195:
4308:
2183:
2252:
2106:
be reflected on the surface that is ahead during the motion (front surface) than on the back surface. The backward acting force of pressure exerted on the front surface is thus larger than the force of pressure acting on the back. Hence, as the resultant of the two forces, there remains a force that counteracts the motion of the plate and that increases with the velocity of the plate. We will call this resultant 'radiation friction' in brief."
2068:). Therefore, the absorption of this radiation leads to a force with a component against the direction of movement. (The angle of aberration is tiny, since the radiation is moving at the speed of light, while the dust grain is moving many orders of magnitude slower than that.) The result is a gradual spiral of dust grains into the Sun. Over long periods of time, this effect cleans out much of the dust in the Solar System.
2338:
1379:. (The radiation pressure of sunlight on Earth is very small: it is equivalent to that exerted by the weight of about a milligram on an area of 1 square metre, or 10 Ī¼N/m.) While it acts on all objects, its net effect is generally greater on smaller bodies, since they have a larger ratio of surface area to mass. All spacecraft experience such a pressure, except when they are behind the shadow of a larger
2782:
2837:
2334:, and then evolves into a planetary system by collisions and gravitational capture. Radiation pressure can clear a region in the immediate vicinity of the star. As the formation process continues, radiation pressure continues to play a role in affecting the distribution of matter. In particular, dust and grains can spiral into the star or escape the stellar system under the action of radiation pressure.
4344:
4368:
4320:
4356:
4332:
194:
2800:
The reflection of a laser pulse from the surface of an elastic solid can give rise to various types of elastic waves that propagate inside the solid or liquid. In other words, the light can excite and/or amplify motion of, and in, materials. This is the subject of study in the field of optomechanics.
2049:
affects the translation of a small body. It results from a face leaving solar exposure being at a higher temperature than a face approaching solar exposure. The radiation emitted from the warmer face is more intense than that of the opposite face, resulting in a net force on the body that affects its
944:
or any other radiative mechanism. Since all materials emit black-body radiation (unless they are totally reflective or at absolute zero), this source for radiation pressure is ubiquitous but usually tiny. However, because black-body radiation increases rapidly with temperature (as the fourth power of
2365:
stars the temperature may exceed 1 GK. As the radiation pressure scales as the fourth power of the temperature, it becomes important at these high temperatures. In the Sun, radiation pressure is still quite small when compared to the gas pressure. In the heaviest non-degenerate stars, radiation
2202:
began early in the history of the cosmos. Observations of the early universe strongly suggest that objects grew from bottom-up (i.e., smaller objects merging to form larger ones). As stars are thereby formed and become sources of electromagnetic radiation, radiation pressure from the stars becomes a
2105:
in 1909 predicted the existence of "radiation friction", which would oppose the movement of matter. He wrote: "radiation will exert pressure on both sides of the plate. The forces of pressure exerted on the two sides are equal if the plate is at rest. However, if it is in motion, more radiation will
1172:
photons per second per unit area striking the surface. Combining this with the above expression for the momentum of a single photon, results in the same relationships between irradiance and radiation pressure described above using classical electromagnetics. And again, reflected or otherwise emitted
2892:
An other active research area of laserāmatter interaction is the radiation pressure acceleration of ions or protons from thināfoil targets. High ion energy beams can be generated for medical applications (for example in ion beam therapy) by the radiation pressure of short laser pulses on ultra-thin
2033:
The radiation pressure results in forces and torques on the bodies that can change their translational and rotational motions. Translational changes affect the orbits of the bodies. Rotational rates may increase or decrease. Loosely aggregated bodies may break apart under high rotation rates. Dust
2219:
of clouds of dust and gases is strongly influenced by radiation pressure, especially when the condensations lead to star births. The larger young stars forming within the compressed clouds emit intense levels of radiation that shift the clouds, causing either dispersion or condensations in nearby
2137:
A sail reflects about 90% of the incident radiation. The 10% that is absorbed is radiated away from both surfaces, with the proportion emitted from the unlit surface depending on the thermal conductivity of the sail. A sail has curvature, surface irregularities, and other minor factors that affect
2041:
At any particular time, some facets are exposed to the Sun, and some are in shadow. Each surface exposed to the Sun is reflecting, absorbing, and emitting radiation. Facets in shadow are emitting radiation. The summation of pressures across all of the facets defines the net force and torque on the
1904:
Note that unlike the case of an absorbing material, the resulting force on a reflecting body is given exactly by this pressure acting normal to the surface, with the tangential forces from the incident and reflecting waves canceling each other. In practice, materials are neither totally reflecting
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2843:
2029:
Solar radiation pressure affects bodies throughout much of the Solar System. Small bodies are more affected than large ones because of their lower mass relative to their surface area. Spacecraft are affected along with natural bodies (comets, asteroids, dust grains, gas molecules).
2841:
720:
The momentum from the incident wave is in the same direction of that wave. But only the component of that momentum normal to the surface contributes to the pressure on the surface, as given above. The component of that force tangent to the surface is not called pressure.
2785:
In this optomechanical cavity, light is trapped and enhanced between two mirrors. One of the mirrors is attached to a spring and can move. The radiation pressure force of the light circulating in the cavity can damp or amplify the oscillation of the mirror on the
2247:
of the constituent stars. These clusters will rapidly disperse within a few million years. In many cases, the stripping away of the gas from which the cluster formed by the radiation pressure of the hot young stars reduces the cluster mass enough to allow rapid
93:, where it is usually the main force acting on objects besides gravity, and where the net effect of a tiny force may have a large cumulative effect over long periods of time. For example, had the effects of the Sun's radiation pressure on the spacecraft of the
2765:
2662:
1552:
2888:
tuned to the absorption frequency of the target element. The radiation pressure on the atom slows movement in a particular direction until the
Doppler effect moves out of the frequency range of the element, causing an overall cooling effect.
2071:
While rather small in comparison to other forces, the radiation pressure force is inexorable. Over long periods of time, the net effect of the force is substantial. Such feeble pressures can produce marked effects upon minute particles like
277:
given the momentum attributed to electromagnetic radiation. That momentum can be equally well calculated on the basis of electromagnetic theory or from the combined momenta of a stream of photons, giving identical results as is shown below.
3853:
Kleckner, Dustin; Marshall, William; de Dood, Michiel J. A.; Dinyari, Khodadad Nima; Pors, Bart-Jan; Irvine, William T. M.; Bouwmeester, Dirk (2006-05-02). "High
Finesse Opto-Mechanical Cavity with a Movable Thirty-Micron-Size Mirror".
