:"Invert your thinking: Squeezing more power out of your solar panels" 3999:"Tracked vs Fixed: PV system cost and AC power production comparison" 2460: 1937: 1432: 1201: 1178: 493: 266: 7896:

The locations of these and other plants over 10MW are illustrated in

7328:"Giant Solar Farm Capacity Doubling Inside 12 Months Breaking 12 GW" 7151: 6855:"Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council" 4997: 8574:"New French solar farm, Europe's biggest, cheaper than new nuclear" 8352:"Largest photovoltaic power plant in Israel to commence operations" 7256:. EPIA – European Photovoltaic Industry Association. Archived from 6668: 6411:"Indian PV auction delivers final record low price of $ 0.0269/kWh" 5258:"World's Largest Community-Owned Solar Project Launches in England" 3145:"Statistics about selected locations for utility-scale solar parks" 474:

seldom justifies the increased cost and complexity of this design.

8559:"Solar Star, Largest PV Power Plant in the World, Now Operational" 7964:"The world's largest photovoltaic solar power plant is in Pocking" 7482:"IBC Solar completes grid connection for 13.8MW German solar park" 3387: 3366:"Person County Solar Park Makes Best Use of Solar Power and Sheep" 2469: 2382: 2357: 2352: 1932: 1448: 1353:

Geographically the states with the largest installed capacity are

1326: 1317: 1185: 737: 684: 636: 573: 487: 303: 244: 175: 38: 8599:"Enel Starts Production at its Largest Solar PV Project in Chile" 8341:, Reuters, Rebekah Kebede, 9 October 2012 Retrieved 13 April 2013 7003:

Department for Resources, Energy and Tourism (11 December 2009).

3976: 2687:

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Athens, Greece

844:

in most parts of the world and become a mainstream power source.

8836: 285: 8840: 7306:"Utility-scale solar breaks all records in 2014 to reach 36 GW" 6232:"Brazil Solar Power Auction May Spur $ 1 Billion in Investment" 5597:

Chiu, Allyson; Guskin, Emily; Clement, Scott (3 October 2023).

5302:"independent power producer (IPP), non-utility generator (NUG)" 4261:"A review of principle and sun-tracking methods for maximizing" 2368:

Group of 32 co-located projects becomes the largest in Africa.

7740:"Jordan Eyes Power Storage as Next Step in Green Energy Drive" 6486:"5 breakthroughs that will make solar power cheaper than coal" 3672:"Smart Grid transmission scheme for Evacuation of Solar Power" 3168:"Estimating per unit area energy output from solar PV modules" 1989:

to become world's largest community-owned solar power station

4547:"Case study: German solar park chooses decentralized control" 3804: 211:, when a substantial volume of solar parks were constructed. 203:. Both have since been decommissioned (although a new plant, 141:(utility scale), with a combined capacity of over 220 GW 8539:. China State Power Investment Corporation. 14 December 2014 7862:

Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency

7836:

Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency

5279: 4268:

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (2009) 1800–1818

1346:

was opened officially in April 2012 and was at the time the

7669:"Acme Solar Commissions India's Cheapest Solar Power Plant" 7152:"Optimum Orientation of Solar Panels for Time-of-Use Rates" 5869:"Featured Array: Brewster Community Solar Garden® Facility" 5524:"juwi starts build on its first solar park in South Africa" 1702:

World's largest thin film plant. Extended to 52 MW in 2011

795:

is used to identify non-performing panels for replacement.

5691:"The Switch to Solar at Coal Power Plants and Mines is On" 5121:"The Power of PV – Case Studies on Solar Parks in Eastern" 3297:

Solar Photovoltaic Projects in the Mainstream Power Market

2656:"Expanding Renewable Energy in Pakistan's Electricity Mix" 1146:

the capital investment such as the Investment Tax Credits

692:

is the world's largest community-owned solar power station

6343:"Brazil posts new world record low price for solar power" 6101:"Citigroup: Outlook for global solar is getting brighter" 4207:. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. Archived from 3565:"U.S. Landfills Are Getting a Second Life as Solar Farms" 3170:. National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education 113:), which refers to the solar array's theoretical maximum 8699:"Noor Abu Dhabi solar plant begins commercial operation" 7808:. California Public Utilities Commission. Archived from 7794:. United States Geological Survey (USGS). November 2023. 7622:

IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News

3925:"First ever space-to-Earth solar power mission succeeds" 581:

is divided into blocks, each with a centralised inverter

551:. To maximise their efficiency, solar power plants also 3918: 3916: 8533:"World's Largest Hydro/PV Hybrid Project Synchronized" 8426:"Biggest Community-Owned Solar Array in US Now Online" 7556:"Gujarat Solar Park Inauguration at Charanka, Gujarat" 6874:"Assessment of National Renewable Energy Action Plans" 5096:"Performance Parameters for Grid-Connected PV Systems" 4326:. GeoModel Solar, Bratislava, Slovakia. Archived from 1551:

Europe's largest community-owned facility at the time

1108:

Renewable portfolio standards and supplier obligations

461: 6646:"Policymaker's Guide to Feed-in Tariff Policy Design" 4739:"Making waves: Inverters continue to push efficiency" 6738:"Solar Carve-Outs in Renewables Portfolio Standards" 4986:

Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

427:

is made through a high voltage, three phase step up

347:, where there are 17 different generation projects; 9754: 9738: 9729: 9607: 9576: 9553: 9542: 9462: 9446: 9400: 9359: 9257: 9250: 9195: 9124: 9051: 9040: 9015: 8969: 8881: 8874: 8832:

