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441:(segments, parts connected by a joint), forming a powerful pincer, much like that of a crab; each article bears a variable number of teeth, largely depending on the species. The chelicerae of many species are surprisingly strong; they are capable of shearing hair or feathers from vertebrate prey or carrion, and of cutting through skin and thin bones such as those of small birds. Many Solifugae
350:, which is composed of three distinct elements called propeltidium, mesopeltidium and metapeltidium. The propeltidium contains the eyes, the chelicerae that, in most species, are conspicuously large, the pedipalps and the first two pairs of legs. Meso- and metapeltidium contains the third and fourth pairs of legs. The chelicerae serve as jaws and in many species also are used for
1433:
113:
291:
figures are often misleading. More practical measurements refer primarily to the body length, quoting leg lengths separately, if at all. The body length is up to 7 cm (3 in). Most species are closer to 5 cm (2 in) long, and some small species are under 1 cm (0.4 in) in head-plus-body length when mature.
713:
500:, and partly in locomotion, feeding, and fighting. In normal locomotion, they do not quite touch the ground, but are held out to detect obstacles and prey; in that attitude, they look particularly like an extra pair of legs or perhaps arms. Reflecting the great dependence of the Solifugae on their tactile senses, their
322:
tagma. The abdominal tergites and sternites are separated by large areas of intersegmental membranes, giving it a high degree of flexibility and ability to stretch considerably, which allows it to consume a large amount of food. As shown in the illustrations, the solifuge prosoma and opisthosoma are
1528:
had venom glands, and that injection of the secretion into mice was frequently fatal. However, no supporting studies have confirmed either statement, such as by independent detection of the glands as claimed, or the relevance of the observations, if correct. Even the authors of the original account
893:
The female then digs a burrow, into which she lays 50 to 200 eggs; some species then guard them until they hatch. Because the female does not feed during this time, she tries to fatten herself beforehand, and a species of 5 cm (2.0 in) has been observed to eat more than 100 flies during
290:
Solifuges are moderately small to large arachnids (a few millimeters to several centimeters in body length), with the larger species reaching 12–15 cm (5–6 in) in length, including legs. In practice, the respective lengths of the legs of various species differ greatly, so the resulting
541:
Males are usually smaller than females, with relatively longer legs. Unlike females, the males bear a pair of flagella, one on each chelicera. In the accompanying photograph of a male solifuge, one flagellum is just visible near the tip of each chelicera. The flagella, which bend back over the
384:
that inhales and exhales air through a number of spiracles - one pair between the second and third pair of walking legs, two pairs on the abdomen on abdominal segments three and four, and an unpaired spiracle on the fifth abdominal segment. Air sacs are attached to the branching tracheae, with
1496:
The
Solifugae are the subject of many legends and exaggerations about their size, speed, behavior, appetite, and lethality. They are not especially large, the biggest having a leg span around 12 cm (4.7 in). They are fast on land compared to other invertebrates, with their top speed
537:
or racquet (or racket) organs. Sometimes, the blades of the malleoli are directed forward, sometimes not. They have been suspected to be sensory organs for the detection of vibrations in the soil, perhaps to detect threats and potential prey or mates. These structures may be chemoreceptors.
2318:
Kulkarni, Siddharth S.; Steiner, Hugh G.; Garcia, Erika L.; Iuri, Hernán; Jones, R. Ryan; Ballesteros, Jesús A.; Gainett, Guilherme; Graham, Matthew R.; Harms, Danilo; Lyle, Robin; Ojanguren-Affilastro, Andrés A.; Santibañez-López, Carlos E.; Silva de
Miranda, Gustavo; Cushing, Paula E.;
270:"sol" meaning "sun" and "fugere" meaning "to flee". Put together, it means something along the lines of "those who flee from the sun". These animals have a number of common names including sun spiders, wind scorpions, wind spiders, red romans, and camel spiders. In
2259:
Kulkarni, Siddharth S.; Yamasaki, Takeshi; Thi Hong Phung, Luong; Karuaera, Nanguei; Daniels, Savel R.; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Sharma, Prashant P. (1 February 2024). "Phylogenomic data reveal three new families of poorly studied
Solifugae (camel spiders)".