31:
2576:
1130:
The radiation pressure again can be seen as the transfer of each photon's momentum to the opaque surface, plus the momentum due to a (possible) recoil photon for a (partially) reflecting surface. Since an incident wave of irradiance
864:
2037:
A whole body is typically composed of numerous surfaces that have different orientations on the body. The facets may be flat or curved. They will have different areas. They may have optical properties differing from other aspects.
1724:
880:
Just as a wave reflected from a body contributes to the net radiation pressure experienced, a body that emits radiation of its own (rather than reflected) obtains a radiation pressure again given by the irradiance of that emission
538:
2801:
The weakest waves are generally those that are generated by the radiation pressure acting during the reflection of the light. Such light-pressure-induced elastic waves have for example observed inside an ultrahigh-reflectivity
1341:
88:
The forces generated by radiation pressure are generally too small to be noticed under everyday circumstances; however, they are important in some physical processes and technologies. This particularly includes objects in
2817:
of the light, and the radiation pressure it can exert on objects and materials. Optical control (that is, manipulation of the motion) of a plethora of objects has been realized: from kilometers long beams (such as in the
1439:, but effects remain essentially immeasureable in relation to Earth's orbit. However these pressures persist over eons, such that cumulatively having produced a measureable movement on the Earth-Moon system's orbit.
1255:
and will experience a compressive pressure due to that impinging radiation, its reflection, and its own black-body emission. From that it can be shown that the resulting pressure is equal to one third of the total
716:
650:
to the incident wave, the intensity across the surface will be geometrically reduced by the cosine of that angle and the component of the radiation force against the surface will also be reduced by the cosine of
1900:
4242:
Malka, Victor; Fritzler, Sven; Lefebvre, Erik; d'HumiĆØres, Emmanuel; Ferrand, RĆ©gis; Grillon, Georges; Albaret, Claude; Meyroneinc, Samuel; Chambaret, Jean-Paul; Antonetti, Andre; Hulin, DaniĆØle (2004-05-27).
1820:
733:, then the recoil due to the reflected wave will further contribute to the radiation pressure. In the case of a perfect reflector, this pressure will be identical to the pressure caused by the incident wave:
2157:
Radiation pressure has had a major effect on the development of the cosmos, from the birth of the universe to ongoing formation of stars and shaping of clouds of dust and gasses on a wide range of scales.
949:), radiation pressure due to the temperature of a very hot object (or due to incoming black-body radiation from similarly hot surroundings) can become significant. This is important in stellar interiors.
1635:
1031:
936:
335:
2856:: the radiation pressure force causes it to vibrate. The presence of a single molecule on the sphere disturbs that (thermal) vibration, and the disturbance in the sphere's motion can be detected in the
186:), as is illustrated in the accompanying figure for the case of light being perfectly reflected by a surface. This transfer of momentum is the general explanation for what we term radiation pressure.
2840:
2669:
2978:
780:
2583:
1126:
868:
For a partially reflective surface, the second term must be multiplied by the reflectivity (also known as reflection coefficient of intensity), so that the increase is less than double. For a
292:
According to
Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, an electromagnetic wave carries momentum. Momentum will be transferred to any surface it strikes that absorbs or reflects the radiation.
143:(where light is used to probe and control objects like atoms, qubits and macroscopic quantum objects). Direct applications of the radiation pressure force in these fields are, for example,
1467:
2499:
1230:
793:
1646:
2480:
2386:
then drive the dust and gases away from the Sun's direction. The gases form a generally straight tail, while slower moving dust particles create a broader, curving tail.
475:
3630:
2446:
2426:
2064:
applies to grain-size particles. From the perspective of a grain of dust circling the Sun, the Sun's radiation appears to be coming from a slightly forward direction (
1361:
1270:
3634:
589:
1732:
force (in the direction away from the Sun) given by the preceding equation, rather than just the component normal to the surface that we identify as "pressure".
3980:
Kashkanova, A. D.; Shkarin, A. B.; Brown, C. D.; Flowers-Jacobs, N. E.; Childress, L.; Hoch, S. W.; Hohmann, L.; Ott, K.; Reichel, J.; Harris, J. G. E. (2017).
613:
558:
100:
been ignored, the spacecraft would have missed Mars orbit by about 15,000 km (9,300 mi). Radiation pressure from starlight is crucial in a number of
975:. Photons do not have a rest-mass; however, photons are never at rest (they move at the speed of light) and acquire a momentum nonetheless which is given by:
872:
surface, the details of the reflection and geometry must be taken into account, again resulting in an increased net radiation pressure of less than double.
658:
2057:
is a collection of effects expanding upon the earlier concept of the
Yarkovsky effect, but of a similar nature. It affects the spin properties of bodies.
1831:
1754:
182:, any change in the total momentum of the waves or photons must involve an equal and opposite change in the momentum of the matter it interacted with (
2299:
as its immediate products. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of
1182:
170:
Radiation pressure can equally well be accounted for by considering the momentum of a classical electromagnetic field or in terms of the momenta of
3762:
1579:
978:
894:
243:
in 1901. The pressure is very small, but can be detected by allowing the radiation to fall upon a delicately poised vane of reflective metal in a
295:
Consider the momentum transferred to a perfectly absorbing (black) surface. The energy flux (irradiance) of a plane wave is calculated using the
2903:
2232:. Radiation pressure from the member stars eventually disperses the clouds, which can have a profound effect on the evolution of the cluster.
66:
4307:
3410:, Vol. 27, No. 1, JanāFeb. First known publication describing how solar radiation pressure creates forces and torques that affect spacecraft.
729:
The above treatment for an incident wave accounts for the radiation pressure experienced by a black (totally absorbing) body. If the wave is
104:
processes as well. The significance of radiation pressure increases rapidly at extremely high temperatures and can sometimes dwarf the usual
3506:
On the development of our views concerning the nature and constitution of radiation. Translated in: The
Collected Papers of Albert Einstein
1728:
Note, however, that in order to account for the net effect of solar radiation on a spacecraft for instance, one would need to consider the
1424:. This distribution must be taken into account when calculating the radiation pressure or identifying reflector materials for optimizing a
738:
1077:
372:
is the density of the linear momentum per unit area (pressure) of the electromagnetic field. So, dimensionally, the
Poynting vector is
3704:
Požar, T.; LaloŔ, J.; Babnik, A.; PetkovŔek, R.; Bethune-Waddell, M.; Chau, K. J.; Lukasievicz, G. V. B.; Astrath, N. G. C. (2018).