Interactive mapping of worldwide projects over 10MW

8640:"Inaugurada planta de energía solar en Monte Plata" 7247:"Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014–2018" 6138:"Renewable energy auctions and trends beyond price" 6136:International Renewable Energy Agency (June 2019). 6018: 6016: 5958:"Introduction to the Balancing and Settlement Code" 5762: 5760: 4141: 4139: 3805:"ENFO entwickelt größtes Solarprojekt Deutschlands" 1803:Extension takes it to Europe's largest at the time 7643:"World's largest solar park launched in Karnataka" 7450: 7448: 7446: 7283:"Renewable Power, Policy, and the Cost of Capital" 7126:"What are time-of-use rates and how do they work?" 6532:Re-considering the economics of photovoltaic power 6073:. Deutsche Bank Markets Research. 6 January 2014. 5354:Deployment of utility-scale solar parks by company 3749:"First solar park set for Upington, Northern Cape" 3412:. German Renewable Energies Agency. Archived from 2343:Becomes South America's largest solar power plant 195:, at the end of 1982, followed in 1984 by a 5.2 MW 133:operating photovoltaic power stations surpassed 1 8572:Canellas, Claude; et al. (1 December 2015). 7285:. UNEP/BASE Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative 2146:Becomes largest plant in Australasia and Oceania 1760:World's largest at the time. Corresponds to 80 MW 1222:The dominant costs of solar power plants are the 8757:"Benban, Africa's largest solar park, completed" 7806:"California Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS)" 5550:"Saudi Arabia's Largest Solar Park Commissioned" 5496: 5494: 5377:"The Crowded Field of Solar Project Development" 4595: 4593: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3727:"Solar parks: maximising environmental benefits" 3344:"Solar parks: maximising environmental benefits" 2689:. EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference: 314. 2602: 2600: 2598: 2287:Becomes Australasia's largest solar power plant 746:Photovoltaic power stations occupy at least one 459:Many projects use mounting structures where the 191:solar park was built by Arco Solar at Lugo near 8725:"World's Largest Solar Power Plant Switched On" 8511:"SunEdison inaugurates 100MW Chile solar plant" 8499:, Greentechmedia, Eric Wesoff, 24 November 2014 7910:"Capacity rating for solar generating stations" 6904:"Project Helios: A brighter future for Greece?" 6562:"Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy" 4350: 4348: 4287: 4285: 4086: 4084: 3242: 3240: 1568:Europe's largest at the time; first under FITs 1150:International, national and regional programmes 852:Competitive energy costs of utility-scale solar 7763:"Solar Industry Learns Lessons in Spanish Sun" 6764:"Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee Program" 6068:"2014 Outlook: Let the Second Gold Rush Begin" 5643:"Τα "κομμάτια του πάζλ" μιας επένδυσης σε Φ/Β" 4602:"Inverter technology drives lower solar costs" 3637: 3635: 3410:"Solar Parks – Opportunities for Biodiversity" 2825: 2823: 370:To avoid land use altogether, in 2022, a 5 MW 9746:List of countries by photovoltaics production 9423:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One 8852: 7241: 7239: 6974:"The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission" 6833:"Business Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC)" 6769:. US DOE Loan Guarantee Program Office (LGPO) 6530:Morgan Baziliana; et al. (17 May 2012). 5473:"Aylesford – Certificate for grid connection" 4566: 4564: 3944: 3942: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3139: 3137: 3135: 1325:is the world's largest solar park located in 1253:where ground-mounted PV systems are favored. 1226:, and therefore any associated financing and 1104:help the power producer finance the project. 8: 8067:"DeSoto Next Generation Solar Energy Center" 7224:. European Photovoltaic Industry Association 6811:"Production Tax Credit for Renewable Energy" 6001:. UK Department of Energy and Climate Change 5822:"IT for Renewable energy sources management" 5089: 5087: 4541: 4539: 4202:"Best Practice Guide for Photovoltaics (PV)" 2923: 2921: 2850: 2848: 2800: 2798: 2783:. Bundesumweltministerium(BMU). 21 July 2004 1965:First utility-scale plants in South America 1409:sought to beat that figure and aim for 20%. 1126:Loan guarantees and other capital incentives 9228:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector 7713:"103 MW solar plant comes online in Jordan" 7586:"State wise installed solar power capacity" 7005:"Solar Flagships Program Open for Business" 6621:"Taxes and Incentives for renewable energy" 6389:"New Record-Low Solar Price Bid – 1.3¢/kWh" 5800:A Survey of Current Knowledge and Practices 5251: 5249: 4788: 4786: 4711:. Dillon Consulting Limited. Archived from 3875:"Golmud Desert Solar Park – satellite view" 3508:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition 1822:Asia's largest (outside China) at the time 902:Renewable Energy Project Development Office 105:of photovoltaic power stations is rated in 9735: 9550: 9254: 9101:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells 9048: 8878: 8859: 8845: 8837: 7128:. Pacific Gas and Electric. Archived from 6185:"Performance of Renewable Energy Auctions" 5802:. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 5399:"Leadership across the Entire Value Chain" 4767:. General Electric Company. Archived from 4382:"Nellis Air Force Base Solar Power System" 3580:"The world's largest solar power stations" 2898: 2896: 1473: 1012:Directorate-General for Energy and Geology 862: 717:engineering, procurement, and construction 8069:. Florida Power and Light. Archived from 7994:. United States Air Force. Archived from 7989:"Nellis Airforce Base solar power system" 7400: 7398: 7396: 5999:"Electricity network delivery and access" 5787: 5785: 5770:. Conserve Energy Future. 20 January 2013 4961: 4951: 3519: 3470: 3460: 2768: 2766: 2708: 2706: 2704: 1628:World's and Europe's largest at the time 9563:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system 7058:. Ministry of Energy and Water Resources 6538:(Report). United Nations. Archived from 4741:. Renewable Energy World. Archived from 3923:Cuthbertson, Anthony (18 January 2024). 3772:"Large clusters of solar power stations" 3548:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3542:Harshavardhan Dinesh, Joshua M. Pearce, 3190:"Screening Sites for Solar PV Potential" 3058: 3056: 1884:World's largest solar plant at the time 1373:, along with Pakistan. In May 2018, the 1347: 1299: 363:state of India a single solar park, the 73:grid-connected photovoltaic power system 9530:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge 9525:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge 7533:"German PV Funding Up in the Air Again" 3681:. Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University 2594: 2217:Becomes largest plant in South America 2051:World's largest solar park at the time 1903:Becomes Europe's largest solar cluster 1505:Lugo, San Bernardino County, California 1141:Tax credits and other fiscal incentives 415:converts the array's power output from 214:Several hundred installations over 1 MW 75:(PV system) designed for the supply of 7430:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 7381:. Northwest China Grid Company Limited 7379:"Northwest China Grid Company Limited" 6972:Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. 6648:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 6595:"Priorities for low carbon transition" 6434:"Solar panels to keep getting cheaper" 6212: 6201: 6165: 6154: 5717:"Not All O&M Agreements Are Alike" 5226: 5224: 5185:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 4362:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 3091:"Dubai readies for 1,000MW Solar Park" 2680: 2678: 2676: 1084:Financial incentives for photovoltaics 681:The business of developing solar parks 8656:. ENEL Green Power. 18 September 2017 8601:. Renewable Energy World. 31 May 2016 7761:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (8 March 2010). 6980:. Government of India. Archived from 6080:from the original on 29 November 2014 4118:"Solar cells and photovoltaic arrays" 3935:from the original on 19 January 2024. 3849:"Qinghai leads in photovoltaic power" 3827:"Solarpark Neuhardenberg – site plan" 3322:"Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface" 2609:"Utility-scale solar sets new record" 2075:Largest in South America at the time 2006:Biggest community-owned plant in USA 1167:National Renewable Energy Action Plan 968:Agencia Nacional de Energía Eléctrica 355:with total reported capacity over 500 7: 9851: 8638:Francisco, Mayelin (30 March 2016). 6902:Williams, Andrew (3 November 2011). 6048:. European Commission. 23 April 2009 5609:from the original on 3 October 2023. 3608:"Addendum to conditional use permit" 3544:The potential of agrivoltaic systems 3257:. Solar Pro Magazine. Archived from 3199:. US Environmental Protection Agency 2542:List of solar thermal power stations 2432:Largest solar park in North America 2104:Longyangxia PV/Hydro power project, 2026:Largest solar power plant in Africa 164:fell significantly in the 2010s and 32:List of solar thermal power stations 9568:List of photovoltaic power stations 8677:"Top 35 Solar Project in Australia" 8561:. GreenTechMedia.com. 24 June 2015. 8327:Leader, Jessica (10 October 2012). 7858:"Arizona Energy Portfolio Standard" 6929:"Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)" 6574:from the original on 1 October 2014 6234:. Renewable Energy World. Bloomberg 6026:. European Renewable Energy Council 5183:"Outdoor PV Degradation Comparison" 4852:"Long Island Solar Farm Goes Live!" 4500:"Understanding Inverter Strategies" 4031:"To Track or Not To Track, Part II" 2547:List of photovoltaic power stations 2237:Largest PV plant in The Caribbean. 