31:
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454:
is a result of mitotic recombination. However, it also depends on the allelic status of the genes undergoing recombination. Twin spot occurs only if the heterozygous genes are linked in repulsion, i.e. the trans phase. The recombination needs to occur between the centromeres of the adjacent gene.
397:
Gonosomal mosaicism is a type of somatic mosaicism that occurs very early in the organisms development and thus is present within both germline and somatic cells. Somatic mosaicism is not generally inheritable as it does not usually affect germ cells. In the instance of gonosomal mosaicism,
239:
regions in the genome. Further, the accumulation of DNA copy errors and damage over a lifetime lead to greater occurrences of mosaic tissues in aging humans. As longevity has increased dramatically over the last century, human genome may not have had time to adapt to cumulative effects of
539:
Using negatively marked clones is sometimes inconvenient, especially when generating very small patches of cells, where seeing a dark spot on a bright background is more difficult than a bright spot on a dark background. Creating positively marked clones is possible using the so-called
272:
and affect all cells of the organism, some cases occur where the trisomy occurs in only a selection of the cells. This may be caused by a nondisjunction event in an early mitosis, resulting in a loss of a chromosome from some trisomic cells. Generally, this leads to a milder
313:, called 46,XY/47,XXY mosaic wherein some of the patient's cells contain XY chromosomes, and some contain XXY chromosomes. The 46/47 annotation indicates that the XY cells have the normal number of 46 total chromosomes, and the XXY cells have a total of 47 chromosomes.
381:, where all cells in an organism have the same genotype, but a different copy of the X chromosome is expressed in different cells. The latter is the case in normal (XX) female mammals, although it is not always visible from the phenotype (as it is in
159:
In 1944, Belgovskii proposed that mosaicism could not account for certain mosaic expressions caused by chromosomal rearrangements involving heterochromatic inert regions. The associated weakening of biochemical activity led to what he called a
535:
expression, cells that undergo recombination will have progeny homozygous for either the marker or the allele being studied. Therefore, the cells that do not carry the marker (which are dark) can be identified as carrying a mutation.
133:, as a result of which mutations or small chromosomal rearrangements in somatic cells. Thus the inert region causes an increase in mutation frequency or small chromosomal rearrangements in active segments adjacent to inert regions.
475:, where specially selected strains frequently lose an X or a Y chromosome in one of the first embryonic cell divisions. These mosaics can then be used to analyze such things as courtship behavior, and female sexual attraction.
878:
Belgovskii, ML (1962) . "K Voprosu o
Mekhanizme Osushchestvleniya Mozaichnosti Svyazannoi s Geterokhromaticheskimi Raionami Khromosom" [The Causes of Mosaicism Associated With Heterochromatic Chromosome Regions].
95:, in which case the mutation will be passed on only to its daughter cells (and will be present only in certain adult cells). Somatic mosaicism is not generally inheritable as it does not generally affect germ cells.
298:, where a fly possessing two X chromosomes is a female and a fly possessing a single X chromosome is a sterile male, a loss of an X chromosome early in embryonic development can result in sexual mosaics, or
562:
gene is used to repress the action of GAL4, preventing the expression of GFP. Instead of using GFP to mark the wild-type chromosome as above, GAL80 serves this purpose, so that when it is removed by
463:
gene. The resulting BLM protein is defective. The defect in RecQ, a helicase, facilitates the defective unwinding of DNA during replication, thus is associated with the occurrence of this disease.
1815:
125:
inert regions, several hypotheses on the nature of such mosaicism were proposed. One hypothesis assumed that mosaicism appears as the result of a break and loss of chromosome segments.
1773:
1729:"From Many, One -- Diverse mammals, including humans, have been found to carry distinct genomes in their cells. What does such genetic chimerism mean for health and disease?"
1736:
398:
organisms have the potential to pass the genetic alteration, including to potential offspring because the altered allele is present in both somatic and germline cells.
450:
in 1936. The amount of tissue that is mosaic depends on where in the tree of cell division the exchange takes place. A phenotypic character called "twin spot" seen in
197:—carry a mutation, but the rest are normal. The cause is usually a mutation that occurred in an early stem cell that gave rise to all or part of the gametes.