3606:
3536:
3301:
302:
3780:
Schreppler, Sydney; Spethmann, Nicolas; Brahms, Nathan; Botter, Thierry; Barrios, Maryrose; Stamper-Kurn, Dan M. (2014-06-27).
183:
3554:. Unruh, W. G., Semenoff, G. W., North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 1988.
3559:
2199:
2943:
2061:
2017:
1364:
2805:. These waves are the most basic fingerprint of a light-solid matter interaction on the macroscopic scale. In the field of
77:) by matter on any scale (from macroscopic objects to dust particles to gas molecules). The associated force is called the
4298:
2094:-size) particles are susceptible to radiation pressure even in the outer Solar System. For example, the evolution of the
1639:
To find the component of this force normal to the surface, another cosine factor must be applied resulting in a pressure
4388:
2182:
1905:
nor totally absorbing, so the resulting force will be a weighted average of the forces calculated using these formulas.
1417:
1199:
2124:, uses radiation pressure from the Sun as a motive force. The idea of interplanetary travel by light was mentioned by
2170:
is a phase when the energy of the universe was dominated by photons, between 10 seconds and 380,000 years after the
4393:
3583:
2130:
2968:
2357:
interiors the temperatures are very high. Stellar models predict a temperature of 15 MK in the center of the
2145:) has successfully unfurled a solar sail in space, which has already succeeded in propelling its payload with the
968:
2216:
264:
232:
216:
174:, particles of light. The interaction of electromagnetic waves or photons with matter may involve an exchange of
58:
1264:
1186:
946:
2760:{\displaystyle p={\frac {F}{A}}\approx {\frac {10^{-10}{\text{ N}}}{10^{-12}{\text{ m}}^{2}}}=100{\text{ Pa}}.}
2023:
274:
179:
3236:
2657:{\displaystyle F={\frac {P}{c}}={\frac {30{\text{ mW}}}{299792458{\text{ m/s}}}}\approx 10^{-10}{\text{ N}},}
2090:
Because the ratio of surface area to volume (and thus mass) increases with decreasing particle size, dusty (
117:
105:
2251:
1436:
148:
116:. Furthermore, large lasers operating in space have been suggested as a means of propelling sail craft in
2304:
2288:
2121:
113:
54:
2938:
1375:
Solar radiation pressure is due to the Sun's radiation at closer distances, thus especially within the
1735:
The solar constant is defined for the Sun's radiation at the distance to the Earth, also known as one
4293:
Demir, Dilek, "A table-top demonstration of radiation pressure", 2011, Diplomathesis, E-Theses univie
4256:
4198:
4141:
4068:
4003:
3938:
3863:
3803:
3717:
3670:
3468:
3376:
3198:
3157:
3108:
3059:
2908:
2791:
2296:
1547:{\displaystyle P={\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{c}}\approx 4.5\cdot 10^{-6}~{\text{Pa}}=4.5~\mu {\text{Pa}}.}
1421:
941:
730:
140:
74:
70:
4122:
Aspelmeyer, Markus; Kippenberg, Tobias J.; Marquardt, Florian (2014-12-30). "Cavity optomechanics".
2341:
4372:
2857:
2814:
2323:
2284:
2065:
1242:
228:
128:
3265:
2451:
2344:(C/1995 O1). Radiation pressure and solar wind effects on the dust and gas tails are clearly seen.
208:
put forward the concept of radiation pressure in 1619 to explain the observation that a tail of a
4398:
4360:
4348:
4224:
4188:
4157:
4131:
4058:
4027:
3993:
3962:
3928:
3897:
3835:
3793:
3661:
Požar, T.; Možina, J. (2013). "Measurement of
Elastic Waves Induced by the Reflection of Light".
3624:
3577:
3458:
3214:
2272:
2204:
2026:. It significantly affects the orbits and trajectories of small bodies including all spacecraft.
1748:
1447:
Solar radiation pressure at the Earth's distance from the Sun, may be calculated by dividing the
869:
248:
244:
240:
236:
4272:
4216:
4104:
4086:
4019:
3954:
3889:
3827:
3819:
3743:
3686:
3612:
3602:
3565:
3555:
3532:
3486:
3126:
3077:
2802:
2431:
2411:
1736:
1391:
109:
1346:
1241:
This can also be shown in the specific case of the pressure exerted on surfaces of a body in
4324:
4264:
4206:
4149:
4094:
4076:
4011:
3946:
3879:
3871:
3811:
3733:
3725:
3678:
3524:
3476:
3421:
3384:
3206:
3165:
3116:
3067:
2973:
2923:
2848:
In this optomechanical system, the radiation pressure force is leveraged to detect a single
2823:
2770:
2571:{\displaystyle A=\pi \left({\frac {\lambda }{2}}\right)^{2}\approx 10^{-12}{\text{ m}}^{2},}
2400:
2315:
2046:
2009:
1935:
164:
152:
3915:
Harris, G. I.; McAuslan, D. L.; Sheridan, E.; Sachkou, Y.; Baker, C.; Bowen, W. P. (2016).
567:
3232:
2933:
2881:
2327:
2268:
2240:
2102:
2095:
1824:
Finally, considering not an absorbing but a perfectly reflecting surface, the pressure is
1046:
296:
287:
205:
859:{\displaystyle P_{\text{net}}=P_{\text{incident}}+P_{\text{emitted}}=2{\frac {I_{f}}{c}}}
4260:
4202:
4145:
4072:
4007:
3942:
3867:
3807:
3721:
3674:
3472:
3380:
3202:
3161:
3112:
3063:
1719:{\displaystyle P={\frac {F\cos \alpha }{A}}={\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{c}}\cos ^{2}\alpha .}
17:
4312:
4099:
4046:
3738:
3705:
2953:
2948:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2810:
2337:
2319:
2264:
1458:
1448:
1395:
1257:
616:
598:
543:
369:
356:
351:
343:
268:
160:
136:
94:
3781:
2864:
Opposite to exciting or amplifying motion, light can also damp the motion of objects.
2228:
Stars predominantly form in regions of large clouds of dust and gases, giving rise to
4382:
4228:
4161:
3966:
3839:
3763:"Quantum squeezing boosts performance of LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave detectors"
3218:
2913:
2880:
of the material are synonyms here, because they represent the energy associated with
2869:
2865:
2795:
2379:
1561:
1557:
1420:
that depends on their surface temperature. The distribution is approximately that of
1386:
Solar radiation pressure on objects near the Earth may be calculated using the Sun's
1380:
533:{\displaystyle P_{\text{incident}}={\frac {\langle S\rangle }{c}}={\frac {I_{f}}{c}}}
339:
144:
101:
4031:
2781:
4336:
3901:
3682:
2331:
2236:
2229:
2191:
2167:
1432:
1376:
255:
caused by radiation pressure but by air flow caused by temperature differentials.)