1909:Greenhough River, Western Australia 1467:List of photovoltaic power stations 1382:Rajasthan Bhadla solar power park. 1348:largest group of solar power plants 224:list of photovoltaic power stations 9584:Rooftop photovoltaic power station 8987:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si) 8936:Third-generation photovoltaic cell 8119:"Sarnia Solar Project celebration" 7832:"Nevada Energy Portfolio Standard" 7788:"U.S. Solar Photovoltaic Database" 6413:. Focus Technica. 22 December 2020 6387:Shahan, Zachary (30 August 2020). 6230:Dezem, Vanessa (31 October 2014). 6099:Giles Parkinson (13 August 2014). 4875:"Analysis of Transformer Failures" 3909:from the original on 22 July 2022. 3679:Workshop on smart grid development 3300:. Oxford: Routledge. p. 240. 2774:"The Renewable Energy Sources Act" 2438:Kalyon Karapınar Solar Power Plant 2258:Largest PV plant in South America 771:to reuse existing infrastructure. 25: 9589:Building-integrated photovoltaics 9086:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics 8992:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) 8737:from the original on 30 June 2019 8705:from the original on 30 June 2019 8675:Mesbahi, Mina (8 February 2019). 7480:Olson, Syanne (14 January 2011). 7326:Hill, Joshua (22 February 2013). 7174:"The Optimum Financing Structure" 6253:Gorey, Colm (11 September 2020). 5420:Englander, Daniel (18 May 2009). 5234:. Westmill Solar Co-operative Ltd 4794:"Planning aspects of solar parks" 4259:Mousazadeh, Hossain; et al. 4234:"PV Energy Conversion Efficiency" 4094:. Meridian Energy. Archived from 3644:"The world's largest solar parks" 3255:Technical Questions & Answers 3089:Olson, Syanne (10 January 2012). 1923:Australasia's first 10 MW+ plant 946:Solar Energy Corporation of India 703:(IPP's), though some are held by 496:uses pole-mounted 2-axis trackers 83:because they supply power at the 9850: 9839: 9838: 8961:Polarizing organic photovoltaics 8424:Ayre, James (27 December 2012). 7507:"Eastern Germany's sunny future" 5890:"Featured Array: Strain Ranches" 5206:"New Industry Leading Warrantee" 4765:"1 MW Brilliance Solar Inverter" 4294:"Solar Trackers: Facing the Sun" 3901:Frangoul, Anmar (22 July 2022). 2557:List of solar cell manufacturers 2520: 2506: 2154:, Los Angeles County, California 1445:Solar power in the United States 9096:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics 8977:List of semiconductor materials 8274:"Gujarat's Charanka Solar Park" 8250:. 25 April 2012. Archived from 8244:"Gujarat's Charanka Solar Park" 7930:Note that nominal power may be 7562:. 19 April 2012. Archived from 7513:. Fortune magazine. 22 May 2007 6951:"CDM projects grouped in types" 6813:. Union of Concerned Scientists 5422:"Solar's New Important Players" 5375:Wang, Ucilia (27 August 2012). 4146:Kymakis, Emmanuel; et al. 3248:"Calculating Inter-Row Spacing" 2781:Bundesgesetzblatt 2004 I No. 40 2607:Wolfe, Philip (17 March 2020). 2552:List of photovoltaics companies 633:Photovoltaic system performance 27:Large-scale photovoltaic system 9208:Incremental conductance method 9002:Copper indium gallium selenide 8951:Thermodynamic efficiency limit 8356:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 7938:, depending on the plant. See 7738:Brian Parkin (23 April 2018). 7690:"Top 10 Solar PV Power Plants" 6599:The politics of Climate Change 6364:Ombello, Carlo (8 July 2020). 5987:. Indian Institute of Science. 4979:"Solar Cell Efficiency Tables" 4522:"Photovoltaic micro-inverters" 4387:. US Air Force. Archived from 4292:Appleyard, David (June 2009). 3977:"Optimum Tilt of Solar Panels" 3751:. Frontier Market Intelligence 3388:"Person County Solar Park One" 2806:"Top 10 Solar PV power plants" 2745:"Topaz Solar Farm, California" 2413:Largest solar park in Algeria 2034:, Riverside County, California 1721:America's largest at the time 1609:America's largest at the time 351:, with eleven plants, and the 1: 9515:South African Solar Challenge 8306:"Agua Caliente Solar Project" 6740:. Dsire Solar. Archived from 6593:Wolfe, Philip (19 May 2009). 6345:. Business Green. 2 July 2019 6323:. IndustryAbout. 5 March 2019 5913:(Press release). 31 July 2012 5063:10.1016/j.solener.2010.04.009 4897:Myers, D R (September 2003). 4832:. International Energy Agency 4827:"Coordinated Voltage Control" 4799:. Ownergy Plc. Archived from 3066:. First Solar. Archived from 3017:"Solar parks map – Australia" 2487:Mula Photovoltaic Power Plant 2451:Largest solar park in Turkey 1596:Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada 1476:Noteworthy solar power plants 9162:Photovoltaic mounting system 8451:"Sheikh Zayed site location" 7106:. Westmill Solar Cooperative 6872:Ragwitz, Mario; et al. 6458:Jago, Simon (6 March 2013). 5979:Mitavachan, H.; et al. 5768:"Advantages of Solar Energy" 4464:10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.050 3221:. SolarJuice. Archived from 2481: 2447: 2428: 2409: 2389: 2364: 2339: 2314: 2283: 2254: 2233: 2213: 2190: 2167: 2142: 2122: 2095: 2071: 2047: 2022: 2002: 1981: 1961: 1919: 1899: 1880: 1856: 1837: 1818: 1799: 1784:World's largest at the time 1780: 1756: 1738:Africa's first 10 MW+ plant 1734: 1717: 1698: 1679: 1660: 1647:Largest solar park in Japan 1643: 1624: 1605: 1583: 1564: 1547: 1534:World's largest at the time 1530: 1513: 1114:Renewable portfolio standard 809:transmission system operator 726:, grid connection approval, 529:Single axis tracking systems 339:co-located with wind farms. 9879:Photovoltaic power stations 9167:Maximum power point tracker 8509:Woods, Lucy (9 June 2014). 8194:. CLP Group. Archived from 8042:"24 MW: SinAn, South Korea" 7078:"Investment in Solar Parks" 6718:. UK Energy Research Centre 6301:. Reuters. 22 November 2017 6183:World Bank (October 2014). 5743:Agua Caliente Solar Project 4953:10.1016/j.joule.2019.08.019 4654:. Invenergy. Archived from 4600:Lee, Leesa (2 March 2010). 3701:"E.ON's Solar PV Portfolio" 2831:"Solar parks map – Germany" 2636:. HelioCSP. 2 February 2020 2457:Núñez de Balboa solar plant 2199:Finis Terrae, María Elena, 2194:Largest PV plant in Europe 1987:Westmill Solar Co-operative 1948:Largest PV plant in Israel 1683:Asia's largest at the time 1664:Largest solar park in Iran 1281:Clean Development Mechanism 1175:Clean Development Mechanism 990:Abu Dhabi Power Corporation 832:, reduced the installation 701:independent power producers 150:independent power producers 90:This approach differs from 9915: 9418:Solar panels on spacecraft 9265:Solar-powered refrigerator 9223:Concentrated photovoltaics 9203:Perturb and observe method 8982:Crystalline silicon (c-Si) 8121:. Enbridge. Archived from 8021:"The Olmedilla Solar Park" 6669:"What are Feed-in Tariffs" 6432:Aaron (23 November 2012). 6279:. Reuters. 11 October 2017 5094:Marion, B (); et al. 4315:Suri, Marcel; et al. 4153:. Elsevier. Archived from 3521:10.1016/j.rset.2021.100008 3219:"An overview of PV panels" 2995:"Solar parks map – Canada" 2973:"Solar parks map – France" 2173:world's largest solar farm 1994:San Miguel Power, Colorado 1890:Neuhardenberg, Brandenburg 1860:Asia's largest solar park 1464: 1442: 1416: 1398:Montalto di Castro project 1389: 1331: 1290: 1272: 1237: 1216:other support mechanisms. 1196:, and similar projects in 1192:, the Flagship Program in 1129: 1111: 1096: 1081: 1055: 818:Renewable Energy Directive 630: 481: 374:park was installed in the 284:is using the same area of 209:feed-in tariffs in Germany 57:photovoltaic power station 29: 9834: 9116:Heterojunction solar cell 9091:Dye-sensitized solar cell 8931:Multi-junction solar cell 8921:Nominal power (Watt-peak) 7864:. US Department of Energy 7838:. US Department of Energy 6835:. US Department of Energy 6671:. Feed-in Tariffs Limited 5647:Greek Photovoltaics Guide 5576:"Large scale solar parks" 5159:. PV-Tech. Archived from 4124:. Alternative Energy News 4062:. Conergy. Archived from 4004:. WattSun. Archived from 3039:"Solar parks map – Italy" 2951:"Solar parks map – India" 2929:"Solar parks map – China" 2878:"An Early Focus on Solar" 2856:"Solar parks map – Spain" 2808:. SolarLab. 4 August 2023 2749:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 1841:Becomes Europe's largest 781:operation and maintenance 775:Operation and maintenance 769:coal-fired power stations 492:Bellpuig Solar Park near 183:built in Portugal in 2006 9599:Strasskirchen Solar Park 9490:American Solar Challenge 9336:Solar-powered flashlight 9323:Solar-powered calculator 9318:Solar cell phone charger 9007:Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 7456:"Leipziger Land project" 7408:(in German). Stadt Hemau 6693:. University of Michigan 5985:Renewable Energy Systems 5847:"Solar Park Maintenance" 5379:. Renewable Energy World 5328:"Investor-owned utility" 4649:"Sandringham Solar Farm" 4604:. Renewable Energy World 4480:. scientificamerican.com 4296:. Renewable Energy World 2723:10.1109/PVSC.1991.169280 2099:Largest plant in Africa 1034:Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam 553:vary the electrical load 439:Solar array arrangements 423:, and connection to the 92:concentrated solar power 9505:Frisian Solar Challenge 9475:List of solar car teams 9233:Space-based solar power 9213:Constant voltage method 9142:Solar charge controller 9028:Timeline of solar cells 9023:Growth of photovoltaics 8378:"Photovoltaic stations" 7953:Retrieved 13 April 2013 7702:Retrieved 13 April 2013 7545:Retrieved 13 April 2013 7440:Retrieved 13 April 2013 7357:CDM: Project activities 7295:Retrieved 13 April 2013 7009:Government of Australia 6488:. Mother Nature Network 6024:"Renewable electricity" 5218:Retrieved 13 April 2013 5195:Retrieved 13 April 2013 4887:Retrieved 13 April 2013 4864:Retrieved 13 April 2013 4624:"Solar Farm Fact Sheet" 4572:"Waldpolenz Solar Park" 4180:"Mounting solar panels" 3952:. OpenPR. 20 April 2011 3390:. Carolina Solar Energy 2904:"Solar parks map – USA" 2537:Growth of photovoltaics 2528:Renewable energy portal 1244:Growth of photovoltaics 840:(EPBT). It has reached 786:Solar plants' reliable 326:that is converted to a 233:and some more than 1 GW 101:In some countries, the 9495:Formula Sun Grand Prix 9327:Solar-powered fountain 9270:Solar air conditioning 9071:Quantum dot solar cell 9061:Nanocrystal solar cell 8956:Sun-free photovoltaics 8097:EDF Energies Nouvelles 7201:Renewable Energy World 6861:. European Commission. 