327:
Mosaicism need not necessarily be deleterious, though. Revertant somatic mosaicism is a rare recombination event with a spontaneous correction of a mutant,
2342:
1712:
331:. In revertant mosaicism, the healthy tissue formed by mitotic recombination can outcompete the original, surrounding mutant cells in tissues such as
1766:
1193:
Fitzgerald, P. H.; Donald, R. A.; Kirk, R. L. (1979). "A true hermaphrodite dispermic chimera with 46,XX and 46,XY karyotypes".
1592:. In Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Pagon, Roberta A.; Wallace, Stephanie E.; Bean, Lora J.H.; Stephens, Karen; Amemiya, Anne (eds.).
1126:
829:
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of the body are of more than one genotype. In the more common mosaics, different genotypes arise from a single fertilized egg cell, due to
148:. When it does, it results in somatic (body) mosaics. These organisms contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissue. The term
2455:
1759:
2445:
87:. Anaphase lagging is the most common way by which mosaicism arises in the preimplantation embryo. Mosaicism can also result from a
566:, GAL4 is allowed to function, and GFP turns on. This results in the cells of interest being marked brightly in a dark background.
2028:
324:. Around 30% of Turner's syndrome cases demonstrate mosaicism, while complete monosomy (45, X) occurs in about 50–60% of cases.
216:
Somatic mutation leading to mosaicism is prevalent in the beginning and end stages of human life. Somatic mosaics are common in
2427:
2370:
1960:
856:
Sturtevant, A. H. (1929). "The claret mutant type of
Drosophila simulans: a study of chromosome elimination and cell-lineage".
2421:
2360:
2298:
235:. In early development, DNA from undifferentiated cell types may be more susceptible to mobile element invasion due to long,
556:. This system builds on the GAL4/UAS system, which is used to express GFP in specific cells. However, a globally expressed
1915:
1518:
Lee MH, Siddoway B, Kaeser GE, Segota I, Rivera R, Romanow WJ, Liu CS, Park C, Kennedy G, Long T, Chun J (November 2018).
1944:
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2004:
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1996:
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can present with some form of mosaicism. The only non-lethal full monosomy occurring in humans is the one causing
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2431:
2230:
1150:
Marchi, M. De; et al. (2008). "True hermaphroditism with XX/XY sex chromosome mosaicism: Report of a case".
528:
118:
1919:
1615:
Nissani, M (1975). "A new behavioral bioassay for an analysis of sexual attraction and pheromones in insects".
496:
340:
285:
1704:
459:. another example of mitotic recombination is the Bloom's syndrome, which happens due to the mutation in the
248:
has shown that somatic mutations are increasingly present throughout a lifetime and are responsible for most
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46:
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137:
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1660:"Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker for studies of gene function in neuronal morphogenesis"
328:
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2150:
1956:
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that recognizes "flip recombinase target" (FRT) sites, which are short sequences of DNA, and induces
321:
310:
232:
531:) and an allele of a gene to be studied (both on chromosomes bearing FRT sites). After induction of
2459:
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1906:
1295:
Nissani, Moti (1978). "The site of function of the Y chromosome in
Drosophila melanogaster males".
549:
153:
763:
Taylor, T. H.; Gitlin, S. A.; Patrick, J. L.; Crain, J. L.; Wilson, J. M.; Griffin, D. K. (2014).
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221:
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65:
887:(6). United States Department of Commerce - Office of Technical Services: 325–356. OTS 61-11476.
765:"The origin, mechanisms, incidence and clinical consequences of chromosomal mosaicism in humans"
1471:"Unexpected relevant role of gene mosaicism in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases"
1017:
Schwab, Angela L.; et al. (2007). "Gonadal mosaicism and familial adenomatous polyposis".
121:
and
Schultz in 1936 showed that in all cases studied these rearrangements were associated with
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2016:
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1972:
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gene can then be induced selectively, commonly using either the heat shock promoter or the
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in 1935 assumed that the structural changes in the chromosomes took place as a result of
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Hotta, Yoshiki; Benzer, Seymour (1972). "Mapping of
Behaviour in Drosophila mosaics".