198:
3875:
3528:
3406:
Georgevic, R. M. (1973) "The Solar
Radiation Pressure Forces and Torques Model",
3365:"A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance"
3170:
3145:
3360:
2853:
2830:
2813:, for example between mirrors. This serves the purpose of gravely enhancing the
2300:
2125:
2054:
2013:
90:
4153:
3729:
3481:
3446:
3121:
3096:
1336:{\displaystyle P_{\text{compress}}={\frac {u}{3}}={\frac {4\sigma }{3c}}T^{4},}
135:(where light is used to irradiate and observe microbes, cells, and molecules),
4211:
4177:"Radiation pressure acceleration of protons from structured thin-foil targets"
4176:
3508:. Vol. 2. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 391.
3072:
3047:
2958:
2826:
2383:
2375:
2362:
2115:
2091:
1909:
Calculated solar radiation pressure on perfect reflector at normal incidence (
1431:
Momentary or hours long solar pressures can indeed escalate due to release of
1425:
1387:
1252:
1056:
592:
132:
62:
4220:
4090:
4023:
3958:
3823:
3616:
3490:
3130:
3081:
2042:
body. These can be calculated using the equations in the preceding sections.
3981:
3916:
3815:
3569:
2292:
2280:
1251:: the body will be surrounded by a uniform radiation field described by the
4276:
4108:
3893:
3831:
3747:
3690:
3210:
3186:
3097:"Nobel Lecture: Superposition, entanglement, and raising Schrƶdinger's cat"
2318:
are generally believed to form as part of the same process that results in
1181:
In general, the pressure of electromagnetic waves can be obtained from the
2255:
A protoplanetary disk with a cleared central region (artist's conception).
4244:
3389:
3364:
2963:
2884:
of the material. Atoms traveling towards a laser light source perceive a
2244:
2171:
2080:
1979:
962:
224:
220:
175:
50:
46:
4081:
2428:. With a set of lenses, one can focus the laser beam to a point that is
2083:, and are essential in the theory of electron emission from the Sun, of
30:
2849:
1991:
972:
958:
561:
171:
4268:
4015:
3950:
3884:
3519:
Karel Velan, A. (1992), "The Birth of the First
Generation of Stars",
971:
in terms of particles rather than waves; these particles are known as
711:{\displaystyle P_{\text{incident}}={\frac {I_{f}}{c}}\cos ^{2}\alpha }
472:. That pressure is experienced as radiation pressure on the surface:
27:
Pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation
3706:"Isolated detection of elastic waves driven by the momentum of light"
3251:
P. Lebedew, 1901, "Untersuchungen Ć¼ber die
DruckkrƤfte des Lichtes",
2928:
2146:
2291:(GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of
4331:
4193:
4063:
3998:
3933:
3463:
1895:{\displaystyle P=2{\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{cR^{2}}}\cos ^{2}\alpha .}
1572:
of a sheet is reduced by a geometrical factor resulting in a force
1173:
photons will contribute to the net radiation pressure identically.
4136:
3798:
2835:
2405:
2336:
2250:
2181:
2084:
1947:
1815:{\displaystyle P={\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{cR^{2}}}\cos ^{2}\alpha .}
1410:
209:
193:
127:
and the branches of science that rely heavily on lasers and other
124:
29:
2034:
grains can either leave the Solar System or spiral into the Sun.
3146:"Nobel Lecture: LIGO and the discovery of gravitational waves I"
2918:
2819:
2354:
2276:
2142:
1967:
1406:
3917:"Laser cooling and control of excitations in superfluid helium"
3422:"Dust models paint alien's view of the solar system (w/ Video)"
2408:
can be used as a source of monochromatic light with wavelength
2220:
regions, which influences birth rates in those nearby regions.
2358:
2076:
2073:
156:
4245:"Practicability of protontherapy using compact laser systems"
4045:
Yu, Wenyan; Jiang, Wei C.; Lin, Qiang; Lu, Tao (2016-07-27).
2872:
by converting some of material's motional energy into light.
2382:, which also carry away dust grains. Radiation pressure and
3001:, D. Mihalas (1978), Second edition, W. H. Freeman & Co.
1630:{\displaystyle F={\frac {G_{\text{SC}}}{c}}(A\cos \alpha ).}
1026:{\displaystyle p={\dfrac {h}{\lambda }}={\frac {E_{p}}{c}},}
931:{\displaystyle P_{\text{emitted}}={\frac {I_{\text{e}}}{c}}}
330:{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} }
34:
Force on a reflector results from reflecting the photon flux
3782:"Optically measuring force near the standard quantum limit"
2809:
optomechanics, light is trapped and resonantly enhanced in
2239:
are inherently unstable, with a small enough mass that the
1183:
vanishing of the trace of the electromagnetic stress tensor
282:
Radiation pressure from momentum of an electromagnetic wave
4047:"Cavity optomechanical spring sensing of single molecules"
1464:. For an absorbing sheet facing the Sun, this is simply:
273:
Radiation pressure can be viewed as a consequence of the
231:
in 1862, and proven experimentally by Russian physicist
227:
upon any surface that is exposed to it was published by
3445:
Vokrouhlicky, David; Bottke, William F. (2012-05-02).
2378:. Solar heating causes gases to be released from the
4296:
4175:
Meinhold, Tim Arniko; Kumar, Naveen (December 2021).
3651:(2nd edition), page 341, Pearson, San Francisco, 2007
2672:
2586:
2502:
2493:= 1064 nm can therefore be computed as follows.
2454:
2434:
2414:
1834:
1757:
1649:
1582:
1470:
1349:
1273:
1202:
1080:
989:
981:
897:
796:
775:{\displaystyle P_{\text{emitted}}={\frac {I_{f}}{c}}}
741:
661:
601:
570:
546:
478:
305:
3349:
Kardar, Mehran. "Statistical Physics of Particles".
2098:is significantly influenced by radiation pressure.
2759:
2656:
2570:
2474:
2440:
2420:
1894:
1814:
1718:
1629:
1546:
1355:
1335:
1224:
1121:{\displaystyle E_{p}=h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}}
1120:
1025:
930:
858:
774:
710:
607:
583:
552:
532:
329:
3010:Eddington, A. S., & Eddington, A. S. (1988).