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injection. Given that many non-venoms such as saliva, blood and glandular secretions can be lethal if injected, and that no venomous function was even speculated upon in this study, there is still no evidence for even one venomous species of solifuge.
1537:
Because of their unfamiliar spider-like appearance and rapid movements, Solifugae have startled or even frightened many people. This fear was sufficient to drive a family from their home when one was allegedly discovered in a soldier's house in
257:
and other small animals. The largest species grow to a length of 12–15 cm (5–6 in), including legs. A number of urban legends exaggerate the size and speed of solifuges, and their potential danger to humans, which is negligible.
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suction cups, then rapidly pulled towards the chelicerae to be chewed. These motions happen so fast that they can't be distinguished. Before eating, solifuges prepare their food by removing any parts they find unfavorable. In
508:
three pairs. That smaller anterior pair acts largely in a sensory role as a supplement to the pedipalps, and in many species they accordingly lack tarsi. At the tips of their pedipalps, Solifugae bear a membranous
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to the chelicerae and chewed from one end to another. More round prey is chewed by rotating the body all at once. This chewing motion turns the food into a liquidized paste which is then swallowed by the animal's
532:
For the most part, only the posterior three pairs of legs are used for running. On the undersides of the coxae and trochanters of the last pair of legs, the
Solifugae have fan-shaped sensory organs called
810:. How much the animal relies on each sense depends on the species. While all hunt on the ground, some species are great climbers, able to search for prey on trees, shrubs, and on artificial structures.
461:
These elements work the same way as in most other arachnids. Although the
Solifugae appear to have five pairs of legs, only the hind four pairs are true legs. Each true leg has seven segments:
2413:
Histology and
Ultrastructure of Solifuges: Comparative Studies of Organ Systems of Solifuges (Arachnida, Solifugae) with Special Focus on Functional Analyses and Phylogenetic Interpretations
365:, has been questioned. Also, arguments exist against use of "abdomen", as the opisthosoma of many arachnids contains organs atypical of an abdomen, such as a heart and respiratory organs.
2147:
Harmer, Sir Sidney
Frederic; Shipley, Arthur Everett et alia: The Cambridge natural history Volume 4, Crustacea, Trilobites, Arachnida, Tardigrada, Pentastomida etc. Macmillan Company 1895
2492:
794:-loving species, as they prefer to be more sedentary. In addition to using their pedipalps, solifuges have a variety of methods to locate prey. These include seeing movements with their
699:, living in relatively permanent burrows underground. Transitory species spend most of their time up the surface, occasionally seeking refuge in cracks or under rocks and vegetation.
357:
Currently, neither fossil nor embryological evidence shows that arachnids ever had a separate thorax-like division, so the validity of the term cephalothorax, which means a fused
1546:. An Arizona resident developed painful lesions due to a claimed solifuge bite but could not produce a specimen for confirmation. Though they are not venomous, the powerful
1955:
274:, they are known as "haarskeerders" ("hair cutters"), and "baardskeerders" ("beard cutters"). This is in reference to myths that they cut hair to be used as nest bedding.
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870:. Solifuges that haven't fed for long periods are known to eat faster than ones that fed recently. Larger solifuges are also known to eat faster than smaller ones.
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550:
327:" as occurs in Araneae. The lack of the pedicel reflects another difference between the Solifugae and spiders, namely that solifuges lack both spinnerets and
1480:, Egypt, would stage fights between captive "jerrymanders", as they referred to them, and placed bets on the outcome. Similarly, British troops stationed in
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admitted to having found no means of delivery of the putative venom by the animal, and the only means of administering the material to the mice was by
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of many arachnids and other arthropods, is absent. As embryos they also have opisthosomal protuberances resembling the pulmonary sacs found in some
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2411:
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chelicerae, are sometimes called horns and are believed to have some sexual connection, but their function has not yet been clearly explained.
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Claims that
Solifugae aggressively chase people are also untrue, as they are merely trying to stay in the shade/shadow provided by the human.
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2168:
1938:
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called the vitreous body at its top. Underneath is the thin preretinal membrane, acting as a barrier between the vitreous body above and the
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Male solifuge in South
African veld: Its flagella are visible near the tips of the chelicerae, looking like large, backward-curling bristles.
282:
2661:
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779:. Additionally, solifuges are voracious eaters. It's common for adult females to eat so much that they're temporarily unable to walk.