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2009:
1989:
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1427:"Review and hypotheses: Somatic mosaicism, observations related to clinical genetics"
601:
217:
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58:
1316:
1222:
1046:
746:
645:
Campbell, Ian M.; Shaw, Chad A.; Stankiewicz, Pawel; Lupski, James R. (2015-07-01).
343:, normal skin spots appear early in life and increase in number and size over time.
30:
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1977:
1965:
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1937:
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Genetic mosaics are a particularly powerful tool when used in the commonly studied
303:
206:
80:
999:
374:
to induce somatic mutation has been a useful technique in the study of genetics.
75:
Genetic mosaicism can result from many different mechanisms including chromosome
17:
2216:
2187:
2182:
2079:
1337:"Revertant somatic mosaicism by mitotic recombination in Dyskeratosis Congenita"
371:
363:
241:
229:
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1352:
937:
Stern, Curt 1968. "Genetic mosaics in animals and man". pp27–129, in Stern, C.
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126:
109:
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185:
Germline or gonadal mosaicism is a particular form of mosaicism wherein some
68:, wherein a single organism is composed of cells with more than one distinct
2177:
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1825:
1820:
781:
764:
545:
479:
289:
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The most common form of mosaicism found through prenatal diagnosis involves
1751:
1685:
1636:
1601:
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1504:
1411:
1370:
1136:
1095:
1038:
985:
839:
798:
738:
688:
1520:"Somatic APP gene recombination in Alzheimer's disease and normal neurons"
1452:
1270:
520:. The resulting clones can be identified either negatively or positively.
455:
This gives an appearance of yellow patches on the wild-type background in
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2111:
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1214:
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253:
249:
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69:
61:
54:
705:
Forsberg, Lars A.; Gisselsson, David; Dumanski, Jan P. (February 2017).
284:
conditions can be caused by mosaicism where some cells in the body have
2346:
2129:
1802:
1588:
Sanz, Maureen M.; German, James; Cunniff, Christopher (11 March 1993).
1308:
647:"Somatic mosaicism: implications for disease and transmission genetics"
544:("mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker" system, developed by
269:
265:
210:
145:
141:
1402:
1385:
1062:"Detectable Clonal Mosaicism and Its Relationship to Aging and Cancer"
113:, a genus of fruit fly. Muller in 1930 demonstrated that mosaicism in
1262:
194:
186:
1574:
King R. C; Stansfield W. D. and
Mulligan P. K. 2006.
1077:
897:
552:, and his postdoctoral student Tzumin Lee, who now leads a group at
416:. Possible sources of such variation were suggested to be incorrect
504:
between them. FRT sites have been inserted transgenically near the
205:
Somatic mosaicism (also known as clonal mosaicism) occurs when the
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225:
190:
29:
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408:
Human somatic variation § Human somatic variations in brain
1755:
1386:"Genetic mosaic techniques for studying Drosophila development"
346:
Other endogenous factors can also lead to mosaicism, including
57:. This means that various genetic lines resulted from a single
2262:
1705:"Every Cell in Your Body Has the Same DNA. Except It Doesn't"
964:
De, S. (2011). "Somatic mosaicism in healthy human tissues".
377:
True mosaicism should not be mistaken for the phenomenon of
707:"Mosaicism in health and disease — clones picking up speed"
917:
Stern C. 1936. "Somatic crossing-over and segregation in
152:
was used by CW Cotterman in 1956 in his seminal paper on
1330:
1328:
1326:
268:. Although most forms of trisomy are due to problems in
432:
One basic mechanism that can produce mosaic tissue is
2499:
2392:
2321:
2251:
2238:
2229:
2128:
2110:
2096:
1905:
1798:
1789:
527:for a gene encoding a visible marker (commonly the
277:than in nonmosaic patients with the same disorder.
1335:Jongmans, M. C. J.; et al. (2012).
1114:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
817:
486:genome has made the system far more flexible. The
412:A frequent type of neuronal genomic mosaicism is
389:are likely to be somatic mosaics to some extent.
309:An example of this is one of the milder forms of
64:. Mosaicism is one of several possible causes of
1469:Mensa-VilarĂł, Anna; et al. (2019-01-01).
