95:
493:(TK); both HGPRT and TK are enzymes of the salvage pathway. On a HAT medium, only those cells that have active HGPRT (HGPRT+) and TK (TK+) enzymes can proliferate, while those deficient in these enzymes (HGPRr- and/or TK-) can not divide (since they cannot produce purines and pyrimidines due to the aminopterin present in the HAT medium). For using HAT medium as a selective agent,
36:
379:
A generalized scheme for somatic cell hybridization may be described as follows. Appropriate human and mouse cells are selected and mixed together in the presence of inactivated Sendai virus or PEG to promote cell fusion. After a period of time, the cells (a mixture of man, mouse and 'hybrid' cells)
497:
used for fusion must be deficient for either the enzyme HGPRT or TK, while mouse cells must be deficient for the other enzyme of this pair. Thus, one may fuse HGPRT deficient human cells (designated as TK+ HGPRr-) with TK deficient mouse cells (denoted as TK- HGPRT+). Their fusion products (hybrid
375:
of cells and alter their properties in such a way that facilitates their fusion. Fusion of two cells produces a heterokaryon, i.e., a single hybrid cell with two nuclei, one from each of the cells entering fusion. Subsequently, the two nuclei also fuse to yield a hybrid cell with a single nucleus.
863:
macro chloroplast in somatic hybrids. when the potato is hybridized with tomato instead of getting any one character both character will exhibit and get a new plant called Pomato
Journal of Plant Physiology 143, 72-77.
502:) and HGPRT+ (due to the mouse gene) and will multiply on the HAT medium, while the man and mouse cells will fail to do so. Experiments with other selective media can be planned in a similar fashion.
743:
Helgeson JP, Hunt GJ, Haberlach GT, Austin S (1986). "Somatic hybrids between
Solanum brevidens and Solanum tuberosum: expression of a late blight resistance gene and potato leaf roll resistance".
573:
Note: The table only lists a few examples, there are many more crosses. The possibilities of this technology are great; however, not all species are easily put into protoplast culture.
430:
between the presence and absence of a human chromosome and that of a trait in the hybrid clones, the gene governing the trait is taken to be located in the concerned chromosome.
901:
482:
549:
Somatic cell fusion overcomes sexual incompatibility barriers. In some cases somatic hybrids between two incompatible plants have also found application in
194:
The cells are then fused using electric shock (electrofusion) or chemical treatment to join the cells and fuse together the nuclei. The resulting fused
807:
727:
469:. However, normal human and mouse cells can still multiply as they can utilize hypoxanthine and thymidine present in the medium through a
419:
under investigation. An attempt is now made to correlate the presence and absence of the trait with the presence and absence of a
937:
433:
The HAT medium is one of the several selective media used for the selection of hybrid cells. This medium is supplemented with
560:
Somatic cell fusion is useful in the study of cytoplasmic genes and their activities and this information can be applied in
927:
160:, which is resistant to the disease. The resulting hybrid has the chromosomes of both plants and is thus similar to
932:
153:
144:
Uses of somatic fusion include developing plants resistant to disease, such as making potato plants resistant to
121:. Hybrids have been produced either between different varieties of the same species (e.g. between non-flowering
282:
884:
266:
of different types can be fused to obtain hybrid cells. Hybrid cells are useful in a variety of ways, e.g.,
942:
786:
Hamill, John D.; Cocking, Edward C. (1988). "Somatic
Hybridization of Plants and its Use in Agriculture".
236:
896:
828:
516:
307:
240:
212:
145:
404:
399:(each derived from a single hybrid cell) of the hybrid cells are thus isolated and subjected to both
396:
311:
110:
520:
365:
228:
74:
768:
255:
and calcium ion at high pH can be used, although results are variable depending on the organism.
98:
Fused protoplast (left) with chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) and coloured vacuole (from a petal).
356:
occurs at a very low rate (10-6). Cell fusion is enhanced 100 to 1000 times by the addition of
803:
760:
723:
550:
338:
289:
152:– the yield of which is severely reduced by a viral disease transmitted on by the aphid
56:
48:
880:
795:
752:
715:
490:
420:
381:
114:
64:
865:
841:
486:
470:
416:
372:
275:
125:
plants and flowering potato plants) or between two different species (e.g. between wheat
73:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
561:
446:
389:
329:
mapping through somatic cell hybridization is essentially based on fusion of human and
300:
252:
511:
Somatic cell fusion appears to be the only means through which two different parental
921:
473:, which ordinarily recycles the purines and pyrimidines produced from degradation of
271:
17:
772:
474:
462:
450:
434:
400:
361:
296:
263:
232:
199:
195:
185:
113:
in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new
719:
706:
Sink, K. C.; Jain, R. K.; Chowdhury, J. B. (1992). "Somatic Cell
Hybridization".