6460:"Prices going one way" 6211:Cite journal requires 6164:Cite journal requires 5933:"PV Power Plants 2012" 5528:Renewable Energy Focus 5130:. CSun. Archived from 4706:"Woodville Solar Farm" 4574:. Juwi. Archived from 4423:. SunPower Corporation 3703:. E.On. Archived from 3294:Wolfe, Philip (2012). 2890:Retrieved 5 March 2015 2577:Solar power by country 1866:Agua Caliente, Arizona 1454: 1329: 1293:Solar power in Germany 1240:Solar power by country 743: 693: 645: 620:Long Island Solar Farm 582: 497: 315: 311:on a full landfill in 250: 184: 52: 45:Jännersdorf Solar Park 9485:World Solar Challenge 9308:Photovoltaic keyboard 9238:PV system performance 9111:Perovskite solar cell 8909:Solar cell efficiency 8471:WAM (18 April 2013). 7884:"Solar Parks mapping" 7195:Belfiore, Francesco. 7100:"Community ownership" 6883:. Fraunhofer Institut 5330:. The Free Dictionary 5232:"Westmill Solar Park" 4057:"3-phase transformer" 2880:. National Geographic 2419:Villanueva Solar Park 1953:Majes and Repartición 1452: 1321: 1208:Financial performance 824:Economics and finance 741: 688: 643:Glynn County, Georgia 640: 579:Waldpolenz Solar Park 577: 570:Centralized inverters 539:Solar panels produce 491: 431:of typically 10 403:Most solar parks are 322:is a repurposed used 307: 248: 179: 42: 9755:Individual producers 9463:Solar vehicle racing 9152:Solar micro-inverter 9081:Plasmonic solar cell 8926:Thin-film solar cell 8894:Photoelectric effect 8331:. huffingtonpost.com 8254:on 23 September 2017 8192:"Lopburi Solar Farm" 8073:on 15 September 2012 7176:. Green Rhino Energy 6859:Renewables Directive 6601:. The Policy Network 5477:Aylesford Solar Park 5282:. Alternative Energy 5280:"Alternative Energy" 4681:"McHenry Solar Farm" 2582:Theory of solar cell 2398:High Plateaus East, 2376:, Bhadlachuhron Ki, 2324:Cauchari Solar Plant 2303:United Arab Emirates 1590:the world's largest 1419:Solar power in Spain 1392:Solar power in Italy 1334:Solar power in India 1300:largest in the world 1275:Solar power in China 1163:Renewables Directive 1078:Incentive mechanisms 520:Single axis trackers 387:Solar farms in space 193:Hesperia, California 9351:Solar traffic light 9331:Solar-powered radio 9298:Solar-powered watch 9106:Printed solar panel 8941:Solar cell research 7560:Indian Solar Summit 5827:. inAccess Networks 5603:The Washington Post 5163:on 22 February 2015 5055:2010SoEn...84.1301P 4944:2019Joule...3.2303I 4502:. Solar Novus Today 4456:2010Ene....35.2511L 4011:on 22 November 2010 3453:2016NatSR...635070B 3197:Solar Decision Tree 2695:1984pvse.conf..314A 2567:Photovoltaic system 2228:Dominican Republic 2222:Monte Plata Solar, 1971:Westmill Solar Park 1478: 1461:Notable solar parks 1375:Pavagada Solar Park 1340:Charanka Solar Park 865: 838:energy payback time 788:solid-state systems 719:(EPC) contractors. 690:Westmill Solar Park 545:alternating current 345:Charanka Solar Park 241:Siting and land use 71:, is a large-scale 9387:The Quiet Achiever 9346:Solar street light 9293:Solar-powered pump 9066:Organic solar cell 8946:Thermophotovoltaic 8914:Quantum efficiency 8224:. 29 December 2011 8125:on 17 October 2012 8001:on 24 January 2013 7767:The New York Times 7647:The Economic Times 7618:"Full Page Reload" 7132:on 2 February 2014 6984:on 31 January 2018 6953:. UNEP Risø Centre 6744:on 21 October 2012 6511:. Climate Progress 6257:. Silicon Republic 5739:"Project Overview" 5578:. Know Your Planet 5556:. 15 February 2013 5530:. 19 February 2013 5128:Proceeding Renexpo 4745:on 1 February 2013 4737:Appleyard, David. 4718:on 3 February 2016 4661:on 3 February 2016 4394:on 24 January 2013 4092:"Popua Solar Farm" 4069:on 17 January 2022 3620:on 3 February 2016 3441:Scientific Reports 3264:on 21 October 2012 3064:"Topaz Solar Farm" 1689:Waldpolenz, Saxony 1474: 1455: 1330: 863: 744: 694: 672:System degradation 646: 627:System performance 583: 498: 478:Dual axis trackers 365:Gujarat Solar Park 316: 251: 185: 129:. As of 2018, the 103:nameplate capacity 59:, also known as a 53: 9866: 9865: 9830: 9829: 9725: 9724: 9538: 9537: 9413:Mauro Solar Riser 9408:Electric aircraft 9341:Solar-powered fan 9246: 9245: 9137:Balance of system 9125:System components 9076:Hybrid solar cell 9036: 9035: 8997:Cadmium telluride 8405:. 27 October 2012 8358:. 15 October 2019 7792:eerscmap.usgs.gov 7036:. 29 October 2012 6908:Solar Novus Today 6791:. GreenTech Media 5715:McHale, Maureen. 5350:"Owners and IPPs" 4938:(10): 2303–2321. 4854:. Blue Oak Energy 4037:. Greentech Solar 3729:. Natural England 3554:, 299–308 (2016). 3462:10.1038/srep35070 3346:. Natural England 3324:. PVEducation.org 3307:978-0-415-52048-5 2497: 2496: 2374:Bhadla Solar Park 2349:Benban Solar Park 2181:Cestas, Aquitaine 1847:Charanka, Gujarat 1429:Castile-La Mancha 1323:Bhadla Solar Park 1049: 1048: 993:AED fils 4.97/kWh 734:Planning approval 641:Power station in 616:Electricity grids 514:diffuse radiation 502:two-axis trackers 465:are mounted at a 393:photovoltaic cell 353:Golmud solar park 263:brown field sites 69:solar power plant 16:(Redirected from 9906: 9854: 9853: 9842: 9841: 9736: 9577:Building-mounted 9555:PV power station 9551: 9480:Solar challenges 9470:Solar car racing 9438:Solar Challenger 9428:Gossamer Penguin 9255: 9049: 8899:Solar irradiance 8879: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8838: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8385: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8348: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8286:on 13 March 2013 8285: 8279:. Archived from 8278: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8149:PVsolarChina.com 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8046: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7993: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7891: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7590: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7460: 7452: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7402: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7353:"Project search" 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7310: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7262: 7251: 7243: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6978:Scheme documents 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6878: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6768: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6717: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6464:Energy Live News 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6214: 6209: 6207: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6189: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5797: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5695:dpfacilities.com 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5228: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5072:on 27 March 2014 5071: 5065:. Archived from 5049:(7): 1301–1309. 5040: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5014: 5008:. Archived from 4983: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4955: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4771:on 15 April 2013 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4597: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4450:(6): 2511–2516. 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4418: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4321: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4265: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4214:on 24 March 2012 4213: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4160:on 17 April 2012 4159: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3973: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3898: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3801: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3474: 3464: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3291: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3263: 3252: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3225:on 30 April 2015 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3141: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2778: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2710: 2699: 2698: 2682: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2604: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2292:Noor Abu Dhabi, 1479: 866: 724:planning consent 666:parasitic losses 595:String inverters 590:String inverters 557:peak power point 535:Power conversion 510:direct radiation 358: 205:Topaz Solar Farm 199:installation in 181:Serpa Solar Park 21: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9826: 9750: 9721: 9603: 9572: 9545: 9534: 9458: 9447:Water transport 9442: 9396: 9382:Solar golf cart 9355: 9313:Solar road stud 9242: 9196:System concepts 9191: 9120: 9043: 9032: 9011: 8965: 8870: 8865: 8828: 8823: 8822: 8812: 8810: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8784:. 19 March 2020 8780: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8708: 8706: 8697: 8696: 8692: 8682: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8636: 8632: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8542: 8540: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8444: 8434: 8432: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8408: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8383: 8381: 8380:. T-Solar Group 8376: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8334: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8311: 8309: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8257: 8255: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8227: 8225: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8198:on 13 June 2012 8190: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8153: 8151: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7946: 7944: 7939: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7908:Wolfe, Philip. 