1996:"Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi"
513:
organ, which are used for capturing prey, and also for bringing water to their mouthparts for drinking and climbing smooth surfaces.
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1913:
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that time in the laboratory. The
Solifugae undergo a number of stages including, egg, postembryo, 9–10 nymphal instars, and adults.
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and are placed close together. These eyes have a pigment-cup structure and are covered by a domed outer lens made from the animal's
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on the ground and then inserts it with his chelicerae in the female's genital pore. To do this, he flings the female on her back.
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and pigment cells are present. In species where lateral eyes are functional, they probably aid in detecting motions or changes in
516:
1994:
Ballesteros, JesĂşs A.; Santibáñez LĂłpez, Carlos E.; Kováč, Ä˝ubomĂr; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Sharma, Prashant P. (18 December 2019).
747:
make up the bulk of their diet. However, these animals have been known to consume anything they can subdue. This includes other
335:. Spiders need considerable mobility of their abdomens in their spinning activities, and the Solifugae have no such adaptation.
692:, gravel plains, and mountain valleys. In addition to the desert, certain solifuges live in more arid grasslands and forests.
453:
425:
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496:, and they have only five segments each. The pedipalps of the Solifugae function partly as sense organs similar to insects'
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Depending on the species in question, solifuges may be more sedentary or on the move. Sedentary species are often
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2421:
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2435:
Aruchami, M.; Sundara Rajulu, G. (1978). "An investigation on the poison glands and the nature of the venom of
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A sticky situation: Solifugids (Arachnida, Solifugae) use adhesive organs on their pedipalps for prey capture
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species). One 1978 study is frequently quoted, in which the authors report detection of an exception in
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Solifuges eat in different ways based on the shape of their food. Prey that is long and narrow is held
3168:
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381:
200:
249:). Because of this, it's less ambiguous to call them "solifuges". Most species of solifuge live in
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glands nor any venom-delivery apparatus such as the fangs of spiders, stings of wasps, or venomous
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without a name. Because of this, a later genomic study established three additional families:
851:
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1983:
Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky
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2007:
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The first, or anterior, of the five pairs of leg-like appendages are not "actual" legs, but
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2321:"Neglected no longer: Phylogenomic resolution of higher-level relationships in Solifugae"
2361:
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1982:
922:. Solifuges can be divided into two groups of families which are recognized as distinct
437:, which in many species are longer than the prosoma. Each of the two chelicerae has two
421:
Chewing movement of the chelicerae in solifuges dorsal view (top) and side view (bottom)
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of a large specimen may inflict a painful nip, but nothing medically significant.
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2485:"Mystery bug bite leaves Arizona man covered in bruises, 'excruciating pain'"
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origin for Boreosolifugae. When looking at their relationships, the families
354:. Unlike scorpions, solifuges do not have a third tagma that forms a "tail".
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2011:
617:. The ocelli's lenses are usually atrophied. However, in some species both
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1542:, and caused the family to blame the solifuge for the death of their pet
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not separated by nearly as clear a constriction and connecting tube or "
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1884:
1867:
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Solifuges have been recognized as distinct taxa from ancient times. In
911:
882:(reproducing once a year). Reproduction can involve direct or indirect
867:
791:
634:
613:. These eyes are found in pits on the animal's cephalic lobes near the
346:. It is covered by a carapace, also called a prosomal dorsal shield or
311:
299:
246:
230:
121:
100:
75:
3147:
1456:, as being responsible for the abandoning of a desert region near the
112:
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843:
776:
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Among the most distinctive features of the Solifugae are their large
362:
339:
242:
155:
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1460:
river (said to be in India, but thought to be a river in Ethiopia).
590:. Interspersed between the rhabdomeres are pigment cells. The eye's
3212:
2639:
1908:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 613–614.
712:
586:
beneath. Rhabdomeres are light-sensitive and function as the eye's
2923:
2047:
The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles
1521:
1481:
1431:
963:
915:
883:
622:
618:
515:
452:
424:
416:
294:
Like that of spiders, the body plan of the Solifugae has two main
281:
267:
234:
2460:"Paratrooper's family flees home after Afghan spider 'kills dog'"
1866:
Dunlop, Jason A.; KrĂĽger, Jessica; Alberti, Gerd (31 July 2012).