3048:"Nobel Lecture: Manipulating atoms with photons"
2868:is a method of cooling materials very close to
2194:shaped by radiation pressure and stellar winds.
2769:This is used to trap or levitate particles in
49:exerted upon a surface due to the exchange of
2366:pressure is the dominant pressure component.
2267:is the process by which dense regions within
123:Radiation pressure forces are the bedrock of
8:
3629:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2979:YarkovskyāO'KeefeāRadzievskiiāPaddack effect
1074:is the energy of a single photon given by:
501:
495:
3036:Eugene Hecht, "Optics", 4th edition, p. 57.
2283:, star formation includes the study of the
1564:per square meter). For a sheet at an angle
788:the net radiation pressure on the surface:
3633:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2374:Solar radiation pressure strongly affects
1260:per unit volume in the surrounding space.
4210:
4192:
4135:
4098:
4080:
4062:
3997:
3932:
3883:
3797:
3737:
3480:
3462:
3408:The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences
3388:
3280:
3278:
3169:
3120:
3071:
3046:Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude N. (1998-07-01).
2749:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2708:
2699:
2692:
2679:
2671:
2646:
2637:
2622:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2585:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2531:
2517:
2501:
2464:
2453:
2433:
2413:
2120:Solar sailing, an experimental method of
1877:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1833:
1828:due to the reflected wave, resulting in:
1797:
1784:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1656:
1648:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1536:
1519:
1507:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1348:
1324:
1300:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1238:is the radiation energy per unit volume.
1209:
1201:
1103:
1085:
1079:
1009:
1003:
988:
980:
917:
911:
902:
896:
845:
839:
827:
814:
801:
795:
761:
755:
746:
740:
696:
681:
675:
666:
660:
600:
575:
569:
545:
519:
513:
492:
483:
477:
322:
314:
306:
304:
57:. This includes the momentum of light or
2780:
2390:Laser applications of radiation pressure
2243:of the system is lower than the average
2141:The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (
2022:Solar radiation pressure is a source of
1907:
1747:thus being dimensionless), applying the
1245:with its surroundings, at a temperature
1177:Compression in a uniform radiation field
131:. That includes, but is not limited to,
4303:
3647:Dale A. Ostlie and Bradley W. Carroll,
3264:Nichols, E. F & Hull, G. F. (1903)
2991:
3649:An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics
3622:
3575:
3402:
3400:
3322:An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics
3289:, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
3012:The internal constitution of the stars
2904:Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
1443:Pressures of absorption and reflection
953:Radiation pressure in terms of photons
883:in the direction normal to the surface
247:(this should not be confused with the
201:coin commemorating Lebedev's discovery
3420:Center, NASA's Goddard Space Flight.
2326:forms by gravitational collapse of a
1739:(au). Consequently, at a distance of
646:If the surface is planar at an angle
7:
3982:"Superfluid Brillouin optomechanics"
3320:Carroll, Bradley W; Dale A. Ostlie.
2203:factor in the dynamics of remaining
2153:Cosmic effects of radiation pressure
2101:As a consequence of light pressure,
3597:Longair, Malcolm S., 1941ā (2008).
1405:, whose value is set at 1361
725:Radiation pressure from reflection
163:(2017 Nobel Prize in Physics) and
25:
3523:, Springer US, pp. 267ā278,
3095:Wineland, David J. (2013-07-12).
1921:Radiation pressure in Ī¼Pa (Ī¼N/m)
1225:{\displaystyle P={\frac {u}{3}},}
1065:is speed of light in vacuum. And
967:Electromagnetic radiation can be
251:, whose characteristic motion is
212:always points away from the Sun.
4366:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4306:
3761:Johnston, Hamish (10 Dec 2019).
3185:Schirber, Michael (2018-10-04).
2004:Radiation pressure perturbations
1574:in the direction of the sunlight
323:
315:
307:
3303:Principles of Quantum Mechanics
2852:. Laser light interacts with a
2822:) to clouds of atoms, and from
1568:to the Sun, the effective area
1253:Planck black-body radiation law
450:, which is the speed of light,
167:(2018 Nobel Prize in Physics).
159:(2012 Nobel Prize in Physics),
3683:10.1103/Physrevlett.111.185501
2200:galaxy formation and evolution
2178:Galaxy formation and evolution
1621:
1606:
876:Radiation pressure by emission
354:'s auxiliary field vector (or
1:
3876:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.173901
3266:The Pressure due to Radiation
3187:"Nobel PrizeāLasers as Tools"
3014:. Cambridge University Press.
364:. The magnitude, denoted by
215:The assertion that light, as
73:, or otherwise emitted (e.g.
3529:10.1007/978-1-4684-6030-8_22
3447:"Yarkovsky and YORP effects"
3369:Geophysical Research Letters
3335:Jackson, John David (1999).
3171:10.1103/RevModPhys.90.040501
3144:Weiss, Rainer (2018-12-18).
2485:The radiation pressure of a
2475:{\displaystyle r=\lambda /2}
1418:spectral energy distribution
184:Newton's third law of motion
3255:, 1901 Series 4 6, 433-458.
1267:, this can be expressed as
655:, resulting in a pressure:
155:of macroscopic objects and
53:between the object and the
4415:
4154:10.1103/RevModPhys.86.1391
3730:10.1038/s41467-018-05706-3
3482:10.4249/scholarpedia.10599
3285:Wright, Jerome L. (1992),
3122:10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1103
3023:Chandrasekhar, S. (2013).
2789:
2398:
2131:From the Earth to the Moon
2113:
2007:
956:
945:temperature, given by the
285:
262:
4212:10.1017/S0022377821001070
4181:Journal of Plasma Physics
4124:Reviews of Modern Physics
3521:The Multi-Universe Cosmos
3337:Classical Electrodynamics
3270:The Astrophysical Journal
3150:Reviews of Modern Physics
3101:Reviews of Modern Physics
3073:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.707
3052:Reviews of Modern Physics
2944:PoyntingāRobertson effect
2777:Lightāmatter interactions
2311:Stellar planetary systems
2217:gravitational compression
2062:PoyntingāRobertson effect
2018:PoyntingāRobertson effect
1365:StefanāBoltzmann constant
1156:, this implies a flux of
940:The emission can be from
265:Electromagnetic radiation
217:electromagnetic radiation
147:(the subject of the 1997
59:electromagnetic radiation
3272:, Vol.17 No.5, p.315-351
2489:= 30 mW laser with
2441:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2421:{\displaystyle \lambda }
2211:Clouds of dust and gases
1371:Solar radiation pressure
560:is pressure (usually in
275:conservation of momentum
180:conservation of momentum
81:, or sometimes just the
79:radiation pressure force
18:Solar radiation pressure
3856:Physical Review Letters
3816:10.1126/science.1249850
3663:Physical Review Letters
3238:De Cometis Libelli Tres
1356:{\displaystyle \sigma }
118:beam-powered propulsion
3582:: CS1 maint: others (
3211:10.1103/physics.11.100
3027:. Courier Corporation.