7907: 7906: 7902: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7815: 7813: 7812:on 7 March 2013 7804: 7803: 7799: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7771: 7769: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7742:. Bloomberg L.P 7737: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7719:. 26 April 2018 7711: 7710: 7706: 7695: 7693: 7688: 7687: 7683: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7598:on 12 July 2017 7595: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7566:on 25 June 2012 7554: 7553: 7549: 7538: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7444: 7433: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7394: 7384: 7382: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7360: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7263:on 25 June 2014 7260: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7080:. Solar Partner 7076: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6816: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6651: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6484:Burkart, Karl. 6483: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6442: 6440: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6391:. CleanTechnica 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6368:. CleanTechnica 6363: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6210: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6163: 6153: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6125:. 5 March 2024. 6121: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5479:. AG Renewables 5471: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5308:. Energy Vortex 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5137:on 8 April 2022 5134: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5015:on 11 June 2012 5012: 4998:10.1002/pip.880 4981: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4857: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4825:Larsson, Mats. 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4578:on 3 March 2016 4570: 4569: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355:Shingleton, J. 4354: 4353: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4333:on 8 March 2014 4330: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4098:on 16 June 2019 4090: 4089: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4035:Report Snapshot 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3929:The Independent 3922: 3921: 3914: 3900: 3899: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3774: 3770:Wolfe, Philip. 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3707:on 7 March 2013 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3646: 3642:Wolfe, Philip. 3641: 3640: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3582: 3578:Wolfe, Philip. 3577: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3541: 3537: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3293: 3292: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3166:Joshi, Amruta. 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3070:on 5 March 2013 3062: 3061: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2684: 2683: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2502: 2492: 2478: 2311: 2280: 2211: 2164: 2133:New South Wales 2120: 2044: 1877: 1770:Golmud, Qinghai 1763: 1754: 1744:Sarnia, Ontario 1708:DeSoto, Florida 1517:First MW plant 1489: 1469: 1463: 1447: 1441: 1421: 1415: 1406: 1394: 1388: 1336: 1316: 1295: 1289: 1277: 1271: 1260: 1251:Sunbelt markets 1246: 1238:Main articles: 1236: 1210: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1128: 1116: 1110: 1101: 1095: 1093:Feed-in tariffs 1086: 1080: 1060: 1054: 887: 882: 854: 836:as well as its 826: 801: 793:thermal imaging 777: 761: 759:Grid connection 736: 728:financial close 709:community-owned 683: 674: 635: 629: 613: 609: 604: 592: 572: 564:micro-inverters 537: 522: 486: 480: 457: 441: 401: 389: 356: 336: 302: 288:for both solar 279: 243: 236: 232: 221: 217: 198: 190: 174: 162:levelized costs 154:feed-in tariffs 144: 140: 131:world's largest 128: 123: 112: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9912: 9910: 9902: 9901: 9899:Power stations 9896: 9894:Infrastructure 9891: 9886: 9881: 9871: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9848: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9792:Solar Frontier 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9767:Hanwha Q CELLS 9764: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9742: 9740: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9712:United Kingdom 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9647:Czech Republic 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9557: 9548: 9540: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9433:Qinetiq Zephyr 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9363: 9361: 9360:Land transport 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9287: 9285:Solar backpack 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9187:Synchronverter 9184: 9179: 9177:Solar shingles 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9147:Solar inverter 9144: 9139: 9134: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9046: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8906: 8904:Solar constant 8901: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8883: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8827: 8826:External links 8824: 8821: 8820: 8795: 8773: 8748: 8716: 8690: 8667: 8645: 8630: 8612: 8590: 8564: 8550: 8537:Corporate News 8524: 8501: 8489: 8463: 8442: 8430:Clean Technica 8416: 8394: 8369: 8343: 8319: 8297: 8265: 8248:Energy Insight 8235: 8222:Clean Technica 8209: 8183: 8161: 8136: 8110: 8099:. 23 July 2008 8084: 8058: 8033: 8012: 7980: 7955: 7923: 7900: 7875: 7849: 7823: 7797: 7779: 7753: 7730: 7704: 7681: 7660: 7649:. 1 March 2018 7634: 7609: 7577: 7547: 7524: 7511:Michael Dumiak 7498: 7472: 7442: 7419: 7392: 7370: 7344: 7332:Clean Technica 7318: 7313:wiki-solar.org 7297: 7274: 7235: 7213: 7187: 7165: 7143: 7117: 7091: 7069: 7056:"Solar Energy" 7047: 7021: 6995: 6964: 6942: 6920: 6894: 6864: 6846: 6824: 6802: 6780: 6755: 6729: 6704: 6682: 6660: 6637: 6612: 6585: 6553: 6542:on 16 May 2016 6522: 6507:Spross, Jeff. 6499: 6476: 6450: 6424: 6402: 6379: 6356: 6334: 6312: 6290: 6268: 6245: 6222: 6213:|journal= 6175: 6166:|journal= 6128: 6114: 6103:. RenewEconomy 6091: 6059: 6037: 6012: 5990: 5971: 5949: 5924: 5902: 5881: 5860: 5838: 5813: 5781: 5756: 5730: 5707: 5682: 5660: 5634: 5612: 5589: 5567: 5541: 5515: 5490: 5464: 5453:. 15 July 2011 5438: 5412: 5390: 5367: 5341: 5319: 5293: 5271: 5256:Grover, Sami. 5245: 5220: 5197: 5174: 5148: 5112: 5083: 5026: 4969: 4918: 4889: 4866: 4843: 4817: 4806:on 14 May 2014 4782: 4756: 4729: 4697: 4672: 4640: 4615: 4589: 4560: 4535: 4513: 4491: 4469: 4434: 4405: 4373: 4344: 4307: 4281: 4251: 4225: 4193: 4171: 4135: 4109: 4080: 4048: 4022: 3990: 3963: 3938: 3912: 3888: 3866: 3855:. 2 March 2012 3840: 3818: 3791: 3762: 3740: 3718: 3692: 3663: 3631: 3599: 3570: 3567:. 2 June 2022. 3556: 3535: 3494: 3427: 3416:on 1 July 2013 3401: 3379: 3357: 3335: 3313: 3306: 3275: 3236: 3210: 3181: 3158: 3131: 3107: 3081: 3052: 3030: 3008: 2986: 2964: 2942: 2917: 2892: 2869: 2844: 2819: 2794: 2762: 2751:. 5 March 2015 2736: 2700: 2672: 2647: 2625: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2517: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2011:Sheikh Zayed, 2008: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1976:United Kingdom 1974: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1828:Perovo, Crimea 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634:Setouchi Kirei 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556:Leipziger Land 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1486: 1483: 1465:Main article: 1462: 1459: 1443:Main article: 1440: 1437: 1417:Main article: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1390:Main article: 1387: 1384: 1363:Andhra Pradesh 1350:in the world. 1332:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1291:Main article: 1288: 1285: 1273:Main article: 1270: 1267: 1258: 1235: 1232: 1209: 1206: 1159:European Union 1151: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1132:Loan guarantee 1130:Main article: 1127: 1124: 1112:Main article: 1109: 1106: 1099:Feed-in tariff 1097:Main article: 1094: 1091: 1082:Main article: 1079: 1076: 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 987:Abu Dhabi, UAE 985: 981: 980: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 959: 958: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 937: 936: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 915: 914: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 893: 892: 889: 884: 879: 876: 873: 870: 853: 850: 825: 822: 800: 799:Power delivery 797: 776: 773: 760: 757: 735: 732: 682: 679: 673: 670: 631:Main article: 628: 625: 611: 607: 603: 600: 591: 588: 571: 568: 541:direct current 536: 533: 521: 518: 482:Main article: 479: 476: 456: 453: 440: 437: 413:solar inverter 405:ground mounted 400: 397: 388: 385: 372:floating solar 335: 332: 320:Solar landfill 301: 300:Solar landfill 298: 278: 275: 242: 239: 234: 230: 219: 215: 196: 188: 187:The first 1 MW 173: 170: 142: 138: 126: 121: 110: 77:merchant power 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9911: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9889:Photovoltaics 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9859: 9858: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9541: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401:Air transport 9399: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9377:Solar roadway 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9367:Solar vehicle 9365: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9280:Solar charger 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9172:Solar tracker 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9039: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8889:Photovoltaics 