1130:
Below is a family tree of the various solifuge families based on
833:. When the pedipalps are used, prey is initially caught with the
825:. Depending on the meal's size, prey is seized with the animal's
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1505:
847:
814:
799:
783:
772:
740:
677:
595:
3080:
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2708:
2643:
2157:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
1962:. Translated by Kinsey, S. Berlin: Springer. pp. 125–126.
3301:
urn:lsid:wac.nmbe.ch:name:8ebd0ed5-faab-4723-b248-38928e4a1b6b
2160:
Invertebrate zoology : a functional evolutionary approach
1543:
795:
602:
559:
3173:
2520:
Common Spiders and Other Arachnids of The Gambia, West Africa
1960:
Multicellular Animals: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa
2163:. Internet Archive. Belmont, CA : Thomson-Brooks/Cole.
429:
Lateral aspect of chelicera, showing teeth and cutting edge
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1868:"The sejugal furrow in camel spiders and acariform mites"
1732:(2 ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Academic Press.
786:, most solifuges rapidly move about while tapping their
338:
The prosoma comprises the head, the mouthparts, and the
2000:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
842:, these are typically areas that have a high amount of
286:
Ventral aspect of a solifuge, showing respiratory slots
2625:"Camel Spiders: Behind an E-Mail Sensation From Iraq"
790:
on the ground. The only exception is the majority of
672:. Within the desert, solifuges live in a variety of
504:
true legs commonly are smaller and thinner than the
3089:
2964:
2941:
2922:
2897:
2859:
2834:
2809:
2778:
2751:
2740:
2719:
1464:theorized in 1797 that the "mice" that plagued the
445:with their chelicerae, producing a rattling noise.
2044:
237:. Despite the common names, they are neither true
566:These eyes are oriented at the very front of its
1452:, "four-jawed spiders" are credited, along with
942:. This phylogeny is considered congruent with a
1488:staged fights between solifuges and scorpions.
817:using three main hunting strategies: stalking,
229:. The order includes more than 1,000 described
2089:Goggo Guide: The arthropods of southern Africa
2087:Holm, Erik; Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie (2010).
1594:"Solifugae (solifuges, solifugids, solpugids)"
743:in their given environment. For most species,
253:and feed opportunistically on ground-dwelling
2655:
2405:
2403:
2397:- where they are called "four-jawed spiders".
1933:. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's. p. 23.
594:begins at its center and is connected to the
8:
1929:Shultz, Stanley; Shultz, Marguerite (2009).
1630:
1628:
1497:estimated to be 16 km/h (10 mph).
664:. Surprisingly, these animals are absent in
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
578:, a multi-tiered structure with a layer of
368:Like other arachnids outside the orders of
3077:
3037:
2938:
2903:
2840:
2815:
2748:
2716:
2705:
2662:
2648:
2640:
886:transfer; when indirect, the male emits a
111:
31:
2360:
2319:Gavish-Regev, Efrat (15 September 2023).
2019:
1883:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
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2182:
2180:
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1757:
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1749:
1636:"Egyptian giant solpugid (camel spider)
711:
549:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2223:
2221:
1561:
558:Solifuges have a pair of large central
3334:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
1610:
1500:The Solifugae apparently have neither
2522:. Siri Scientific Press. p. 71.
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2262:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1682:(in German). Westarp Wissenschaften.
1587:
1585:
1583:
266:The order's name is derived from the
223:solifuges, sun spiders, camel spiders
7:
3200:1308dff2-c3f5-47fa-a0de-c0a40bb41d16
2116:. City: BHB International / Struik.
1899:
1897:
1895:
1707:. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
1680:Giftige und gefährliche Spinnentiere
520:A female of a species in the family
2609:Mikkelson, Barbara & David P.
2543:Szalay, Jessie (17 December 2014).
1342:
1334:
1311:
1240:
1217:
1171:
1163:
1149:
1137:
946:origin for Australosolifugae and a
798:, feeling with their long hairlike
2545:"Camel Spiders: Facts & Myths"
1462:Anton August Heinrich Lichtenstein
1440:(left) fighting a solifuge (right)
528:beneath the posterior pair of legs
380:, having instead a well-developed
25:
1730:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
574:. Below the dome is the animal's
3021:are possibly paraphyletic groups
2586:
930:which live predominantly in the
554:Solifuge eyes with bristly setae
132:
2631:. June 29, 2004. Archived from
2618:: Urban Legends Reference Pages
2495:from the original on 2022-08-04
2458:Siddique, Haroon (2008-08-28).