873:
871:
2521:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development
1767:
260:Trisomies, monosomies, and related conditions
8:
758:
756:
339:that regenerate often. In the skin disorder
2343:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
2248:
2235:
2107:
1795:
1774:
1760:
1752:
1475:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
941:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
858:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
494:is a gene from the commonly studied yeast
1675:
1551:
1486:
1442:
1401:
1360:
1085:
780:
678:
1060:Jacobs, K. B.; et al. (2012).
523:In negatively marked clones, the fly is
1578:. 7th ed, Oxford University Press. p282
1109:Strachan, Tom; Read, Andrew P. (1999).
812:Strachan, Tom; Read, Andrew P. (1999).
634:
366:. Somatic mosaics have been created in
1121:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley–Liss.
824:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley–Liss.
136:In the 1930s, Stern demonstrated that
1596:. University of Washington, Seattle.
1464:
1462:
1290:
1288:
1236:
1234:
1232:
370:using X‑ray treatment and the use of
27:Condition in multi-cellular organisms
7:
851:
849:
700:
698:
640:
638:
213:errors at first or later cleavages.
2456:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
226:long interspersed nuclear element-1
1739:from the original on 25 April 2017
1431:American Journal of Human Genetics
1341:American Journal of Human Genetics
1207:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb02032.x
1164:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1976.tb00047.x
25:
306:can result in XY/X mosaic males.
2029:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
1715:from the original on 23 May 2018
1658:Lee, Tzumin; Luo, Liqun (1999).
939:Genetic Mosaics and Other Essays
576:
2428:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
2371:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
2299:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
1961:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
1617:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1297:Molecular and General Genetics
34:Tulip flower showing mosaicism
1:
2151:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
1916:1q21.1 copy number variations
1677:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80701-1
440:. It was first discovered by
2357:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
2313:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
2005:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
1880:22q11.2 duplication syndrome
1858:16p11.2 duplication syndrome
1703:Zimmer, Carl (21 May 2018).
554:Janelia Farm Research Campus
478:More recently, the use of a
358:. Exogenous factors include
1924:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
1811:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
467:Use in experimental biology
288:and others XY chromosomes (
2608:
1488:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.009
1384:Blair, S. S. (2003).
1353:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.004
1111:"Chromosome abnormalities"
508:of each chromosome arm of
405:
302:. Likewise, a loss of the
178:
119:chromosomal rearrangements
117:is always associated with
45:is a condition in which a
2470:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
2205:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)
2171:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)
2166:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)
1544:10.1038/s41586-018-0718-6
1425:Hall, J. G. (1988).
1031:10.1007/s10689-007-9169-1
978:10.1016/j.tig.2011.03.002
881:Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii
769:Human Reproduction Update
663:10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.013
529:green fluorescent protein
354:slippage, and unbalanced
144:, can also take place in
53:as the result of genetic
1945:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
1920:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
1783:Chromosome abnormalities
1576:A Dictionary of Genetics
1117:Human Molecular Genetics
1000:"Google Health – Google"
820:Human Molecular Genetics
497:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
341:ichthyosis with confetti
49:possesses more than one
2329:Philadelphia chromosome
2200:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)
2161:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)
2156:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)
2041:22q13 deletion syndrome
1816:2q31.1 microduplication
919:Drosophila melanogaster
899:Drosophila melanogaster
711:Nature Reviews Genetics
607:Human somatic variation
387:multicellular organisms
295:Drosophila melanogaster
2188:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)
2120:Turner syndrome (45,X)
2001:Smith–Magenis syndrome
1997:Miller–Dieker syndrome
1932:1p36 deletion syndrome
1637:10.1002/jez.1401920217
597:Extrachromosomal array
482:incorporated into the
356:chromosome segregation
47:multicellular organism
35:
2195:XYY syndrome (47,XYY)
2183:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)
2066:Prader–Willi syndrome
782:10.1093/humupd/dmu016
564:mitotic recombination
488:flip recombinase (or
434:mitotic recombination
428:Mitotic recombination
422:somatic recombination
418:repairs of DNA damage
414:copy number variation
233:transposable elements
138:genetic recombination
107:studied mosaicism in
33:
2287:Mantle cell lymphoma
1957:Cri du chat syndrome
723:10.1038/nrg.2016.145
622:45,X/46,XY mosaicism
402:Brain cell mosaicism
311:Klinefelter syndrome
292:). In the fruit fly
256:, and solid tumors.