8887: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8868:Photovoltaics 8862: 8857: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8783: 8777: 8774: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8749: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8691: 8678: 8671: 8668: 8655: 8649: 8646: 8641: 8634: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8613: 8600: 8594: 8591: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8565: 8560: 8554: 8551: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8525: 8512: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8493: 8490: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8464: 8452: 8446: 8443: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8417: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8330: 8323: 8320: 8308:. First Solar 8307: 8301: 8298: 8282: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8236: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8210: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8172:. SolarHybrid 8171: 8165: 8162: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8085: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8043: 8037: 8034: 8022: 8016: 8013: 7997: 7990: 7984: 7981: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7956: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7911: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7885: 7879: 7876: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7824: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7780: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7754: 7741: 7734: 7731: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7705: 7691: 7685: 7682: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7635: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7594: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7499: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7473: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7319: 7315:. Wiki-Solar. 7314: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7188: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7035: 7034:allAfrica.com 7031: 7025: 7022: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6996: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6968: 6965: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6895: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6586: 6570: 6567:. IEA. 2014. 6563: 6557: 6554: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6523: 6510: 6503: 6500: 6487: 6480: 6477: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6451: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6425: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6390: 6383: 6380: 6367: 6360: 6357: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6256: 6249: 6246: 6233: 6226: 6223: 6218: 6205: 6186: 6179: 6176: 6171: 6158: 6139: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6102: 6095: 6092: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5972: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5849:. BeBa Energy 5848: 5842: 5839: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5745:. First Solar 5744: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5590: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5555: 5554:Islamic Voice 5551: 5545: 5542: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5427: 5426:Seeking Alpha 5423: 5416: 5413: 5401:. First Solar 5400: 5394: 5391: 5378: 5371: 5368: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5097: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5027: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4963:11573/1625631 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4828: 4821: 4818: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4603: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4549:. Solar Novus 4548: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4524:. SolarServer 4523: 4517: 4514: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4435: 4422: 4415: 4414:"T20 Tracker" 4409: 4406: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4123: 4122:Photovoltaics 4119: 4113: 4110: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4007: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3368:. solarenergy 3367: 3361: 3358: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3146: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3082: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3018: 3012: 3009: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2782: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2610: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2562:Photovoltaics 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2514:Energy portal 2509: 2504: 2499: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2086:Northern Cape 2083: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1973:, Oxfordshire 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1522:Carrisa Plain 1521: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497:Commissioned 1496: 1493: 1488:Nominal power 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1439:United States 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1412: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 982: 979: 976: 973: 971:BRL 67.48/MWh 970: 967: 964: 961: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 894: 890: 885: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 867: 861: 858: 851: 849: 845: 843: 839: 835: 834:cost per watt 831: 823: 821: 819: 814: 810: 805: 798: 796: 794: 789: 784: 782: 774: 772: 770: 764: 758: 756: 755:regulations. 754: 749: 740: 733: 731: 729: 725: 720: 718: 712: 710: 706: 702: 697: 691: 687: 680: 678: 671: 669: 667: 661: 659: 654: 652: 644: 639: 634: 626: 624: 621: 617: 601: 599: 596: 589: 587: 580: 576: 569: 567: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 534: 532: 530: 526: 519: 517: 515: 511: 505: 503: 495: 494:Lerida, Spain 490: 485: 484:Solar tracker 477: 475: 471: 468: 464: 463: 454: 452: 450: 446: 438: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409:solar tracker 406: 398: 396: 394: 386: 384: 382: 381:hybridization 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 354: 350: 349:Neuhardenberg 346: 340: 333: 331: 329: 325: 321: 314: 310: 306: 299: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 276: 274: 272: 268: 264: 259: 255: 247: 240: 238: 227: 225: 212: 210: 206: 202: 201:Carrizo Plain 194: 182: 178: 171: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 136: 132: 124: 116: 108: 107:megawatt-peak 104: 99: 97: 93: 88: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9884:Solar energy 9856: 9843: 9822:Yingli Solar 9802:Sungen Solar 9777:Motech Solar 9731:PV companies 9692:South Africa 9554: 9543: 9510:Solar Splash 9251:Applications 9182:Solar mirror 9042:Photovoltaic 8811:. Retrieved 8807: 8798: 8786:. Retrieved 8776: 8764:. Retrieved 8760: 8751: 8739:. Retrieved 8728: 8719: 8707:. Retrieved 8693: 8681:. Retrieved 8679:. SolarPlaza 8670: 8658:. Retrieved 8648: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8603:. Retrieved 8593: 8581:. Retrieved 8577: 8567: 8553: 8541:. Retrieved 8536: 8527: 8515:. Retrieved 8504: 8492: 8480:. Retrieved 8476: 8466: 8454:. Retrieved 8445: 8433:. Retrieved 8429: 8419: 8407:. Retrieved 8397: 8389: 8382:. Retrieved 8372: 8360:. Retrieved 8355: 8346: 8333:. Retrieved 8322: 8310:. Retrieved 8300: 8288:. Retrieved 8281:the original 8268: 8256:. Retrieved 8252:the original 8247: 8238: 8226:. Retrieved 8221: 8212: 8200:. Retrieved 8196:the original 8186: 8174:. Retrieved 8164: 8152:. Retrieved 8148: 8139: 8127:. Retrieved 8123:the original 8113: 8101:. Retrieved 8096: 8087: 8075:. Retrieved 8071:the original 8061: 8049:. Retrieved 8036: 8024:. Retrieved 8015: 8003:. Retrieved 7996:the original 7983: 7971:. Retrieved 7968:Solar Server 7967: 7958: 7945:. Retrieved 7926: 7914:. Retrieved 7912:. Wiki-Solar 7903: 7895: 7888:. Retrieved 7886:. Wiki-Solar 7878: 7866:. Retrieved 7861: 7852: 7840:. Retrieved 7835: 7826: 7814:. Retrieved 7810:the original 7800: 7791: 7782: 7770:. Retrieved 7766: 7756: 7744:. Retrieved 7733: 7721:. Retrieved 7716: 7707: 7694:. Retrieved 7684: 7674:29 September 7672:. Retrieved 7663: 7651:. Retrieved 7646: 7637: 7625:. Retrieved 7621: 7612: 7600:. Retrieved 7593:the original 7580: 7568:. Retrieved 7564:the original 7559: 7550: 7537:. Retrieved 7527: 7515:. Retrieved 7510: 7501: 7489:. Retrieved 7485: 7475: 7463:. Retrieved 7432:. Retrieved 7422: 7410:. Retrieved 7383:. Retrieved 7373: 7361:. Retrieved 7356: 7347: 7335:. Retrieved 7331: 7321: 7312: 7300: 7287:. Retrieved 7277: 7265:. Retrieved 7258:the original 7253: 7226:. Retrieved 7216: 7204:. Retrieved 7200: 7190: 7178:. Retrieved 7168: 7156:. Retrieved 7146: 7134:. Retrieved 7130:the original 7120: 7108:. Retrieved 7103: 7094: 7082:. Retrieved 7072: 7060:. Retrieved 7050: 7038:. Retrieved 7033: 7024: 7012:. Retrieved 7008: 6998: 6986:. Retrieved 6982:the original 6977: 6967: 6955:. Retrieved 6945: 6933:. Retrieved 6923: 6911:. Retrieved 6907: 6897: 6885:. Retrieved 6880: 6867: 6858: 6849: 6837:. Retrieved 6827: 6815:. Retrieved 6805: 6793:. Retrieved 6783: 6771:. Retrieved 6758: 6746:. Retrieved 6742:the original 6732: 6720:. Retrieved 6707: 6695:. Retrieved 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6663: 6650:. Retrieved 6640: 6628:. Retrieved 6615: 6603:. Retrieved 6598: 6588: 6576:. Retrieved 6556: 6544:. Retrieved 6540:the original 6535: 6525: 6513:. Retrieved 6502: 6490:. Retrieved 6479: 6467:. Retrieved 6463: 6453: 6441:. Retrieved 6437: 6427: 6415:. Retrieved 6405: 6393:. Retrieved 6382: 6370:. Retrieved 6359: 6347:. Retrieved 6337: 6325:. Retrieved 6315: 6303:. Retrieved 6293: 6281:. Retrieved 6271: 6259:. Retrieved 6248: 6236:. Retrieved 6225: 6204:cite journal 6192:. Retrieved 6178: 6157:cite journal 6145:. Retrieved 6131: 6117: 6105:. Retrieved 6094: 6082:. Retrieved 6062: 6050:. Retrieved 6040: 6028:. Retrieved 6003:. Retrieved 5993: 5984: 5974: 5962:. Retrieved 5952: 5940:. Retrieved 5938:. p. 35 