1646:. 11 April 2010. Archived from
759:, and smaller solifuges, other
739:, feeding on a wide variety of
3339:Pennsylvanian taxonomic orders
2603:"The Arachnid Order Solifugae"
2410:Klann, Anja Elisabeth (2009).
605:, solifuges possess a pair of
1:
2483:Sung, Jenny (July 27, 2017).
2235:. Natural History Museum Bern
2091:. Pretoria: LAPA Publishers.
1598:www.biodiversityexplorer.info
3012:Classification is based on
2190:The Biology of Camel-Spiders
1931:The Tarantula Keeper's Guide
1872:Arachnologische Mitteilungen
1831:The Biology of Camel-Spiders
1705:Biology of the Invertebrates
898:Classification and phylogeny
878:The Solifugae are typically
310:tagma, and the 10-segmented
241:(order Scorpiones) nor true
2872:(shorttailed whipscorpions)
2551:. Purch Group. Live Science
2516:"Solifugae (camel spiders)"
2274:10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107989
1026:Suborder Australosolifugae
342:that bear the legs and the
3360:
2345:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107684
1904:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1617:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1570:"Solifugae (camel spider)"
601:In addition to the median
3047:
3036:
3008:
2906:
2850:(tailless whip scorpions)
2843:
2818:
2715:
2704:
2678:
2439:(Solifugae: Arachnida)".
2229:"World Solifugae Catalog"
1386:
1362:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1317:
1309:
1260:
1245:
1238:
1222:
1215:
1191:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1147:
938:which live mostly in the
918:assigned to 16 different
703:Behavior and life history
598:of numerous rhabdomeres.
129:Scientific classification
127:
119:
110:
41:Late Carboniferous–recent
34:
2114:Southern African Spiders
1728:Mullen, Gary R. (2009).
1428:Relationship with humans
981:Suborder Boreosolifugae
629:Habitat and distribution
2233:World Solifugae Catalog
2112:Filmer, Martin (1997).
1508:of caterpillars (e.g.,
1476:, troops stationed in
1472:were Solifugae. During
633:Most solifuges live in
2422:Universität Greifswald
2043:Brown, Lesley (1993).
2012:10.1098/rspb.2019.2426
1703:Pechenik, Jan (1996).
1441:
962:, leading to multiple
802:, smelling with their
728:
721:eating a cabbage bug (
555:
529:
458:
430:
422:
287:
278:Anatomy and physiology
3286:Paleobiology Database
2731:(microwhip scorpions)
2514:David Penney (2009).
2441:Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett
2437:Rhagodes nigrocinctus
1574:Paleobiology Database
1526:Rhagodes nigrocinctus
1435:
910:comprising over 1200
813:Solifuges hunt their
715:
553:
519:
456:
428:
420:
376:, the Solifugae lack
285:
3195:Fauna Europaea (new)
2913:(hooded tickspiders)
2573:Camel Spider Feeding
1906:Invertebrate Zoology
1678:Schimdt, G. (1993).
393:of internal organs.
2629:National Geographic
2385:"Aelian, NA. 17.40"
2337:2023iSci...26j7684K
2187:Fred Punzo (1998).
1828:Fred Punzo (1998).
1650:on January 21, 2010
1644:National Geographic
1540:Colchester, England
1450:De natura animalium
1119:Petrunkevitch, 1953
940:Northern Hemisphere
932:Southern Hemisphere
688:, rocky hillsides,
399:respiratory pigment
221:known variously as
2786:Pseudoscorpionida
2575:by Stefan F. Wirth
2006:(1917): 20192426.
1954:Ax, Peter (2000).