2861:
2787:
2761:
2658:
2572:
2476:
2442:
2422:
2361:, and at the cores of
2345:
2289:giant molecular clouds
2256:
2195:
1896:
1816:
1720:
1631:
1548:
1437:coronal mass ejections
1357:
1337:
1226:
1122:
1027:
932:
860:
776:
712:
609:
585:
554:
534:
331:
219:, has the property of
202:
149:Nobel Prize in Physics
35:
4051:Nature Communications
3710:Nature Communications
3504:Einstein, A. (1989).
2969:Waveāparticle duality
2847:
2784:
2762:
2659:
2573:
2477:
2443:
2423:
2340:
2305:initial mass function
2297:young stellar objects
2254:
2185:
2122:spacecraft propulsion
2096:outer rings of Saturn
2087:material, and so on.
2024:orbital perturbations
1897:
1817:
1721:
1632:
1560:, equivalent to N/m (
1549:
1358:
1338:
1227:
1123:
1028:
933:
861:
777:
713:
610:
595:(usually in W/m) and
586:
584:{\displaystyle I_{f}}
555:
535:
332:
197:
114:thermonuclear weapons
55:electromagnetic field
33:
3390:10.1029/2010GL045777
2909:Cavity optomechanics
2792:Cavity optomechanics
2670:
2584:
2500:
2452:
2432:
2412:
1832:
1755:
1743:astronomical units (
1647:
1580:
1468:
1422:black-body radiation
1347:
1271:
1265:StefanāBoltzmann law
1200:
1078:
979:
947:StefanāBoltzmann law
942:black-body radiation
895:
870:diffusely reflective
794:
739:
731:specularly reflected
659:
599:
568:
544:
476:
303:
178:. Due to the law of
129:optical technologies
75:black-body radiation
4389:Celestial mechanics
4261:2004MedPh..31.1587M
4203:2021JPlPh..87f9007M
4146:2014RvMP...86.1391A
4082:10.1038/ncomms12311
4073:2016NatCo...712311Y
4008:2017NatPh..13...74K
3943:2016NatPh..12..788H
3868:2006PhRvL..96q3901K
3808:2014Sci...344.1486S
3792:(6191): 1486ā1489.
3722:2018NatCo...9.3340P
3675:2013PhRvL.111r5501P
3473:2012SchpJ...710599B
3381:2011GeoRL..38.1706K
3203:2018PhyOJ..11..100S
3162:2018RvMP...90d0501W
3113:2013RvMP...85.1103W
3064:1998RvMP...70..707C
2999:Stellar Atmospheres
2858:oscillator spectrum
2820:LIGO interferometer
2324:protoplanetary disk
2285:interstellar medium
2188:Pillars of Creation
2066:aberration of light
1914:
1643:on the surface of:
1243:thermal equilibrium
1185:: since this trace
229:James Clerk Maxwell
108:, for instance, in
3552:The early universe
3253:Annalen der Physik
3025:Radiative transfer
2939:Poynting's theorem
2862:
2788:
2757:
2654:
2568:
2472:
2438:
2418:
2346:
2273:interstellar space
2257:
2196:
2190:clouds within the
2128:in his 1865 novel
1908:
1892:
1812:
1749:inverse-square law
1716:
1627:
1556:This result is in
1544:
1353:
1333:
1222:
1118:
1023:
998:
928:
856:
772:
708:
619:in vacuum. Here,
605:
581:
550:
530:
464:, times pressure,
398:rate of doing work
327:
249:Crookes radiometer
245:Nichols radiometer
241:Gordon Ferrie Hull
237:Ernest Fox Nichols
223:and thus exerts a
203:
39:Radiation pressure
36:
4394:Radiation effects
4269:10.1118/1.1747751
4016:10.1038/nphys3900
3951:10.1038/nphys3714
2845:
2803:dielectric mirror
2752:
2741:
2732:
2711:
2687:
2649:
2628:
2625:
2615:
2601:
2557:
2525:
2349:Stellar interiors
2316:Planetary systems
2279:. As a branch of
2275:collapse to form
2224:Clusters of stars
2138:its performance.
2001:
2000:
1978:3.00 au (typical
1918:Distance from Sun
1871:
1853:
1791:
1773:
1751:, we would find:
1737:astronomical unit
1695:
1689:
1675:
1604:
1598:
1539:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1492:
1486:
1416:All stars have a
1318:
1295:
1281:
1217:
1116:
1018:
997:
926:
920:
905:
854:
830:
817:
804:
770:
749:
690:
669:
608:{\displaystyle c}
553:{\displaystyle P}
528:
508:
486:
368:, divided by the
357:magnetizing field
110:stellar interiors
16:(Redirected from
4406:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4281:
4280:
4255:(6): 1587ā1592.
4239:
4233:
4232:
4214:
4196:
4187:(6): 905870607.
4172:
4166:
4165:
4139:
4130:(4): 1391ā1452.
4119:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4084:
4066:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4001:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3936:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3887:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3801:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3620:
3599:Galaxy formation
3594:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3573:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3466:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3107:(3): 1103ā1114.
3092:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2974:Yarkovsky effect
2924:Optical tweezers
2850:protein molecule
2846:
2824:micro-engineered
2811:optical cavities
2771:optical tweezers
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2448:in diameter (or
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2401:Optical tweezers
2395:Optical tweezers
2269:molecular clouds
2047:Yarkovsky effect
2010:Yarkovsky effect
1958:1.00 au (Earth)
1915:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1657:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1428:, for instance.
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1250:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1171:
1155:
1146:has a power of
1145:
1139:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1004:
999:
990:
937:
935:
934:
929:
927:
922:
921:
918:
912:
907:
906:
903:
865:
863:
862:
857:
855:
850:
849:
840:
832:
831:
828:
819:
818:
815:
806:
805:
802:
781:
779:
778:
773:
771:
766:
765:
756:
751:
750:
747:
717:
715:
714:
709:
701:
700:
691:
686:
685:
676:
671:
670:
667:
642:
641:
637:
635:
634:
629:
626:
614:
612:
611:
606:
591:is the incident
590:
588:
587:
582:
580:
579:
559:
557:
556:
551:
539:
537:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
514:
509:
504:
493:
488:
487:
484:
471:
463:
449:
448:
446:
445:
442:
439:
434:
432:
431:
425:
422:
408:
406:
405:
402:
399:
392:
390:
389:
386:
383:
337:
336:
334:
333:
328:
326:
318:
310:
165:optical tweezers
125:laser technology
45:) is mechanical
21:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4288:Further reading
4285:
4284:
4249:Medical Physics
4241:
4240:
4236:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4044:
4043:
4039:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3646:
3642:
3621:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3398:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3324:(2nd ed.).