799:
554:
438:
427:
357:
353:
244:
94:
68:
888:
876:
856:
494:
466:
458:
385:
326:
319:
189:
543:
535:
442:
342:
334:
181:
161:
138:
764:
60:
52:
35:
879:(2002): Observation of polarity induction by cytochemical localization of
531:
315:
216:
127:
164:
plants. Somatic hybridization was first introduced by
Carlson et al. in
823:
Torrence, James (2008). "Higher
Biology" (2nd ed.). Hodder Gibson.
756:
539:
527:
478:
412:
206:
227:
protoplasts can be initiated without electric shock but by the use of
860:
512:
454:
408:
349:
180:
The removal of the cell wall of one cell of each type of plant using
133:
122:
330:
248:
93:
855:
Solvey Rother, Birgit
Hadeler, José M. Orsini, Wolfgang O. Abel,
892:
499:
224:
29:
506:
Characteristics of somatic hybridization and cybridization
156:– is fused with the wild, non-tuber-bearing potato
223:
The procedure for seed plants describe above, fusion of
352:
species or of the same species) are mixed, spontaneous
219:
and finally to a full plant, known as a somatic hybrid.
243:. Instead, regenerating moss protoplasts behave like
205:
The formation of the cell wall is then induced using
569:
Inter-specific and inter-generic fusion achievements
911:Mahesh. Plant Molecular biotechnology. 2009. Book.
710:. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics.
314:(hybrid cells between an immortalised cell and an
176:The somatic fusion process occurs in four steps:
348:When human and mouse cells (or cells of any two
148:. Through somatic fusion, the crop potato plant
47:about beyond plants: in fungi (see citations in
27:Genetic modification fusing plants into a hybrid
483:hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
231:(PEG). Further, moss protoplasts do not need
8:
117:plant with the characteristics of both, a
538:) plants can be fused to produce fertile
575:
698:
837:
826:
498:cells) will be TK+ (due to the human
7:
708:Distant Hybridization of Crop Plants
71:) -- anything with protoplasts work.
25:
526:Protoplasts of sexually sterile (
477:. Hypoxanthine is converted into
875:S.C. Bhatla, Justine Kiessling,
449:aminopterin blocks the cellular
341:are fused with mouse continuous
333:somatic cells. Generally, human
215:which then are further grown to
34:
211:The cells are then grown into
1:
445:, hence the name HAT medium.
720:10.1007/978-3-642-84306-8_10
485:(HGPRT), while thymidine is
270:(i) to study the control of
259:Applications of hybrid cells
63:), in very different algae (
900:. Protoplasma 219, 99-105.
800:10.1007/978-3-642-73157-0_3
371:These agents adhere to the
959:
69:10.1099/00221287-134-3-635
519:among plants that cannot
364:(parainfluenza) virus or
283:malignant transformations
239:, and they do not form a
788:Plant Cell Biotechnology
146:potato leaf roll disease
172:Process for plant cells
938:Biological engineering
836:Cite journal requires
426:If there is a perfect
423:in the hybrid clones.
392:of hybrid cells only.
99:
45:is missing information
897:Physcomitrella patens
523:(asexual or sterile).
407:for the detection of
308:monoclonal antibodies
97:
18:Somatic compatibility
668:Arabidopsis thaliana
405:biochemical analyses
281:(ii) to investigate
184:enzyme to produce a
111:genetic modification
928:Genetic engineering
673:Brassica campestris
388:, which allows the
366:polyethylene glycol
229:polyethylene glycol
859:(1994): Fate of a
757:10.1007/BF00269122
608:Torrentia fourneri
521:reproduce sexually
306:(v) production of
301:chromosome mapping
251:. Of further note
100:
933:Molecular biology
809:978-3-642-73159-4
729:978-3-642-84308-2
690:
689:
644:Nicotiana tabacum
637:Atropa belladonna
620:Brassica oleracea
596:Brassica sinensis
290:viral replication
158:Solanum brevidens
150:Solanum tuberosum
107:protoplast fusion
92:
91:
16:(Redirected from
950:
912:
909:
903:
887:in regenerating
881:phenylalkylamine
873:
867:
853:
847:
845:
839:
834:
832:
824:
820:
814:
813:
783:
777:
776:
740:
734:
733:
703:
576:
491:thymidine kinase
421:human chromosome
403:and appropriate
382:selective medium
380:are plated on a
373:plasma membranes
288:(iii) to obtain
166:Nicotiana glauca
87:
84:
78:
55:), in bacteria (
38:
30:
21:
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
949:
948:
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835:
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817:
810:
785:
784:
780:
742:
741:
737:
730:
705:
704:
700:
695:
680:Petunia hybrida
571:
508:
471:salvage pathway
276:gene expression
261:
174:
109:, is a type of
88:
82:
79:
72:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
956:
954:
946:
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935:
930:
920:
919:
914:
913:
904:
868:
848:
838:|journal=
815:
808:
778:
751:(3): 212–214.