2273:Follicular lymphoma
1629:1975JEZ...192..271N
1604:– via PubMed.
1536:2018Natur.563..639L
1255:1972Natur.240..527H
550:Stanford University
393:Gonosomal mosaicism
228:(LINE-1 or L1) and
154:antigenic variation
91:in one cell during
2512:Uniparental disomy
2507:Fragile X syndrome
2442:Myxoid liposarcoma
2294:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
2178:Trisomy X (47,XXX)
2056:genomic imprinting
1836:Distal trisomy 10q
1709:The New York Times
1590:"Bloom's Syndrome"
1309:10.1007/BF00269910
966:Trends in Genetics
651:Trends in Genetics
592:Chimera (genetics)
222:retrotransposition
181:Germline mosaicism
175:Germline mosaicism
36:
2574:
2573:
2526:Marker chromosome
2495:
2494:
2388:
2387:
2225:
2224:
2092:
2091:
2062:Angelman syndrome
2017:DiGeorge syndrome
1985:Jacobsen syndrome
1973:Williams syndrome
1530:(7733): 639–645.
1403:10.1242/dev.00774
1396:(21): 5065–5072.
1249:(5383): 527–535.
1195:Clinical Genetics
1152:Clinical Genetics
1128:978-1-85996-202-2
1004:health.google.com
831:978-1-85996-202-2
624:(X0/XY mosaicism)
548:, a professor at
525:transheterozygous
438:somatic crossover
329:pathogenic allele
322:Turner's syndrome
201:Somatic mosaicism
150:somatic mosaicism
105:Alfred Sturtevant
43:genetic mosaicism
18:Somatic mosaicism
16:(Redirected from
2599:
2517:XX male syndrome
2414:Synovial sarcoma
2291:Multiple myeloma
2259:Burkitt lymphoma
2249:
2236:
2139:other karyotypes
2108:
1890:Cat-eye syndrome
1796:
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1405:
1381:
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1283:
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1263:10.1038/240527a0
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803:
802:
784:
760:
751:
750:
702:
693:
692:
682:
642:
586:
581:
580:
385:). However, all
131:somatic crossing
21:
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2602:
2601:
2600:
2598:
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2596:
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2575:
2570:
2531:Ring chromosome
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2384:
2317:
2221:
2137:
2124:
2088:
1901:
1800:
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1697:Further reading
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1334:
1333:
1324:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1129:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1078:10.1038/ng.2270
1072:(6): 651–U668.
1066:Nature Genetics
1059:
1058:
1054:
1019:Familial Cancer
1016:
1015:
1011:
998:
997:
993:
963:
962:
945:
936:
932:
916:
912:
896:
892:
877:
876:
869:
855:
854:
847:
832:
811:
810:
806:
762:
761:
754:
704:
703:
696:
644:
643:
636:
631:
582:
575:
572:
518:GAL4/UAS system
510:D. melanogaster
469:
430:
410:
404:
395:
348:mobile elements
280:In rare cases,
262:
246:cancer research
203:
183:
177:
172:
163:genetic chimera
123:heterochromatic
101:
85:endoreplication
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2467:
2453:
2439:
2425:
2411:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2368:
2354:
2340:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2296:
2284:
2270:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2233:
2231:Translocations
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1841:Patau syndrome
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1725:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1650:
1607:
1580:
1567:
1510:
1481:(1): 359–368.
1458:
1437:(4): 355–363.
1417:
1376:
1347:(3): 426–433.
1322:
1303:(2): 221–224.
1284:
1228:
1185:
1142:
1127:
1101:
1052:
1009:
991:
972:(6): 217–223.
943:
930:
910:
890:
867:
845:
830:
804:
775:(4): 571–581.
752:
717:(2): 128–142.
694:
657:(7): 382–392.
633:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
619:
617:Vanishing twin
614:
612:Parasitic twin
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
587:
584:Biology portal
571:
568:
468:
465:
429:
426:
403:
400:
394:
391:
379:X-inactivation
352:DNA polymerase
300:gynandromorphs
261:
258:
202:
199:
179:Main article:
176:
173:
171:
168:
100:
97:
77:nondisjunction
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2604:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:Ewing sarcoma
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2084:Proximal 18q-
2081:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:Down syndrome
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1799:Duplications,
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1733:The Scientist
1730:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1670:(3): 451–61.
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:(5): 265–72.
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
934:
931:
927:
924:
920:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
894:
891:
886:
882:
874:
872:
868:
863:
859:
852:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
827:
822:
821:
815:
808:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
699:
695:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
639:
635:
628:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Heterochromia
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
579:
574:
569:
567:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
537:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:recombination
499:
498:
493:
491:
485:
481:
476:
474:
466:
464:
462:
458:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
435:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
409:
401:
399:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
271:
267:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:embryogenesis
214:
212:
208:
207:somatic cells
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
182:
174:
169:
167:
165:
164:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:
106:
98:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2592:Cell biology
2142:
2054:
1928:TAR syndrome
1831:Tetrasomy 9p
1741:. Retrieved
1732:
1717:. Retrieved
1708:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1623:(2): 271–5.
1620:
1616:
1610:
1593:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1478:
1474:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1344:
1340:
1300:
1296:
1246:
1242:
1201:(1): 89–96.
1198:
1194:
1188:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1116:
1104:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1025:(2): 173–7.
1022:
1018:
1012:
1003:
994:
969:
965:
938:
933:
925:
922:
918:
913:
905:
902:
898:
893:
884:
880:
861:
857:
819:
807:
772:
768:
714:
710:
654:
650:
557:
538:
532:
522:
513:
509:
495:
489:
483:
477:
470:
460:
456:
451:
445:
431:
411:
396:
376:
367:
364:UV radiation
345:
326:
315:
308:
304:Y chromosome
293:
279:
263:
237:unmethylated
215:
204:
184:
161:
158:
149:
140:, normal in
135:
130:
114:
108:
102:
81:anaphase lag
74:
51:genetic line
42:
38:
37:
2217:46,XX/46,XY
2134:tetrasomies
2080:Distal 18q-
1594:GeneReviews
1390:Development
903:Bio. Zentr.
383:calico cats
372:irradiation
242:mutagenesis
93:development
2581:Categories
2212:45,X/46,XY
2112:Monosomies
1885:Trisomy 22
1863:Trisomy 18
1853:Trisomy 16
1801:including
928:, 625–730.
908:, 194–199.
864:: 323–356.
814:"Glossary"
629:References
506:centromere
484:Drosophila
457:Drosophila
452:Drosophila
447:Drosophila