1885:10.5431/aramit4303
1442:
729:
556:
530:
459:
449:Legs and pedipalps
431:
423:
331:, and do not spin
288:
27:Order of arachnids
3311:
3310:
3273:Open Tree of Life
3083:Taxon identifiers
3074:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2974:Opilioacariformes
2934:
2914:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2851:
2826:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2788:(pseudoscorpions)
2770:
2762:
2732:
2594:Arthropods portal
2529:978-0-9558636-3-9
2170:978-0-03-025982-1
1940:978-0-7641-3885-0
1739:978-0-12-372500-4
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1375:
1374:
1304:Australosolifugae
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1204:
1203:
1120:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
958:were found to be
928:Australosolifugae
902:Solifuges are an
782:When looking for
724:Eurydema oleracea
690:desert shrublands
208:
207:
204:
16:(Redirected from
3351:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3078:
3057:Phalangiotarbida
3038:
3020:
2985:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2879:
2871:
2849:
2841:
2824:
2816:
2795:
2787:
2768:
2760:
2749:
2744:
2730:
2717:
2706:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2636:
2635:on July 1, 2004.
2606:
2605:. Warren Savary.
2596:
2591:
2590:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2067:
2066:
2050:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1825:
1744:
1743:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1592:Larson, Norman.
1589:
1578:
1577:
1566:
1343:
1335:
1312:
1241:
1218:
1172:
1164:
1150:
1138:
1118:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1070:Melanoblossiidae
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
926:. These are the
708:Diet and hunting
676:. These include
562:known as median
389:penetrating the
199:
137:
136:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3329:Arachnid orders
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3085:
3075:
3066:
3043:
3024:
3018:
2996:
2960:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2898:
2885:
2855:
2830:
2801:
2796:(camel spiders)
2774:
2742:
2736:
2711:
2700:
2674:
2668:
2623:
2611:"Camel Spiders"
2601:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2549:livescience.com
2542:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2070:
2063:
2053:Clarendon Press
2042:
2041:
2037:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1827:
1826:
1747:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1494:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1376:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1205:
1128:
1123:
1116:Protosolpugidae
1111:incertae sedis
1109:
1097:(Wharton, 1981)
1089:(Wharton, 1981)
1049:Kraepelin, 1899
1024:
1012:Kraepelin, 1899
996:Sundevall, 1833
988:Kraepelin, 1901
900:
876:
718:Gluvia dorsalis
710:
705:
650:Southern Europe
631:
548:
451:
415:
382:tracheal system
361:, or head, and
280:
264:
198:
131:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3191:
3182:Fauna Europaea
3178:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3111:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3062:Trigonotarbida
3059:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3019:Items in green
3016:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2966:Parasitiformes
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2956:Trombidiformes
2953:
2951:Sarcoptiformes
2947:
2945:
2936:
2931:(ticks, mites)
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2819:
2813:
2811:Tetrapulmonata
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2721:Incertae sedis
2713:
2712:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2621:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2581:
2580:External links
2578:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2535:
2528:
2506:
2475:
2450:
2427:
2399:
2376:
2303:
2246:
2217:
2203:
2176:
2169:
2149:
2140:
2129:
2122:
2104:
2098:978-0799346893
2097:
2068:
2061:
2035:
1986:
1975:
1968:
1946:
1939:
1921:
1914:
1891:
1858:
1844:
1745:
1738:
1720:
1713:
1695:
1688:
1661:
1638:Galeodes arabs
1624:
1579:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1493:
1490:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
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1221:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:Boreosolifugae
1148:
1146:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1057:(Roewer, 1933)
1051:
1043:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
980:
936:Boreosolifugae
899:
896:
875:
872:
806:, and sensing
735:and typically
731:Solifuges are
709:
706:
704:
701:
674:micro-habitats
630:
627:
588:photoreceptors
547:
544:
450:
447:
414:
411:
401:common in the
374:Tetrapulmonata
279:
276:
263:
260:
227:wind scorpions
206:
205:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
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143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
120:Solifuge from
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3356:
3345:
3344:Urban legends
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3017:
3015:
3014:Shultz (2007)
3011:
3010:
3007:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2882:
2880:(vinegaroons)
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2860:Thelyphonida
2858:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
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2808:
2798:
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2428:
2423:
2419:
2418:Dr. rer. nat.
2415:
2414:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2387:. attalus.org
2386:
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2331:(9): 107684.