5927: 5915:. Retrieved 5905: 5893:. Retrieved 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5863: 5851:. Retrieved 5841: 5829:. Retrieved 5816: 5804:. Retrieved 5799: 5772:. Retrieved 5747:. Retrieved 5742: 5733: 5721:. Retrieved 5710: 5698:. Retrieved 5694: 5685: 5673:. Retrieved 5663: 5651:. Retrieved 5646: 5637: 5625:. Retrieved 5623:. Wiki-Solar 5615: 5602: 5592: 5580:. Retrieved 5570: 5558:. Retrieved 5553: 5544: 5532:. Retrieved 5527: 5518: 5506:. Retrieved 5481:. Retrieved 5476: 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5451:Solar Hawaii 5450: 5441: 5429:. Retrieved 5425: 5415: 5403:. Retrieved 5393: 5381:. Retrieved 5370: 5358:. Retrieved 5356:. Wiki-Solar 5353: 5344: 5332:. Retrieved 5322: 5310:. Retrieved 5305: 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5274: 5262:. Retrieved 5260:. Treehugger 5236:. Retrieved 5210:. Retrieved 5200: 5187:. Retrieved 5177: 5165:. Retrieved 5161:the original 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5132:the original 5127: 5115: 5103:. Retrieved 5074:. Retrieved 5067:the original 5046: 5043:Solar Energy 5042: 5029: 5017:. Retrieved 5010:the original 4989: 4985: 4972: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4909:. Retrieved 4905: 4892: 4879:. Retrieved 4877:. BPL Global 4869: 4856:. Retrieved 4846: 4834:. Retrieved 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4801:the original 4773:. Retrieved 4769:the original 4759: 4747:. Retrieved 4743:the original 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4713:the original 4700: 4688:. Retrieved 4675: 4663:. Retrieved 4656:the original 4643: 4631:. Retrieved 4618: 4606:. Retrieved 4580:. Retrieved 4576:the original 4551:. Retrieved 4526:. Retrieved 4516: 4504:. Retrieved 4494: 4482:. Retrieved 4472: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4425:. Retrieved 4420: 4408: 4396:. Retrieved 4389:the original 4376: 4364:. Retrieved 4335:. Retrieved 4328:the original 4323: 4310: 4298:. Retrieved 4272:. Retrieved 4267: 4254: 4242:. Retrieved 4238:Solar Energy 4237: 4228: 4216:. Retrieved 4209:the original 4196: 4184:. Retrieved 4174: 4162:. Retrieved 4155:the original 4126:. Retrieved 4121: 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4096:the original 4071:. Retrieved 4064:the original 4051: 4039:. Retrieved 4034: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 4006:the original 3993: 3981:. Retrieved 3954:. Retrieved 3928: 3879:. Retrieved 3877:. Wiki-Solar 3869: 3857:. Retrieved 3852: 3843: 3831:. Retrieved 3829:. Wiki-Solar 3821: 3809:. Retrieved 3782:. Retrieved 3778: 3765: 3753:. Retrieved 3743: 3731:. Retrieved 3721: 3709:. Retrieved 3705:the original 3695: 3683:. Retrieved 3678: 3666: 3654:. Retrieved 3650: 3622:. Retrieved 3615:the original 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3586: 3573: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3538: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3447:(1): 35070. 3444: 3440: 3430: 3418:. Retrieved 3414:the original 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3382: 3370:. Retrieved 3360: 3348:. Retrieved 3338: 3326:. Retrieved 3316: 3296: 3266:. Retrieved 3259:the original 3254: 3227:. Retrieved 3223:the original 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3196: 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3161: 3149:. Retrieved 3147:. Wiki-Solar 3122:. Retrieved 3110: 3098:. Retrieved 3094: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3068:the original 3043:. Retrieved 3041:. Wiki-Solar 3033: 3021:. Retrieved 3019:. Wiki-Solar 3011: 2999:. Retrieved 2997:. Wiki-Solar 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2975:. Wiki-Solar 2967: 2955:. Retrieved 2953:. Wiki-Solar 2945: 2933:. Retrieved 2931:. Wiki-Solar 2908:. Retrieved 2906:. Wiki-Solar 2882:. Retrieved 2872: 2860:. Retrieved 2858:. Wiki-Solar 2835:. Retrieved 2833:. Wiki-Solar 2810:. Retrieved 2785:. Retrieved 2780: 2753:. Retrieved 2748: 2739: 2714: 2686: 2663:. Retrieved 2659: 2650: 2638:. Retrieved 2628: 2616:. Retrieved 2614:. Wiki-Solar 2572:Solar energy 2268:Port Augusta 2246:, São Paulo 2171:Becomes the 2090:South Africa 1985:Acquired by 1475: 1470: 1456: 1422: 1407: 1395: 1365:with over 2 1352: 1337: 1308:East Germany 1296: 1278: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1228:depreciation 1224:capital cost 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1198:South Africa 1183: 1172: 1156: 1153: 1144: 1135: 1121: 1117: 1102: 1087: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1037:INR 1.99/kWh 1015:€0.01114/kWh 949:INR 2.44/kWh 927:US$ 17.7/MWh 905:US$ 17.9/MWh 899:Saudi Arabia 878:Lowest price 859: 855: 848:reductions. 846: 827: 806: 802: 785: 778: 765: 762: 745: 721: 713: 698: 695: 675: 662: 655: 647: 605: 602:Transformers 593: 584: 561: 538: 527: 523: 506: 499: 472: 462:solar panels 460: 458: 455:Fixed arrays 449:solar panels 445:solar arrays 442: 425:utility grid 402: 390: 369: 341: 337: 330:solar farm. 317: 313:Rehoboth, MA 309:Solar arrays 290:photovoltaic 282:Agrivoltaics 280: 277:Agrivoltaics 260: 256: 252: 228: 213: 186: 147: 100: 96:photovoltaic 89: 68: 64: 60: 56: 54: 43:The 40.5 MW 36: 9817:Trina Solar 9762:First Solar 9702:Switzerland 9682:Netherlands 9520:Tour de Sol 9218:Fill factor 9157:Solar cable 9132:Solar panel 9053:Solar cells 8813:28 February 8766:29 November 7717:PV magazine 7653:24 February 7627:24 February 7602:24 November 7535:. SolarBuzz 7062:30 December 7040:30 December 7014:30 December 6988:30 December 6935:30 December 6839:21 February 6773:21 February 6748:30 December 6546:20 November 6084:22 November 5964:30 December 5806:30 December 5723:30 December 5700:17 November 5675:30 December 5653:30 December 5627:30 December 5504:. SunEdison 5431:30 December 5383:30 December 5334:30 December 5312:30 December 5264:30 December 5238:30 December 5208:. REC Group 5019:30 December 4911:30 December 4608:30 December 4366:30 December 4337:30 December 4274:30 December 4218:30 December 4164:30 December 3859:21 February 3853:China Daily 3811:28 December 3100:21 February 2242:Ituverava, 2234:March 2016 2224:Monte Plata 2082:Postmasburg 1790:Finow Tower 1726:La Roseraye 1425:Extremadura 1371:Thar Desert 1263:633 GW 1058:Grid parity 1052:Grid parity 842:grid parity 711:utilities. 610:up to 800 V 435:and above. 429:transformer 376:Alqueva Dam 334:Co-location 328:solar array 294:agriculture 271:heat island 166:grid parity 158:tax credits 81:solar power 9873:Categories 9739:By country 9609:By country 9544:Generation 9454:Solar boat 9303:Solar Tuki 9289:Solar tree 9275:Solar lamp 9258:Appliances 8882:Technology 8482:13 January 8435:13 January 8362:28 October 8228:13 January 7517:15 January 7154:. Macs Lab 6881:REPAP 2020 6443:13 January 6438:Evo Energy 5306:Dictionary 4421:Data sheet 4270:. Elsevier 4240:. Solarlux 3983:19 October 3979:. MACS Lab 3779:Wiki-Solar 3651:Wiki-Solar 3587:Wiki-Solar 3514:: 100008. 2755:11 October 2660:World Bank 2589:References 2485:Overtakes 2351:, Benban, 2273:Australia 2152:Solar Star 2056:Amanacer, 2017:Mauritania 2013:Nouakchott 891:Reference 888:€/MWh 2022 886:Equivalent 881:Equivalent 830:efficiency 658:solar cell 508:levels of 399:Technology 292:power and 65:solar farm 61:solar park 18:Solar park 9617:Australia 9594:Solar Ark 9500:Solar Cup 9392:Sunmobile 9372:Solar car 8970:Materials 8808:Iberdrola 8513:. PV-Tech 8477:Gulf News 8312:31 August 8258:30 August 8202:30 August 8176:30 August 8154:30 August 8129:30 August 8103:30 August 8077:30 August 8051:30 August 8047:. Conergy 8026:30 August 8005:30 August 7973:30 August 7943:. PV-Tech 7916:22 August 7692:. InterPV 6817:30 August 6578:7 October 6536:UN-Energy 6417:8 January 6395:8 January 6372:8 January 6349:8 January 6327:8 January 6305:8 January 6283:8 January 6261:8 January 6238:8 January 6194:8 January 6147:8 January 6107:18 August 5719:. InterPV 5671:. Ausgrid 5649:. Renelux 5105:30 August 4992:: 85–94. 4182:. 24 volt 4015:30 August 3807:. Enfo AG 3530:239061813 3350:30 August 2731:120166422 2482:Mar 2020 2390:Mar 2020 2387:2,245 MW 2378:Rajasthan 2365:Oct 2019 2362:1,500 MW 2340:Oct 2019 2333:Argentina 2315:Jun 2019 2298:Abu Dhabi 2284:Nov 2018 2255:Sep 2017 2244:Ituverava 2201:Tocopilla 2137:Australia 1945:Jan 2020 1914:Australia 1615:Olmedilla 1359:Rajasthan 1355:Telangana 1234:Geography 1194:Australia 705:investor- 549:inverters 160:, but as 51:, Germany 9845:Category 9807:Sunpower 9797:Solyndra 9772:JA Solar 9707:Thailand 9627:Bulgaria 8875:Concepts 8788:20 March 8761:ebrd.com 8735:Archived 8703:Archived 8660:13 March 8456:19 April 8409:19 April 8335:22 April 7947:22 April 7746:23 April 7723:28 April 7696:22 April 7539:22 April 7465:13 April 7461:. Geosol 7434:22 April 7412:13 April 7385:22 April 7359:. UNFCCC 7289:22 April 7254:epia.org 7228:13 April 7158:22 April 6931:. UNFCCC 6697:22 April 6652:22 April 6569:Archived 6515:22 April 6075:Archived 5960:. Elexon 5607:Archived 5212:22 April 5189:22 April 5167:22 April 5006:96129300 4881:22 April 4858:22 April 4836:13 April 4810:13 April 4775:13 April 4749:13 April 4722:13 April 4690:13 April 4665:13 April 4633:13 April 4582:13 April 4553:13 April 4528:13 April 4506:13 April 4427:14 April 4398:14 April 4102:22 April 3933:Archived 3907:Archived 3905:. CNBC. 3881:22 March 3833:22 March 3755:22 April 3733:22 April 3711:22 April 3624:22 April 3481:27733772 3420:22 April 3394:22 April 3372:22 April 3328:22 April 3045:22 March 3023:22 March 3001:22 March 2979:22 March 2957:22 March 2935:22 March 2910:22 March 2884:22 March 2862:22 March 2837:22 March 2812:9 August 2787:13 April 2717:. IEEE. 2500:See also 2445:1,350 MW 2328:Cauchari 2307:1,177 MW 2214:May 2016 2191:Dec 2015 2168:Jun 2015 2143:Jun 2015 2131:Nyngan, 2123:Dec 2014 2096:Nov 2014 2080:Jasper, 2072:Jan 2014 2048:Nov 2013 2023:Apr 2013 2003:Dec 2012 1982:Oct 2012 1962:Oct 2012 1929:Tze'elim 1920:Oct 2012 1900:Sep 2012 1881:Jul 2012 1857:Apr 2012 1838:Dec 2011 1819:Dec 2011 1813:Thailand 1800:Dec 2011 1781:Oct 2011 1757:Sep 2010 1735:Apr 2010 1718:Oct 2009 1699:Dec 2008 1680:Aug 2008 1625:Jul 2008 1606:Dec 