442:Curt Stern
406:See also:
368:Drosophila
318:monosomies
127:Curt Stern
115:Drosophila
110:Drosophila
59:fertilized
2130:Trisomies
1907:Deletions
1826:Trisomy 9
1821:Trisomy 8
1803:trisomies
1791:Autosomal
1497:0091-6749
791:1355-4786
731:1471-0064
671:0168-9525
546:Liqun Luo
480:transgene
473:fruit fly
337:epithelia
290:46, XX/XY
275:phenotype
266:trisomies
254:lymphomas
103:In 1929,
66:chimerism
39:Mosaicism
2587:Genetics
2252:Lymphoid
2244:lymphoma
2240:Leukemia
1737:Archived
1713:Archived
1686:10197526
1602:20301572
1562:30464338
1505:30273710
1412:12975340
1371:22341970
1317:39242830
1223:39280592
1137:21089233
1096:22561519
1047:20956228
1039:18026870
986:21496937
923:Genetics
840:21089233
799:24667481
747:44092954
739:27941868
689:25910407
570:See also
360:nicotine
282:intersex
250:leukemia
244:. Thus,
89:mutation
70:genotype
55:mutation
2480:) t (1
2347:RUNX1T1
2322:Myeloid
2143:mosaics
1625:Bibcode
1553:6391999
1532:Bibcode
1453:3052049
1444:1715487
1362:3309184
1279:4181921
1271:4568399
1251:Bibcode
1180:6074108
1087:3372921
680:4490042
270:meiosis
220:due to
211:mitotic
195:oocytes
189:—i.e.,
187:gametes
146:mitosis
142:meiosis
99:History
2432:COL1A1
2104:linked
1743:23 May
1719:23 May
1684:
1664:Neuron
1645:805823
1643:
1600:
1560:
1550:
1524:Nature
1503:
1495:
1451:
1441:
1410:
1369:
1359:
1315:
1277:
1269:
1243:Nature
1221:
1215:759058
1213:
1178:
1172:991437
1170:
1135:
1125:
1094:
1084:
1045:
1037:
984:
838:
828:
797:
789:
745:
737:
729:
687:
677:
669:
512:. The
83:, and
2500:Other
2486:FOXO1
2484:; 13
2478:FOXO1
2476:; 13
2462:; 22
2458:t(11
2448:; 16
2446:DDIT3
2444:t(12
2436:PDGFB
2430:t(17
2406:; 22
2402:t(11
2393:Other
2375:RBM15
2359:t(15
2351:RUNX1
2335:; 22
2275:t(14
1313:S2CID
1275:S2CID
1219:S2CID
1176:S2CID
1043:S2CID
743:S2CID
559:GAL80
542:MARCM
333:blood
316:Also
191:sperm
170:Types
2482:PAX7
2474:PAX3
2472:t(2
2434:;22
2420:;18
2416:t(x
2404:FLI1
2379:MKL1
2377:;22
2373:t(1
2365:RARA
2363:,17
2349:;21
2345:t(8
2331:t(9
2307:NPM1
2301:t(2
2281:BCL2
2279:;18
2265:;14
2261:t(8
1745:2018
1721:2018
1682:PMID
1641:PMID
1598:PMID
1558:PMID
1501:PMID
1493:ISSN
1449:PMID
1408:PMID
1367:PMID
1267:PMID
1211:PMID
1168:PMID
1133:PMID
1123:ISBN
1092:PMID
1035:PMID
982:PMID
836:PMID
826:ISBN
795:PMID
787:ISSN
735:PMID
727:ISSN
685:PMID
667:ISSN
420:and
362:and
335:and
2464:EWS
2460:WT1
2450:FUS
2422:SSX
2418:SYT
2408:EWS
2361:PML
2337:BCR
2333:ABL
2305:;5
2303:ALK
2277:IGH
2267:IGH
2263:MYC
1672:doi
1633:doi
1621:192
1548:PMC
1540:doi
1528:563
1483:doi
1479:143
1439:PMC
1398:doi
1394:130
1357:PMC
1349:doi
1305:doi
1301:165
1259:doi
1247:240
1203:doi
1160:doi
1082:PMC
1074:doi
1027:doi
974:doi
921:".
862:135
777:doi
719:doi
675:PMC
659:doi
533:FLP
514:FLP
490:FLP
461:blm
444:in
436:or
230:Alu
224:of
193:or
62:egg
41:or
2583::
2564:22
2562:,
2560:21
2558:;
2556:20
2554:;
2552:18
2550:;
2548:15
2546:;
2544:14
2542:;
2538:;
2070:15
2046:22
2034:22
2022:22
2010:17
1990:11
1934:)
1895:22
1873:21
1846:13
1735:.
1731:.
1711:.
1707:.
1680:.
1668:22
1666:.
1662:.
1639:.
1631:.
1619:.
1556:.
1546:.
1538:.
1526:.
1522:.
1499:.
1491:.
1477:.
1473:.
1461:^
1447:.
1435:43
1433:.
1429:.
1406:.
1392:.
1388:.
1365:.
1355:.
1345:90
1343:.
1339:.
1325:^
1311:.
1299:.
1287:^
1273:.
1265:.
1257:.
1245:.
1231:^
1217:.
1209:.
1199:15
1197:.
1174:.
1166:.
1156:10
1154:.
1131:.
1113:.
1090:.
1080:.
1070:44
1068:.
1064:.
1041:.
1033:.
1021:.
1002:.
980:.
970:27
968:.
946:^
926:21
906:51
901:.
883:.
870:^
860:.
848:^
834:.
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