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2204:0-7923-8155-6
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2123:1-86825-188-8
2119:
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2100:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
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2069:
2064:
2062:0-19-861271-0
2058:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1969:9783662103968
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1915:0-03-056747-5
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
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1845:0-7923-8155-6
1841:
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1714:0-697-13712-0
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1689:3-89432-405-8
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1177:
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1129:
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1086:Lipophagidae
1081:Roewer, 1934
1073:Roewer, 1933
1065:Pocock, 1897
1054:Dinorhaxidae
1041:Roewer, 1933
1033:Roewer, 1934
1020:Pocock, 1897
1004:Roewer, 1933
985:Eremobatidae
976:Namibesiidae
972:Lipophagidae
968:Dinorhaxidae
960:paraphyletic
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892:
877:
874:Reproduction
860:
812:
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226:
222:
210:
209:
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3221:iNaturalist
3115:Wikispecies
2979:Holothyrida
2943:Acariformes
2899:Acaromorpha
2870:Schizomida
2769:(scorpions)
2767:Scorpiones
2729:Palpigradi
2696:Chelicerata
2694:Subphylum:
2489:Global News
2210:January 25,
1956:"Solifugae"
1603:1 September
1474:World War I
1466:Philistines
1225:Karschiidae
1105:Leach, 1815
1078:Mummuciidae
1009:Karschiidae
829:or massive
737:generalists
686:floodplains
658:Middle East
639:subtropical
625:intensity.
592:optic nerve
584:rhabdomeres
572:exoskeleton
407:palpigrades
316:opisthosoma
176:Chelicerata
172:Subphylum:
3318:Categories
2911:Ricinulei
2848:Amblypygi
2794:Solifugae
2759:Opiliones
2690:Arthropoda
2616:Snopes.com
2469:2019-08-01
2447:: 191–192.
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1557:References
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1531:parenteral
1524:, in that
1365:Solpugidae
1263:Rhagodidae
1248:Galeodidae
1179:Gylippidae
1102:Solpugidae
1017:Rhagodidae
1001:Gylippidae
993:Galeodidae
880:univoltine
840:arthropods
831:chelicerae
808:vibrations
765:millipedes
761:arthropods
733:carnivores
682:sand flats
678:sand dunes
670:Madagascar
662:South Asia
615:chelicerae
522:Solpugidae
483:metatarsus
467:trochanter
443:stridulate
435:chelicerae
413:Chelicerae
395:Hemocyanin
387:tracheoles
378:book lungs
255:arthropods
166:Arthropoda
3324:Solifugae
3121:Solifugae
3091:Solifugae
3052:Haptopoda
2836:Pedipalpi
2825:(spiders)
2743:Dromopoda
2671:Arachnida
2420:thesis).
2353:2589-0042
2298:266166984
2282:1055-7903
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1851:31 August
1458:Astaboras
1454:scorpions
1320:Ceromidae
1143:Solifugae
1126:Phylogeny
1046:Daesiidae
1038:Ceromidae
956:Daesiidae
948:Laurasian
944:Gondwanan
924:suborders
908:arachnids
827:pedipalps
823:ambushing
788:pedipalps
757:scorpions
749:arachnids
697:fossorial
666:Australia
607:vestigial
511:suctorial
506:posterior
494:pedipalps
403:hemolymph
391:epithelia
370:scorpions
348:peltidium
344:pedipalps
320:posterior
318:, is the
306:, is the
272:Afrikaans
262:Etymology
239:scorpions
219:arachnids
211:Solifugae
201:Sundevall
196:Solifugae
186:Arachnida
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
35:Solifugae
18:Solifugid
3143:BugGuide
3100:Wikidata
2984:Ixodida
2878:Uropygi
2823:Araneae
2688:Phylum:
2684:Animalia
2682:Kingdom
2499:July 27,
2493:Archived
2391:March 6,
2371:37694155
2362:10484990
2325:iScience
2290:38072141
2195:Springer
2030:31847768
1836:Springer
1654:June 10,
1613:cite web
1438:scorpion
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920:families
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852:antennae
804:malleoli
646:Americas
609:lateral
535:malleoli
526:malleoli
502:anterior
498:antennae
439:articles
372:and the
359:cephalon
308:anterior
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
3042:Extinct
2986:(ticks)
2555:19 July
2333:Bibcode
2021:6939912
1517:Acharia
1511:Lonomia
1478:Abū Qīr
1468:in the
1388:Others
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745:insects
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642:deserts
635:tropics
475:patella
340:somites
325:pedicel
312:abdomen
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