2007 1584:Apr 2006 1565:Aug 2004 1548:Apr 2003 1531:Dec 1985 1514:Dec 1982 1485:Country 1028:Dec 2020 1009:Portugal 1006:Aug 2020 984:Jul 2020 962:Jul 2019 940:Mar 2019 918:Nov 2017 896:Oct 2017 324:landfill 135:gigawatt 49:Prignitz 9857:Commons 9812:Suntech 9687:Romania 9657:Germany 9622:Belgium 9546:systems 9016:History 8741:30 June 8709:30 June 8605:22 July 8583:1 March 8578:Reuters 8543:22 July 8517:22 July 7890:1 March 7868:7 March 7842:7 March 7816:7 March 7772:7 March 7570:7 March 7491:7 March 7486:PV-Tech 7363:7 March 7337:7 March 7267:12 June 7206:7 March 7180:7 March 7136:7 March 7110:7 March 7084:7 March 6957:7 March 6913:7 March 6887:7 March 6795:7 March 6722:7 March 6675:7 March 6630:7 March 6605:7 March 6492:7 March 6469:7 March 6052:7 March 6030:31 July 6005:7 March 5853:7 March 5831:7 March 5774:7 March 5749:7 March 5582:7 March 5560:7 March 5534:7 March 5508:7 March 5483:7 March 5457:7 March 5405:7 March 5360:5 March 5286:7 March 5141:5 March 5076:5 March 5051:Bibcode 4940:Bibcode 4452:Bibcode 4300:5 March 4244:5 March 4186:5 March 4128:5 March 4073:5 March 4041:5 March 3956:5 March 3685:5 March 3489:4587161 3472:5062079 3449:Bibcode 3268:5 March 3229:5 March 3203:5 March 3174:5 March 3151:5 March 3124:6 March 3095:PV-Tech 3074:2 March 2691:Bibcode 2665:17 July 2489:(450 MW 2465:Badajoz 2410:Unknown 2404:Algeria 2337:300 MW 2294:Sweihan 2264:Bungala 2252:210 MW 2249:Brazil 2110:Qinghai 2069:93.7 MW 2062:Atacama 2058:Copiapó 1942:120 MW 1894:Germany 1832:Ukraine 1809:Lopburi 1794:Germany 1729:Reunion 1693:Germany 1661:Unknown 1644:Unknown 1588:Briefly 1578:Germany 1574:Pocking 1559:Germany 1542:Germany 1344:Gujarat 1287:Germany 1177:of the 883:US¢/kWh 872:Country 813:curtail 748:hectare 651:soiling 361:Gujarat 172:History 85:utility 9662:Greece 9652:France 9632:Canada 9044:system 8730:Forbes 8683:11 May 8625:Acento 8384:16 May 6626:. KPMG 5101:. NREL 5004: 4629:. IEEE 4484:9 June 4444:Energy 3784:11 May 3656:11 May 3592:11 May 3528: 3487: 3479: 3469: 3304: 2729: 2640:11 May 2618:11 May 2474:500 MW 2461:Usagre 2442:Turkey 2426:828 MW 2423:Mexico 2276:220 MW 2231:30 MW 2208:138 MW 2188:300 MW 2185:France 2160:579 MW 2140:102 MW 2117:850 MW 2106:Gonghe 2040:550 MW 2000:1.1 MW 1938:Israel 1897:145 MW 1873:290 MW 1854:221 MW 1835:100 MW 1778:200 MW 1748:Canada 1652:Makran 1641:235 MW 1562:4.2 MW 1545:4.0 MW 1528:5.6 MW 1500:Notes 1433:Murcia 1404:Jordan 1302:. The 1202:Israel 1179:UNFCCC 965:Brazil 924:CENACE 921:Mexico 875:Agency 660:used. 357: 267:albedo 9787:Sharp 9697:Spain 9677:Japan 9672:Italy 9667:India 9642:China 9637:Chile 8290:3 May 8284:(PDF) 8277:(PDF) 8045:(PDF) 7999:(PDF) 7992:(PDF) 7596:(PDF) 7589:(PDF) 7459:(PDF) 7309:(PDF) 7261:(PDF) 7250:(PDF) 6877:(PDF) 6767:(PDF) 6716:(PDF) 6624:(PDF) 6572:(PDF) 6565:(PDF) 6188:(PDF) 6141:(PDF) 6078:(PDF) 6071:(PDF) 5942:3 May 5936:(PDF) 5917:3 May 5895:3 May 5874:3 May 5825:(PDF) 5796:(PDF) 5135:(PDF) 5124:(PDF) 5099:(PDF) 5070:(PDF) 5039:(PDF) 5013:(PDF) 5002:S2CID 4982:(PDF) 4932:Joule 4902:(PDF) 4830:(PDF) 4804:(PDF) 4797:(PDF) 4716:(PDF) 4709:(PDF) 4686:. ESA 4684:(PDF) 4659:(PDF) 4652:(PDF) 4627:(PDF) 4417:(PDF) 4392:(PDF) 4385:(PDF) 4360:(PDF) 4331:(PDF) 4320:(PDF) 4264:(PDF) 4212:(PDF) 4205:(PDF) 4158:(PDF) 4151:(PDF) 4067:(PDF) 4060:(PDF) 4009:(PDF) 4002:(PDF) 3775:(PDF) 3675:(PDF) 3647:(PDF) 3618:(PDF) 3611:(PDF) 3583:(PDF) 3526:S2CID 3485:S2CID 3262:(PDF) 3251:(PDF) 3193:(PDF) 3119:(PDF) 2777:(PDF) 2727:S2CID 2612:(PDF) 2470:Spain 2407:90 MW 2400:Adrar 2383:India 2358:Egypt 2353:Aswan 2270:, SA 2205:Chile 2114:China 2093:88 MW 2066:Chile 2032:Topaz 2020:15 MW 1959:22 MW 1933:Negev 1917:10 MW 1851:India 1816:73 MW 1797:85 MW 1775:China 1751:97 MW 1732:11 MW 1715:25 MW 1696:40 MW 1677:24 MW 1674:Korea 1670:Sinan 1658:20 MW 1638:Japan 1622:60 MW 1619:Spain 1603:14 MW 1581:10 MW 1539:Hemau 1482:Name 1413:Spain 1386:Italy 1327:India 1314:India 1269:China 1190:JNNSM 1186:India 1031:India 1018:1.327 974:1.752 943:India 467:fixed 67:, or 8815:2020 8790:2020 8768:2019 8743:2019 8711:2019 8685:2020 8662:2019 8607:2016 8585:2016 8545:2016 8519:2016 8484:2015 8458:2013 8437:2015 8411:2013 8386:2015 8364:2022 8337:2013 8314:2012 8292:2013 8260:2012 8230:2015 8204:2012 8178:2012 8156:2012 8131:2012 8105:2012 8079:2012 8053:2012 8028:2012 8007:2012 7975:2012 7949:2013 7918:2013 7892:2016 7870:2013 7844:2013 7818:2013 7774:2013 7748:2018 7725:2018 7698:2013 7676:2018 7655:2020 7629:2020 7604:2017 7572:2013 7541:2013 7519:2018 7493:2013 7467:2013 7436:2013 7414:2013 7387:2013 7365:2013 7339:2013 7291:2013 7269:2014 7230:2013 7208:2013 7182:2013 7160:2013 7138:2013 7112:2013 7104:FAQs 7086:2013 7064:2012 7042:2012 7016:2012 6990:2012 6959:2013 6937:2012 6915:2013 6889:2013 6841:2012 6819:2012 6797:2013 6775:2012 6750:2012 6724:2013 6699:2013 6677:2013 6654:2013 6632:2013 6607:2013 6580:2014 6548:2012 6517:2013 6494:2013 6471:2013 6445:2015 6419:2021 6397:2021 6374:2021 6351:2021 6329:2021 6307:2021 6285:2021 6263:2021 6240:2021 6217:help 6196:2021 6190:: 39 6170:help 6149:2021 6143:: 32 6109:2014 6086:2014 6054:2013 6032:2012 6007:2013 5966:2012 5944:2013 5919:2013 5897:2013 5876:2013 5855:2013 5833:2013 5808:2012 5776:2013 5751:2013 5725:2012 5702:2021 5677:2012 5655:2012 5629:2012 5584:2013 5562:2013 5536:2013 5510:2013 5485:2013 5459:2013 5433:2012 5407:2013 5385:2012 5362:2015 5336:2012 5314:2012 5288:2013 5266:2012 5240:2012 5214:2013 5191:2013 5169:2013 5143:2013 5107:2012 5078:2013 5021:2012 4913:2012 4883:2013 4860:2013 4838:2013 4812:2013 4777:2013 4751:2013 4724:2013 4692:2013 4667:2012 4635:2012 4610:2012 4584:2012 4555:2013 4530:2013 4508:2013 4486:2011 4429:2013 4400:2013 4368:2012 4339:2012 4302:2013 4276:2012 4246:2013 4220:2012 4188:2013 4166:2012 4130:2013 4104:2013 4075:2013 4043:2013 4017:2012 3985:2014 3958:2013 3883:2018 3861:2013 3835:2018 3813:2012 3786:2020 3757:2013 3735:2013 3713:2013 3687:2013 3658:2020 3626:2013 3594:2020 3477:PMID 3422:2013 3396:2013 3374:2013 3352:2012 3330:2013 3302:ISBN 3270:2013 3231:2013 3205:2013 3176:2013 3153:2015 3126:2012 3102:2012 3076:2013 3047:2018 3025:2018 3003:2018 2981:2018 2959:2018 2937:2018 2912:2018 2886:2018 2864:2018 2839:2018 2814:2023 2789:2013 2757:2022 2667:2022 2642:2020 2620:2010 2448:2023 2429:2018 1979:5 MW 1956:Peru 1655:Iran 1511:1 MW 1431:and 1361:and 1242:and 1200:and 1173:The 1157:The 1040:2.69 996:1.35 930:1.77 908:1.79 869:Date 443:The 286:land 9782:REC 7934:or 5059:doi 4994:doi 4958:hdl 4948:doi 4460:doi 3516:doi 3467:PMC 3457:doi 2719:doi 2157:USA 2037:USA 1997:USA 1870:USA 1712:USA 1600:USA 1525:USA 1508:USA 1342:in 1304:EEG 1188:'s 1161:'s 1072:IEA 952:3.5 811:to 753:HSE 707:or 419:to 156:or 109:(MW 47:in 9875:: 9717:US 8806:. 8759:. 8733:. 8727:. 8701:. 8623:. 8576:. 8535:. 8475:. 8428:. 8388:. 8354:. 8246:. 8220:. 8147:. 8095:. 7966:. 7936:DC 7932:AC 7894:. 7860:. 7834:. 7790:. 7765:. 7715:. 7645:. 7620:. 7558:. 7509:. 7484:. 7445:^ 7395:^ 7355:. 7330:. 7311:. 7252:. 7238:^ 7199:. 7102:. 7032:. 7007:. 6976:. 6906:. 6879:. 6857:. 6597:. 6534:. 6462:. 6436:. 6208:: 6206:}} 6202:{{ 6161:: 6159:}} 6155:{{ 6015:^ 5983:. 5798:. 5784:^ 5759:^ 5741:. 5693:. 5645:. 5605:. 5601:. 5552:. 5526:. 5493:^ 5475:. 5449:. 5424:. 5352:. 5304:. 5248:^ 5223:^ 5126:. 5086:^ 5057:. 5047:84 5045:. 5041:. 5000:. 4990:17 4988:. 4984:. 4956:. 4946:. 4934:. 4930:. 4904:. 4785:^ 4592:^ 4563:^ 4538:^ 4458:. 4448:10 4446:. 4419:. 4347:^ 4322:. 4284:^ 4266:. 4236:. 4138:^ 4120:. 4083:^ 4033:. 3966:^ 3941:^ 3931:. 3927:. 3915:^ 3891:^ 3851:. 3794:^ 3777:. 3677:. 3649:. 3634:^ 3585:. 3552:54 3550:, 3546:, 3524:. 3510:. 3506:. 3483:. 3475:. 3465:. 3455:. 3443:. 3439:. 3278:^ 3253:. 3239:^ 3195:. 3134:^ 3093:. 3055:^ 2920:^ 2895:^ 2847:^ 2822:^ 2797:^ 2779:. 2765:^ 2747:. 2725:. 2703:^ 2675:^ 2658:. 2597:^ 2491:AC 2477:AC 2463:, 2459:, 2326:, 2296:, 2279:AC 2266:, 2210:AC 2163:AC 2108:, 2084:, 2060:, 2043:AC 1931:, 1876:AC 1764:. 1762:AC 1494:) 1492:MW 1435:. 1427:, 1400:. 1380:MW 1367:GW 1357:, 1310:. 1259:AC 1257:MW 1204:. 1043:24 1021:12 999:12 977:16 955:32 933:16 911:16 820:. 614:. 612:AC 608:AC 559:. 433:kV 421:AC 417:DC 367:. 318:A 237:. 226:. 145:. 143:AC 139:AC 122:AC 120:MW 115:DC 63:, 55:A 8860:e 8853:t 8846:v 8817:. 8792:. 8770:. 8745:. 8713:. 8687:. 8664:. 8642:. 8627:. 8609:. 8587:. 8547:. 8521:. 8486:. 8460:. 8439:. 8413:. 8366:. 8339:. 8316:. 8294:. 8262:. 8232:. 8206:. 8180:. 8158:. 8133:. 8107:. 8081:. 8055:. 8030:. 8009:. 7977:. 7951:. 7920:. 7872:. 7846:. 7820:. 7776:. 7750:. 7727:. 7700:. 7678:. 7657:. 7631:. 7606:. 7574:. 7543:. 7521:. 7495:. 7469:. 7438:. 7416:. 7389:. 7367:. 7341:. 7293:. 7271:. 7232:. 7210:. 7184:. 7162:. 7140:. 7114:. 7088:. 7066:. 7044:. 7018:. 6992:. 6961:. 6939:. 6917:. 6891:. 6843:. 6821:. 6799:. 6777:. 6752:. 6726:. 6701:. 6679:. 6656:. 6634:. 6609:. 6582:. 6550:. 6519:. 6496:. 6473:. 6447:. 6421:. 6399:. 6376:. 6353:. 6331:. 6309:. 6287:. 6265:. 6242:. 6219:) 6215:( 6198:. 6172:) 6168:( 6151:. 6111:. 6088:. 6056:. 6034:. 6009:. 5968:. 5946:. 5921:. 5899:. 5878:. 5857:. 5835:. 5810:. 5778:. 5753:. 5727:. 5704:. 5679:. 5657:. 5631:. 5586:. 5564:. 5538:. 5512:. 5487:. 5461:. 5435:. 5409:. 5387:. 5364:. 5338:. 5316:. 5290:. 5268:. 5242:. 5216:. 5193:. 5171:. 5145:. 5109:. 5080:. 5061:: 5053:: 5023:. 4996:: 4966:. 4960:: 4950:: 4942:: 4936:3 4915:. 4885:. 4862:. 4840:. 4814:. 4779:. 4753:. 4726:. 4694:. 4669:. 4637:. 4612:. 4586:. 4557:. 4532:. 4510:. 4488:. 4466:. 4462:: 4454:: 4431:. 4402:. 4370:. 4341:. 4304:. 4278:. 4248:. 4222:. 4190:. 4168:. 4132:. 4106:. 4077:. 4045:. 4019:. 3987:. 3960:. 3885:. 3863:. 3837:. 3815:. 3788:. 3759:. 3737:. 3715:. 3689:. 3660:. 3628:. 3596:. 3532:. 3518:: 3512:1 3491:. 3459:: 3451:: 3445:6 3424:. 3398:. 3376:. 3354:. 3332:. 3310:. 3272:. 3233:. 3207:. 3178:. 3155:. 3128:. 3104:. 3078:. 3049:. 3027:. 3005:. 2983:. 2961:. 2939:. 2914:. 2888:. 2866:. 2841:. 2816:. 2791:. 2759:. 2733:. 2721:: 2697:. 2693:: 2669:. 2644:. 2622:. 2310:P 2119:P 1911:, 1772:, 1753:P 1490:( 379:" 235:p 231:p 220:p 216:p 197:p 189:p 127:p 111:p 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index