745:Plant Cell Rep
735:
728:
697:
696:
694:
691:
688:
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682:
676:
675:
670:
664:
663:
658:
656:Datura innoxia
652:
651:
646:
640:
639:
634:
632:Datura innoxia
628:
627:
622:
616:
615:
610:
604:
603:
598:
592:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:plant breeding
558:
547:
524:
507:
504:
487:phosphorylated
481:by the enzyme
447:Antimetabolite
390:multiplication
324:
323:
304:
293:
286:
279:
260:
257:
253:sodium nitrate
221:
220:
209:
203:
192:
173:
170:
119:somatic hybrid
105:, also called
103:Somatic fusion
90:
89:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
955:
944:
943:Biotechnology
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657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
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642:
641:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:B. campestris
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
582:Crossed with
581:
578:
577:
574:
568:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
505:
503:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:nucleic acids
472:
468:
464:
463:simple sugars
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
418:
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406:
402:
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328:
321:
317:
313:
310:by producing
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
272:cell division
269:
268:
267:
265:
264:Somatic cells
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:phytohormones
230:
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46:
43:This article
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37:
32:
31:
19:
907:
895:
871:
851:
829:cite journal
818:
791:
787:
781:
748:
744:
738:
711:
707:
701:
684:
679:
672:
667:
660:
655:
649:N. glutinosa
648:
643:
636:
631:
624:
619:
612:
607:
600:
595:
572:
564:experiments.
451:biosynthesis
435:hypoxanthine
432:
425:
394:
378:
370:
360:inactivated
347:
325:
262:
237:regeneration
222:
200:heterokaryon
186:somatic cell
175:
165:
157:
149:
143:
132:
126:
118:
106:
102:
101:
83:January 2022
80:
44:
889:protoplasts
714:: 168–198.
613:T. bailloni
601:B. oleracea
555:agriculture
495:human cells
467:amino acids
459:pyrimidines
439:aminopterin
428:correlation
401:cytogenetic
358:ultraviolet
354:cell fusion
245:germinating
137:to produce
922:Categories
877:Ralf Reski
857:Ralf Reski
693:References
685:Vicia faba
661:D. candida
544:polyploids
517:recombined
386:HAT medium
343:cell lines
339:leucocytes
335:fibrocytes
327:Chromosome
320:lymphocyte
318:producing
198:is called
190:protoplast
885:receptors
883:-binding
794:: 21–41.
536:aneuploid
443:thymidine
350:mammalian
312:hybridoma
295:(iv) for
217:plantlets
188:called a
182:cellulase
162:polyploid
139:Triticale
75:talk page
773:22509378
765:24248136
551:industry
540:diploids
532:triploid
395:Several
384:, e.g.,
316:antibody
213:calluses
207:hormones
131:and rye
128:Triticum
61:14545006
53:24031488
891:of the
528:haploid
515:can be
513:genomes
479:guanine
455:purines
413:protein
368:(PEG).
322:), etc.
303:and for
196:nucleus
861:mutant
806:
771:
763:
726:
590:Maize
579:Cross
534:, and
409:enzyme
397:clones
362:Sendai
249:spores
241:callus
154:vector
134:Secale
123:potato
115:hybrid
59:
51:
769:S2CID
461:from
417:trait
331:mouse
247:moss
893:moss
842:help
804:ISBN
761:PMID
724:ISBN
587:Oat
542:and
500:gene
465:and
457:and
441:and
297:gene
274:and
235:for
225:moss
57:PMID
49:PMID
796:doi
753:doi
716:doi
553:or
489:by
453:of
337:or
299:or
141:).
65:doi
924::
833::
831:}}
827:{{
802:.
792:18
790:.
767:.
759:.
747:.
722:.
712:16
530:,
437:,
411:/
345:.
168:.
846:.
844:)
840:(
812:.
798::
775:.
755::
749:5
732:.
718::
557:.
546:.
415:/
292:,
285:,
278:,
202:.
85:)
81:(
77:.
67::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