3319:
3318:
3314:
3309:(2nd ed.).
3306:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3233:Johannes Kepler
3231:
3230:
3226:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2934:Poynting vector
2899:
2882:Brownian motion
2836:
2798:
2790:Main articles:
2779:
2728:
2715:
2714:
2695:
2694:
2668:
2667:
2633:
2618:
2608:
2582:
2581:
2553:
2540:
2513:
2512:
2498:
2497:
2450:
2449:
2430:
2429:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2372:
2351:
2342:Comet HaleāBopp
2328:molecular cloud
2313:
2262:
2241:escape velocity
2226:
2213:
2198:The process of
2180:
2164:
2155:
2118:
2112:
2020:
2006:
1873:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1830:
1829:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1697:
1682:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1503:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1457:(above) by the
1456:
1445:
1404:
1394:, known as the
1373:
1345:
1344:
1320:
1310:
1302:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1246:
1233:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1105:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1047:Planck constant
1040:
1034:
1005:
977:
976:
965:
955:
913:
898:
893:
892:
890:
878:
841:
823:
810:
797:
792:
791:
757:
742:
737:
736:
727:
692:
677:
662:
657:
656:
639:
630:
627:
624:
623:
621:
620:
597:
596:
571:
566:
565:
542:
541:
515:
494:
479:
474:
473:
465:
451:
443:
440:
426:
423:
417:
416:
414:
413:
412:
410:
403:
400:
397:
396:
394:
387:
384:
381:
380:
378:
373:
338:, which is the
301:
300:
299:
297:Poynting vector
290:
288:Poynting vector
284:
271:
261:
235:in 1900 and by
206:Johannes Kepler
192:
153:quantum control
41:(also known as
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4234:
4167:
4114:
4037:
3986:Nature Physics
3972:
3927:(8): 788ā793.
3921:Nature Physics
3907:
3862:(17): 173901.
3845:
3772:
3753:
3696:
3669:(18): 185501.
3653:
3640:
3607:
3589:
3560:
3543:
3537:
3511:
3496:
3437:
3412:
3396:
3351:
3342:
3327:
3312:
3292:
3274:
3257:
3244:
3224:
3177:
3136:
3087:
3058:(3): 707ā719.
3038:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Solar constant
2951:
2949:Quantum optics
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2886:doppler effect
2878:thermal energy
2874:Kinetic energy
2778:
2775:
2756:
2748:
2745:
2737:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2567:
2562:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2437:
2417:
2399:Main article:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2371:
2368:
2350:
2347:
2320:star formation
2312:
2309:
2265:Star formation
2261:
2260:Star formation
2258:
2225:
2222:
2212:
2209:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2162:Early universe
2160:
2154:
2151:
2114:Main article:
2111:
2108:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1459:speed of light
1454:
1449:solar constant
1444:
1441:
1402:
1396:solar constant
1372:
1369:
1352:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1258:radiant energy
1221:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1150:
1135:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1069:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
954:
951:
925:
916:
910:
901:
888:
877:
874:
853:
848:
844:
838:
835:
826:
822:
813:
809:
800:
769:
764:
760:
754:
745:
726:
723:
707:
704:
699:
695:
689:
684:
680:
674:
665:
640:3.34 N/GW
617:speed of light
604:
578:
574:
549:
527:
522:
518:
512:
507:
503:
500:
497:
491:
482:
370:speed of light
352:magnetic field
344:electric field
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
286:Main article:
283:
280:
269:Speed of light
260:
257:
191:
188:
161:interferometry
137:quantum optics
83:force of light
43:light pressure
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4411:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
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4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
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3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
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3809:
3805:
3800:
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3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3608:9783540734772
3604:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3538:9781468460322
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3287:Space Sailing
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:(4): 040501.
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Laser cooling
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:absolute zero
2867:
2866:Laser cooling
2860:on the left.
2859:
2855:
2851:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2796:Laser cooling
2793:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2735:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2664:
2651:
2641:
2638:
2634:
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2609:
2603:
2598:
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2527:
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2494:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2435:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:comet nucleus
2377:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:open clusters
2233:
2231:
2230:star clusters
2223:
2221:
2218:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2205:circumstellar
2201:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1906:
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1889:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
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1583:
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1480:
1474:
1471:
1463:
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1427:
1423:
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1414:
1412:
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1382:
1381:orbiting body
1378:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1350:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1144:
1140:over an area
1138:
1128:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:is momentum,
1037:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
974:
970:
964:
960:
952:
950:
948:
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938:
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908:
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887:
884:
875:
873:
871:
866:
851:
846:
842:
836:
833:
824:
820:
811:
807:
798:
789:
787:
782:
767:
762:
758:
752:
743:
734:
732:
724:
722:
718:
705:
702:
697:
693:
687:
682:
678:
672:
663:
654:
649:
644:
633:
618:
602:
594:
576:
572:
563:
547:
525:
520:
516:
510:
505:
498:
489:
480:
469:
462:
458:
454:
438:
430:
421:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:cross product
319:
311:
298:
293:
289:
281:
279:
276:
270:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Pyotr Lebedev
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
200:
196:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:laser cooling
142:
141:optomechanics
138:
134:
133:biomicroscopy
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:astrophysical
99:
97:
92:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
4373:Solar System
4252:
4248:
4237:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4057:(1): 12311.
4054:
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3992:(1): 74ā79.
3989:
3985:
3975:
3924:
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3859:
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3767:PhysicsWorld
3766:
3756:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3648:
3643:
3601:. Springer.
3598:
3592:
3551:
3546:
3520:
3514:
3505:
3499:
3457:(5): 10599.
3454:
3451:Scholarpedia
3450:
3440:
3429:. Retrieved
3425:
3415:
3407:
3372:
3368:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3302:
3295:
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3269:
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3227:
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3041:
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2891:
2863:
2854:glass sphere
2806:
2799:
2768:
2665:
2579:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2404:
2373:
2352:
2332:solar nebula
2314:
2301:binary stars
2263:
2234:
2227:
2214:
2197:
2192:Eagle Nebula
2187:
2168:photon epoch
2165:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2119:
2100:
2089:
2070:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
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1729:
1727:
1640:
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1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1433:solar flares
1430:
1415:
1413:as of 2011.
1399:
1385:
1377:Solar System
1374:
1262:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1165:
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436:
428:
419:
374:
365:
361:
355:
347:
294:
291:
272:
252:
214:
204:
199:Soviet ruble
169:
122:
106:gas pressure
95:
87:
82:
78:
42:
38:
37:
4361:Outer space
4349:Spaceflight
3716:(1): 3340.
3361:Lean, J. L.
3300:Shankar R.
2831:superfluids
2827:trampolines
2376:comet tails
2330:, called a
2126:Jules Verne
2110:Solar sails
2055:YORP effect
2014:YORP effect
91:outer space
4383:Categories
4194:2111.14087
4064:1504.03727
3999:1602.05640
3934:1506.04542
3885:1887/65506
3561:9027726191
3464:1502.01249
3431:2022-03-01
3375:(1): n/a.
3359:Kopp, G.;
2986:References
2959:Solar sail
2666:pressure:
2384:solar wind
2363:supergiant
2293:protostars
2248:dispersal.
2207:material.
2116:Solar sail
2092:micrometre
2008:See also:
1426:solar sail
1390:at 1
1388:irradiance
1057:wavelength
957:See also:
593:irradiance
263:See also:
63:wavelength
4399:Radiation
4325:Astronomy
4229:244636880
4221:0022-3778
4162:119252645
4137:1303.0733
4091:2041-1723
4024:1745-2481
3967:118135792
3959:1745-2481
3840:206554506
3824:0036-8075
3799:1312.4896
3625:cite book
3617:212409895
3578:cite book
3491:1941-6016
3219:125788399
3131:0034-6861
3082:0034-6861
2721:−
2701:−
2690:≈
2639:−
2631:≈
2624: m/s
2620:299792458
2546:−
2538:≈
2520:λ
2510:π
2462:λ
2436:λ
2416:λ
2281:astronomy
2149:project.
2081:electrons
1990:5.20 au (
1966:1.52 au (
1946:0.72 au (
1934:0.39 au (
1887:α
1884:
1807:α
1804:
1711:α
1708:
1669:α
1666:
1619:α
1616:
1534:μ
1509:−
1501:⋅
1495:≈
1351:σ
1307:σ
1263:By using
1196:, we get
1114:λ
1098:ν
995:λ
706:α
703:
502:⟩
496:⟨
320:×
190:Discovery
71:reflected
4277:15259663
4109:27460277
4032:10880961
3894:16712296
3832:24970079
3748:30131489
3691:24237537
3570:16684785
3426:phys.org
3363:(2011).
3235:(1619).
2964:Sunlight
2897:See also
2751: Pa
2614: mW
2303:and the
2245:velocity
2172:Big Bang
2103:Einstein
2085:cometary
2050:motion.
1980:asteroid
1926:0.20 au
1280:compress
1187:equals 3
963:Momentum
816:incident
786:doubling
668:incident
485:incident
350:and the
225:pressure
221:momentum
176:momentum
67:absorbed
65:that is
51:momentum
47:pressure
4313:Physics
4299:Portals
4257:Bibcode
4199:Bibcode
4142:Bibcode
4100:4974467
4069:Bibcode
4004:Bibcode
3939:Bibcode
3902:1801710
3864:Bibcode
3804:Bibcode
3786:Science
3739:6105914
3718:Bibcode
3671:Bibcode
3469:Bibcode
3377:Bibcode
3199:Bibcode
3197:: 100.
3191:Physics
3158:Bibcode
3109:Bibcode
3060:Bibcode
2893:foils.
2786:spring.
2731: m
2710: N
2648: N
2580:force:
2556: m
2355:stellar
1992:Jupiter
1936:Mercury
1826:doubled
1562:newtons
1558:pascals
1363:is the
1045:is the
973:photons
959:Photons
904:emitted
829:emitted
748:emitted
636:
622:
615:is the
562:pascals
447:
433:
415:
411:
407:
395:
391:
379:
346:vector
342:of the
172:photons
98:program
61:of any
4275:
4227:
4219:
4160:
4107:
4097:
4089:
4030:
4022:
3965:
3957:
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3892:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3746:
3736:
3689:
3615:
3605:
3568:
3558:
3535:
3489:
3217:
3129:
3080:
2929:Photon
2807:cavity
2496:Area:
2406:Lasers
2370:Comets
2147:IKAROS
2016:, and
1531:
1517:
1343:where
1232:where
1059:, and
1033:where
969:viewed
540:where
470:/ area
259:Theory
139:, and
96:Viking
4337:Stars
4225:S2CID
4189:arXiv
4158:S2CID
4132:arXiv
4059:arXiv
4028:S2CID
3994:arXiv
3963:S2CID
3929:arXiv
3898:S2CID
3836:S2CID
3794:arXiv
3459:arXiv
3307:(PDF)
3215:S2CID
2815:power
2277:stars
2235:Many
1997:0.34
1985:1.01
1973:3.93
1961:9.08
1953:17.5
1948:Venus
1941:59.7
1913:= 0)
1730:total
1398:, or
784:thus
382:power
210:comet
157:atoms
4273:PMID
4217:ISSN
4105:PMID
4087:ISSN
4020:ISSN
3955:ISSN
3890:PMID
3828:PMID
3820:ISSN
3744:PMID
3687:PMID
3635:link
3631:link
3613:OCLC
3603:ISBN
3584:link
3566:OCLC
3556:ISBN
3533:ISBN
3487:ISSN
3127:ISSN
3078:ISSN
2919:LIGO
2876:and
2794:and
2322:. A
2295:and
2287:and
2215:The
2186:The
2166:The
2143:JAXA
2079:and
2077:ions
2060:The
2053:The
2045:The
1968:Mars
1929:227
1576:of:
1435:and
961:and
444:area
404:area
388:area
267:and
239:and
112:and
4265:doi
4207:doi
4150:doi
4095:PMC
4077:doi
4012:doi
3947:doi
3880:hdl
3872:doi
3812:doi
3790:344
3734:PMC
3726:doi
3679:doi
3667:111
3525:doi
3477:doi
3385:doi
3207:doi
3166:doi
3117:doi
3068:doi
2829:to
2747:100
2482:).
2359:Sun
2353:In
2271:in
2074:gas
1875:cos
1795:cos
1699:cos
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1613:cos
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